Answer: CNY 2.25
Explanation:
Promotional Allowances are discounts in price that the producers/ supplies of a product will offer to trade partners like distributors to get them to promote their products so that they sell faster.
The promotion allowance here is 15% of the Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price of CNY 15.00 which is;
= 15% * 15
= CNY 2.25
Board Company has a foreign subsidiary that began operations at the start of 2017 with assets of 155,000 kites (the local currency unit) and liabilities of 100,000. During this initial year of operation, the subsidiary reported a profit of 49,000 kites. It distributed two dividends, each for 7,300 kites with one dividend declared on March 1 and the other on October 1. Applicable exchange rates for 1 kite follow:
January 1, 2017 (start of business) $0.80
March 1,2017 0.78
Weighted average rate for 2017 0.77
October 1,2017 0.76
December 31, 2017 0.75
Required:
a. Assume that the kite is this subsidiary's functional currency. What transfation adjustment would Board report for the year 2017?
b. Assume that on October 1,2017, Board entered into a forward exchange contract to hedge the net investment in this subsidiary. On that date, Board agreed to sell 200,000 kites in three months at a forward exchange rate of $0.76/1 kite. Prepare the journal entries required by this forward contract.
c. Compute the net translation adjustment for Board to report in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income for the year 2017 under this second set of circumstances.
Answer:
a. The Board would report translation adjustment of -$3,138.
b. See the journal entries and explanation below.
c. Net translation adjustment is -$1,138.
Explanation:
a. Assume that the kite is this subsidiary's functional currency. What translation adjustment would Board report for the year 2017?
Note: See the attached file for the calculation of translation adjustment.
The board would report a negative (debit) translation adjustment of $3,138. That is,
Translation adjustment = -$3,138
b. Assume that on October 1,2017, Board entered into a forward exchange contract to hedge the net investment in this subsidiary. On that date, Board agreed to sell 200,000 kites in three months at a forward exchange rate of $0.76/1 kite. Prepare the journal entries required by this forward contract.
Board Company
Journal Entries
Date Account titles and Explanation Debit ($) Credit ($)
01 Oct 17 (No entry)
12 Dec 17 Forward contract 2,000
Translation adjustment (positive) (w.1) 2,000
(To record forward contract change in the value to adjust translation adjustment.)
12 Dec 17 Foreign currency (kites) (w.2) 152,000
Cash 152,000
(To record 200,000 kites purchased at the spot rate of $0.76)
12 Dec 17 Cash 154,000
Foreign Currency (kites) 152,000
Forward contract 2,000
(To record 200,000 kites delivered, $154,000 received, and close the forward contract account.)
Workings:
w.1: Translation adjustment = Number of kites agreed to sell in three months * (Agreed exchange rate on October 1, 2017 per kite - Exchange rate on December 1, 2017) = 200,000 * (0.76 - 0.75) = $2,000
w.2: Foreign Currency (kites) = Number of kites agreed to sell in three months * Agreed exchange rate on October 1, 2017 per kite = 200,000 * 0.76 = $152,000
c. Compute the net translation adjustment for Board to report in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income for the year 2017 under this second set of circumstances.
This can be calculated as follows:
Net translation adjustment = Negative translation adjustment in part a + Positive translation adjustment in part b (i.e. w.1) = -$3,138 + 2,000 = -$1,138
Therefore, net translation adjustment is -$1,138.
In the _____ stage of the product life cycle, competition intensifies and profits diminish. Companies increase their promotional efforts but emphasize selective demand.
Answer: maturity
Explanation:
The product life cycle is the time used by a product from the day the product is introduced into the market till the day it's withdrawn. The four stages of the product life cycle are the introduction stage, the growth, the maturity stage and finally the decline stage.
In the maturity stage of the product life cycle, competition intensifies and profits diminish. Companies increase their promotional efforts but emphasize selective demand.
O'Mally Department Stores is considering two possible expansion plans. One proposal involves opening 5 stores in Indiana at the cost of $1,810,000. Under the other proposal, the company would focus on Kentucky and open 6 stores at a cost of $2,000,000. The following information is available: Indiana proposal Kentucky proposal Required investment $1,810,000 $2,000,000 Estimated life 6 years 6 years Estimated residual value $80,000 $40,000 Estimated annual cash inflows over the next 10 years $700,000 $800,000 Required rate of return 13% 13% The accounting rate of return for the Indiana proposal is closest to (Round any intermediary calculations to the nearest dollar, and round your final answer to the nearest hundredth of a percent, X.XX%.)
Answer:
O'Mally Department Stores
The accounting rate of return for the Indiana proposal is closest to 24.28%
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Indiana proposal Kentucky proposal
Required investment $1,810,000 $2,000,000
Estimated life 6 years 6 years
Estimated residual value $80,000 $40,000
Estimated depreciable cost $1,730,000 $1,960,000
Average depreciable cost $288,333 $326,667
Estimated annual cash inflows
over the next 10 years $700,000 $800,000
Average cash inflows $70,000 $80,000
Required rate of return 13% 13%
Accounting rate of return = Average cash inflows/Average depreciable cost x 100 = $70,000/$288,333 x 100 = 24.28%
The Indiana proposal of O'Mally Department Stores' accounting rate of return is the ratio of estimated accounting profit to the average investment cost. The estimated accounting profit is equivalent to the average cash inflow and the average investment cost is equivalent to the average depreciable cost.
When the Federal Reserve buys long term MBS and Treasury securities from banks and announces its intention to keep buying these assets in large quantities for a long time the effect on commercial banks is to increase the value of fixed income securities that are not sold and at the same time to lower the interest spread between new loans originated and the cost of financing these loans. True False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Since, Federal reserve purchased long term MBS in order to pay the less market interest rate and this will cause a rise in the amount of income i.e fixed securities. Also, due to less market interest rate, the financing cost is less and at the same time interest spread is narrower as it provides more liquidity
Therefore the given statement is true
Explain some of the basic principles of cost management, such as profits, life cycle cost, tangible and intangible costs and benefits, direct and indirect costs, and Reserves.
Answer:
Profits - These refer to the revenues accrued from a project less the costs of the project.
Life Cycle Cost - Life Cycle Cost is a concept in Cost management where the cost of a project throughout it's entire life is assessed. Costs assessed therefore include; initial capital costs, maintenance costs and operating costs.
Tangible and Intangible Costs - When costs are tangible, quantifying them.is easy as the cost can be stated and directly attributable to a cost object eg, cost of a fixed asset. Intangible cost on the other hand is not easy to quantify and is not easily attributable. For instance, the experience that a Project Manager leaves with if they resign.
Tangible and Intangible Benefits - Like tangible costs, tangible benefits are easily quantifiable and noticeable such as trade discounts from buying in bulk. Intangible benefits on the other hand are not easily quantifiable. An example would be Employee motivation from a safer working Environment.
Direct and Indirect Costs - Direct costs are costs that can be easily traced to a cost object. In other words, the reason for the cost is known e.g labor cost for assembling a product. Indirect Costs are harder to trace to a cost object even though they are related to production. An example would be the Electricity used for production.
Reserves - Cost reserves are monies held for any emergency expenses that may come up. This way the company can deal with them speedily.
The major components of a time series are all of the following EXCEPT: trend. cycles. random variations. seasonality. inflation.
Answer: Inflation
Explanation:
Time series data are refer to those taken over a period of years with a minimum of four years being satisfactory. The data shown will have variations that fall under four major components being;
Trend - Data that moves in a predictable fashion and so can be used to predict future behavior.Cycles - The variation here follows the business cycle or its own. Random Variables - Cannot be predicted. Seasonal - These follow a chronological pattern.Only Inflation does not fall here.
"Your customer has been declared legally incompetent and his daughter has presented the proper legal papers appointing her as the guardian. Which statement is TRUE?"
Answer: B. Trading instructions can be accepted only from the daughter
Explanation:
The customer has been declared legally incompetent which means that he should not be making decisions that have to do with something as serious as trading instructions as he will not be able to comprehend them.
The only person that should therefore take over such roles would be his daughter who is a legal guardian. As she is not his guardian, she is able to take such decisions for him and so the trading instructions should be accepted only from the daughter.
"A registered representative ("RR") manages a corporate account. The corporation recently elected a new CEO who contacts the "RR" and gives trade instructions. Which statement is TRUE? The trade should be:"
Answer: D. entered once the "RR" verifies that the CEO is an authorized trader in the account
Explanation:
The registered representative must only trade on a corporate account on orders given by a person that is authorised to do so to avoid any mismanagement.
The people authorized to do so will be listed in a Corporate Resolution issued by the Board of Directors of the company or relevant stakeholders.
The registered representative would need to check this resolution first and if they find the new CEO listed in it as authorized to make trades, the registered representative will then enter the trade.
Calculate the future value of an investment of $463 for 10 years earning an interest of 9%? (Round your answers to 2 decimal places.)
Answer:
$1,096.09
Explanation:
The computation of the future value by using the following formula is shown below:
As we know that
Future value = Present value × (1 + interest rate)^number of years
= $463 × (1 + 0.09)^10
= $463 × 2.367363675
= $1,096.09
We simply applied the above formula so that the future value could arrive and the same is to be considered
Your client is 40 years old; and she wants to begin saving for retirement, with the first payment to come one year from now. She can save $5,000 per year; and you advise her to invest it in the stock market, which you expect to provide an average return of 9% in the future.
Answer:
14,000
Explanation:
im smart
If government spends $80 billion at each level of GDP, and imposes a lump-sum tax of $100 then equilibrium GDP will be:_________
Answer: $350
Explanation: The equilibrium GDP or output of an economy is such that an economy output is level or equal to the total amount of planned spending. it is usually equal to the amount produced, or GDP. which is, equilibrium GDP = ( C + Ig ). Consumption expenditures usually rise with GDP while planned gross investment expenditures are independent of whatever level the GDP gets to.
The Sapote Corporation is a manufacturing corporation. The corporation has accumulated earnings of $450,000 and the corporation cannot establish a reasonable business need for any of that amount. What is the amount of the accumulated earnings tax (if any) that will be imposed on the corporation?
Answer: $40,000
Explanation:
As this is a manufacturing company, they are exempt of Accumulated earnings tax of the amount of $250,000. Anything above that will be subject to an Accumulated Earnings tax rate of 20%.
Accumulated Earnings tax = 20% * (450,000 - 250,000)
Accumulated Earnings tax = 20% * 200,000
Accumulated Earnings tax = $40,000
1. A research project began with the selection of women who had recently had abdominal surgery. The project matched those women with controls and continued with measurements of abdominal muscle strength for both groups every three months for a year. This project was: A. Prospective study B. Retrospective study C. Experimental study D. Cross sectional study
Answer:
Abdominal rectus diastasis is a condition where the abdominal muscles are separated by an abnormal distance due to widening of the linea alba causing the abdominal content to bulge. It is commonly acquired in pregnancies and with larger weight gains. Even though many patients suffer from the condition, treatment options are poorly investigated including the effect of physiotherapy and surgical treatment. The symptoms include pain and discomfort in the abdomen, musculoskeletal and urogynecological problems in addition to negative body image and impaired quality of life. The purpose of this review was to give an overview of treatment options for abdominal rectus diastasis.
Results: The first treatment step is physiotherapy. However, evidence is lacking on which regimen to use and success rates are not stated. The next step is surgery, either open or laparoscopic, and both surgical approaches have high success rates. The surgical approach includes different plication techniques. The recurrence and complication rates are low, complications are minor, and repair improves low back pain, urinary incontinence, and quality of life. Robotic assisted surgery might become a possibility in the near future, but data are still lacking.
Conclusions: Evidence on what conservatory treatment to use is sparse, and more research needs to be done. Both open and laparoscopic surgery have shown positive results. Innovative treatment by robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery has potential, however, more research needs to be done in this area as well. An international guideline for the treatment of rectus diastasis could be beneficial for patients and clinicians.
Keywords: rectus diastasis, treatment options, physiotherapy, surgery, abdominoplasty, laparoscopy, robot assisted surgery
Murie Corporation makes one product and has provided the following information: Budgeted selling price per unit $ 98 per unit sold Budgeted unit sales, February 11,000 units Raw materials requirement per unit of output 5 pounds Raw materials cost $ 3.00 per pound Direct labor requirement per unit of output 2.5 direct labor-hours Direct labor wage rate $ 18.00 per direct labor-hour Predetermined overhead rate (all variable) $ 11.00 per direct labor-hour Variable selling and administrative expense $ 2.70 per unit sold Fixed selling and administrative expense $ 80,000 per month The estimated net operating income (loss) for February is closest to:
Answer:
Net operating income= $5,800
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Selling price= $98 per unit
Sales= 11,000 units
Variable cost per unit= (5*3) + (2.5*18) + (2.5*11) + 2.7= $90.2
Fixed selling and administrative expense $ 80,000 per month
Contribution margin income statement:
Sales= 98*11,000= 1,078,000
Total variable cost= (90.2*11,000)= (992,200)
Contribution margin= 85,800
Fixed costs= (80,000)
Net operating income= 5,800
The estimated Net operating income for February should be considered as the $5,800.
Giving that:
Selling price per unit is $98.Sales in February is 11,000 units.Fixed selling and administrative expense per month is $80,000.Calculation of the estimated net operating income;Variable cost / unit = ( 5 [tex]\times[/tex] 3 ) + ( 2.5 [tex]\times[/tex] 18 ) + ( 2.5 [tex]\times[/tex] 11 ) + 2.7
= $90.2
Now, we calculate contribution margin,
Total Sales value = $98 [tex]\times[/tex] 11,000 = $1,078,000
Total variable cost = $90.2 * 11,000 = $992,200
Contribution margin = Total Sales value - Total variable cost
= $1,078,000 - $992,200
= $85,800
Now, we can calculate net operating income by using following formula,
Net operating income = Contribution margin - Fixed selling and administrative expense
Net operating income = $85,800 - $80,000
Net operating income= 5,800
Learn more about net income : https://brainly.com/question/15745630
"A small business owner of a firm that has 25 employees wants to establish a retirement plan and make contributions for her employees. What type of plan can the employer establish?"
Answer:
SEP IRA
Explanation:
For this type of company, the best type of plan would be a SEP IRA. This refers to a Simplified Employee Pension Plan and is a plan that is set up by an employer, with deductible contributions made by the employer themselves. The employer sets the actual contribution rate when creating the plan, and provides all employees the same contribution rate. The annual contribution of such an account is capped at $56,000 in 2019 and the individuals may withdraw the total amount of the account tax-free when they turn 59 1/2 years old.
Which clause in a mortgage allows a lender to increase the interest rate? A.) Defeasance B.) Escalation C.) Acceleration D.) Exculpatory
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Consider the case of Purple Panda Pharmaceuticals: Next year, Purple Panda is expected to earn an EBIT of $2,000,000, and to pay a federal-plus-state tax rate of 30%. It also expects to make $500,000 in new capital expenditures to support this level of business activity, as well as $35,000 in additional net operating working capital (NOWC). Given these expectations, it is reasonable to conclude that next year Purple Panda will generate an annual free cash flow (FCF) of (rounded to the nearest whole dollar).
Answer:
Purple Panda Pharmaceuticals
Annual Free Cash Flow (FCF):
FCF = Sales Revenue - (Operating costs + Taxes) - Required investments in operating capital or net operating profit after taxes - net investment in operating capital =
Net Income = $1,400,000
additional NOWC = 35,000
Capital expenditures = 500,000
FCF = $865,000
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
EBIT = $2,000,000
Tax = 30% or $600,000
Net Income = $1,400,000
additional NOWC = 35,000
Capital expenditures = 500,000
FCF = $865,000
Purple Panda Pharmaceuticals' Free Cash Flow shows what is available for distribution to security holders after the payment of taxes. Purple Panda will use the information from its Free Cash Flow to judge if a project will pay off and generate enough cash flow so that shareholders' value will be enhanced.
An investor with a balanced domestic portfolio who is looking for diversification and returns in the event that U.S. markets do not continue to expand, would be most interested in investing in which of the following?
a. Equities in Emerging Markets
b. Equities in U. S. companies with international appeal
c. Equities in U. S. companies involved in exports of their products
d. Equities in Italian wine exporting companies
Answer:
Option A, Equities in Emerging Markets, is the right answer.
Explanation:
A person who is not interested to invest in the U.S market or company then will not prefer the U.S companies for their diversification because the economic contraction in the U.S will affect these companies. He will be willing to invest in the equities in the emerging market. Moreover, he will not invest only in the foreign company because it will not provide him with the diversification. Therefore, the option “a” is correct.
Bi-Lo Traders is considering a project that will produce sales of $33,300 and have costs of $19,700. Taxes will be $3,500 and the depreciation expense will be $1,900. An initial cash outlay of $1,600 is required for net working capital. What is the project's operating cash flow?
Answer: $10,100
Explanation:
Based on the information that have been given in the question, the project's operating cash flow goes thus:
Sales. $33,300
Less: cost. $19,700
Less: depreciation. $1,900
Profit before tax $11,700
Less: tax. $3500
Net profit. $8200
Add: depreciation. $1900
Operating cash flow. $10,100
At January 1, 2019, the Accrued Warranty Payable is . During 2019, the company recorded Warranty Expense of . During 2019, the company replaced defective products in accordance with product warranties at a cost of . What is the Accrued Warranty Payable at December 31, 2019?
Answer: A.$8,800
Explanation:
The Accrued Warranty Payable Balance for the year ending December 2019 will take into account the Warranty expenses that were old less the warranty expenses that have been paid for already with the formula;
= Opening Accrued Warranty payable + Warranty Expense recorded for the Year - Warranty Expenses Paid in the year
= 1,800 + 19,400 - 12,400
= $8,800
Answer:
jus 2 ez pz lemon squeezey ppppppp
Explanation:
The following data relate to the direct materials cost for the production of 50,000 automobile tires: Actual: 725,000 lbs. at $3.00 per lb. Standard: 730,000 lbs. at $2.95 per lb. a. Determine the direct materials price variance, direct materials quantity variance, and total direct materials cost variance. Enter a favorable variance as a negative number using a minus sign and an unfavorable variance as a positive number.
Answer and Explanation:
a. The computation of the material price variance is shown below:
= Actual Quantity × (Standard Price - Actual Price)
= 725,000 × ($2.95- $3)
= 725,000 × $0.5
= $36,250 unfavorable
b. The computation of the material quantity variance is shown below:
= Standard Price × (Standard Quantity - Actual Quantity)
= $2.95 × (730,000 - 725,000)
= $2.95 × 5,000
= $14,750 favorable
And, the total direct material cost variance is
= Material price variance + material cost variance
= $36,250 unfavorable + 14,750 favorable
= $21,500 unfavorable
The Golden Company issues of %, 10year bonds at on March 31, 2019. The bonds pay interest on March 31 and September 30. Assume that the company uses the straightline method for amortization. The journal entry to record the issuance includes a
Answer:
Debit to Cash for $560,560
Explanation:
Based on the information given we were told that the Company issues the amount of $539,000 at 104 on March 31 2019 this means that the journal entry to record the issuance will includes a:
Debit to Cash for $560,560.
Calculated as :
Cash received = $539,000 × 104%
Cash received = $560,560
Which of the following types of decisions involves deciding whether to perform a particular activity in-house or purchase it from an outside supplier?
A. Special-order
B. Make-or-buy
C. Continue or discontinue
D. Sell-or-process further
Answer: Make-or-buy
Explanation:
The decision that involves deciding whether to perform a particular activity in-house or purchase it from an outside supplier is regarded to as the Make-or-buy.
A company can decide to purchase a particular activity when it sees that it's cheaper or when the company wants to focus on other aspects of production.
A loan is being amortized by means of level monthly payments at an annual effective interest rate of 8%. The amount of principal repaid in the 12th payment is 1000 and the amount of principal repaid in the tth payment is 3700. Calculate t.
Answer:
Option D. 216
Explanation:
The value of "t" can be calculated using the compounding formula given as under:
Principal Amount * (1 + r)^(t-n)/n = Future Value
Here
Principal Amount is $1,000
r is 8%
n is the number of payment which is 12th here
Future Value is $3,700
By putting values, we have:
$1,000 * (1 + 8%)^(t-12)/12 = $3,700
(1.08)^ (t-12)/12 = 3.7
By taking natural log on both sides:
(t-12)/12 = 17
t = 216
A firm has a long-term debt-equity ratio of .4. Shareholders’ equity is $1 million. Current assets are $200,000, and the current ratio is 2. The only current liabilities are notes payable. What is the total debt ratio?
Answer:
Total debt ratio is 33.33%
Explanation:
A long term debt to equity ratio of 0.4 tells that the value of long term debt is 0.4 or 40% of the value of the equity. If the value of the equity is $1 million, the value of long term debt is,
Long term debt = 0.4 * 1000000 = $400000
A current ratio is calculated by dividing the current assets by the current liabilities. It tells how many current assets are available to satisfy $1 of current liabilities. A current ratio of 2 means that for every $1 of current liability, $2 of current assets are available. Thus, current liabilities are half of current assets. If the value of current assets is $200000, the value of current liabilities is,
Current liabilities = 200000 * 1/2 = $100000
Total liabilities = 400000 + 100000 = $500000
A debt ratio is calculated by dividing the value of total debt or total liabilities by the value of total assets.
Total assets = total liabilities + total equity
Total assets = 500000 + 1000000
Total assets = $1500000 or $1.5 million
Total debt ratio = 500000 / 1500000
Total debt ratio = 1/3 or 0.3333 or 33.33%
Competitive markets ______ goods with positive externalities and ______ goods with negative externalities. Group of answer choices overprovide; underprovide underprovide; overprovide overprovide; overprovide underprovide; underprovide
Answer:
underprovide; overprovide
Explanation:
A good has positive externality if the benefits to third parties not involved in production is greater than the cost. an example of an activity that generates positive externality is research and development. Due to the high cost of R & D, they are usually under-produced. Government can encourage the production of activities that generate positive externality by granting subsidies.
A good has negative externality if the costs to third parties not involved in production is greater than the benefits. an example of an activity that generates negative externality is pollution. Pollution can be generated at little or no cost, so they are usually overproduced. Government can discourage the production of activities that generate negative externality by taxation
During 2021, Deluxe Leather Goods issued 707,000 coupons which entitles the customer to a $5.00 cash refund when the coupon is submitted at the time of any future purchase. Deluxe estimates that 71% of the coupons will be redeemed. 261,000 coupons had been processed during 2021. Deluxe recognizes coupon expense in the period coupons are issued. At December 31, 2021, Deluxe should report a liability for unredeemed coupons of:
Answer:
Deluxe should report a liability for unredeemed coupons of $1,204,850
Explanation:
Estimated coupons to be redeemed $501,970
(707,000 * 71%)
Less: Coupons redeemed $261,000
Coupons unredeemed $240,970
X Cost per Coupon 5.00
Liability for unredeemed Coupons $1,204,850
A project will reduce costs by $37,000 but increase depreciation by $17,300. What is the operating cash flow if the tax rate is 40 percent?
Answer:
The operating cash flow is $29,120.
Explanation:
Operating cash flow (OCF) can be described as the amount of cash that is generated by a firm from its regular operating activities during a specified period of time.
Operating cash flow (OCF) can be calculated using the following formula:
OCF = ATCS + DTS .......................... (1)
Where;
OCF = Operating cash flow = ?
ATCS = After Tax Cost Savings = Reduce costs * (1-tax rate) = $37,000 * (1 - 40%) = $22,200
DTS = Depreciation Tax Shield = Depreciation * Tax rate = $17,300 * 40% = $6,920
Substituting the values into equation (1), we have:
OCF = $22,200 + $6,920 = $29,120
Therefore, the operating cash flow is $29,120.
Under a contract with Bucolic Farms, Agro Excavation, Inc., begins digging an agricultural pond. In mid-project, Agro asks for $15,000 over the contract price, claiming an increase in the "cost of doing business." Bucolic agrees but later refuses to pay. Their agreement is
Answer:
unenforceable because Agro's performance was preexisting duty.
Explanation:
In the situation being described, it can be said that their agreement is unenforceable because Agro's performance was preexisting duty. This refers to the party's offer of a performance that was already required of them under the existing contract making a modification null. In this scenario, this is exactly what is happening, Agro Excavations has already signed a contract to dig the pond and has no enforceable reason to add $15,000 to the contract price mid-project and must finish digging the pond for the agreed-upon price of the first contract.
Assuming a bottom-up process of budget development, which of the following should be initially responsible for developing sales estimates?
a. The budget committee.
b. The accounting department.
c. The sales department.
d. Top management.
e. The marketing department.
Answer: The Sales Department
Explanation:
In budgeting, a bottom-up approach simply means that each head of department in the organization create a budget that'll be sent upwards for approval.
Assuming a bottom-up process of budget development, the sales department should be initially responsible for developing sales estimate.
