In refrigeration, the refrigerant is a substance that absorbs heat from the surrounding and dissipates it to produce cooling. The correct option is a. True.
What is thermal balance?
The thermal balance in a refrigeration system is achieved when the system has reached a stable state, that is, the amount of heat absorbed by the refrigerant is equal to the heat rejected by the refrigeration system. During the compression process, the refrigerant is compressed and pumped into the condenser where it undergoes condensation, i.e., it changes from a gas to a liquid by releasing heat.
In the condenser, the refrigerant rejects the heat that it absorbed in the evaporator and releases it to the surrounding. The condensation process reduces the number of vapor molecules in the refrigerant, which leads to an increase in the number of liquid molecules.
Therefore, the number of vapor molecules that condense into liquid equals the number of vapor molecules that the compressor pumps into the condenser. This is because the compressor has to maintain a constant flow of refrigerant in the refrigeration system to achieve thermal balance.
Hence, the statement is a) true.
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determine the enthalpy change when 18.6 g of carbon is reacted with oxygen according to the reaction: c(s) o2 (g) --> co2 (g) the change in enthalpy for this reaction is -349 kj/mol.
The enthalpy change when 18.6 g of carbon is reacted with oxygen according to the reaction: c(s) + O2 (g) --> CO2 (g) is -349 kJ/mol. This enthalpy change is referred to as the heat of reaction, or enthalpy of reaction, and can be calculated using the enthalpy of formation of each reactant and product in the reaction.
The enthalpy of formation for carbon is given as +716 kJ/mol and for oxygen it is given as 0 kJ/mol. The enthalpy of formation for CO2 is given as -393.5 kJ/mol. Using Hess’s law, we can calculate the enthalpy of reaction using the following equation: ΔHreaction = (ΔHformation CO2) - (ΔHformation C + ΔHformation O2)
Using the values for the enthalpies of formation for the reactants and products, the enthalpy of reaction can be calculated as follows: ΔHreaction = (-393.5) - (716 + 0) = -349 kJ/mol.This is the same enthalpy change as given in the question.
In conclusion, the enthalpy change when 18.6 g of carbon is reacted with oxygen according to the reaction: c(s) + O2 (g) --> CO2 (g) is -349 kJ/mol.
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one difference between first- and second-order reactions is that ____ . a) whereas the half-life of a second-order reaction does depend on it. the rate of a first-order reaction does not depend on reactant concentrations whereas b) th e rate of a second-order reaction does depend on reactant concentrations. the half-life of a first-order reaction depends on the initial concentration whereas the half-life of a second-order reaction does not depend on it. c) the rate of a first-order reaction depends on reactant concentrations whereas the rate of a second-order reaction does not depend on reactant concentrations
The correct option is C .The difference between first- and second-order reactions is that the rate of a first-order reaction depends on reactant concentrations, whereas the rate of a second-order reaction does not depend on reactant concentrations.
The order of a reaction is determined by the power to which the concentration of each reactant is raised in the rate law. A first-order reaction is a chemical reaction in which the rate of reaction is proportional to the concentration of only one reactant (unimolecular reaction), and the rate equation can be expressed in terms of the concentration of the reactant as d[A] /dt = - k[A], where [A] is the concentration of the reactant and k is the rate constant. Second-order reactions are chemical reactions in which the rate of reaction is proportional to the square of the concentration of one reactant, or proportional to the product of the concentrations of two reactants (bimolecular reaction).
However, The rate of a first-order reaction does not depend on the initial concentration of the reactant, whereas the half-life of a first-order reaction depends on the initial concentration. On the other hand, the rate of a second-order reaction does depend on reactant concentrations, whereas the half-life of a second-order reaction does not depend on the initial concentration.
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This layer of earth is solid iron and nickel a.outer core b.mantle c.inner core d.crust
c.) The layer of the Earth that is solid iron and nickel is the inner core, located at the center of the planet and surrounded by the liquid outer core, mantle, and crust.
The inner core of the Earth is made entirely of iron and nickel. The deepest part of the Earth is its inner core, which is situated at the planet's center. It has a radius of around 1,220 km and is mostly made of solid iron and nickel because of the intense pressure near the Earth's core. It is thought that the inner core of the sun is around 5,500°C hotter than the sun's surface. The liquid outer core, which is likewise made of iron and nickel, encircles the inner core. The Earth's crust is its outermost layer, while the mantle lies between it and the outer core.
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Plutonium-238 is a radioactive element used as a power source in spacecraft like Voyager and New Horizons. It has a half life of 87.7 years. Suppose we have 2 kg of plutonium-238 right now. How much plutonium will be left in 87.7 years? A) None B) 0.25 kg C) 0.5 kg D) 1.0 kg E) 2 kg
The answer is C) 0.5 kg. This is because Plutonium-238 has a half-life of 87.7 years, which means that after 87.7 years, half of the original amount of Plutonium-238 will remain. In this case, that would be 2 kg * 0.5 = 0.5 kg.
Plutonium-238 is a radioactive element used as a power source in spacecraft like Voyager and New Horizons. It has a half-life of 87.7 years. Suppose we have 2 kg of plutonium-238 right now. Radioactive decay is a random event. So, it is impossible to predict when a specific atom will decay. But we can find how much radioactive material is remaining after a specific period of time.
The half-life of a radioactive material is the time required for half of the radioactive material to decay. The formula to calculate the remaining material is:
N(t) = N0 × (1/2)^(t/t1/2)
Where N(t) is the remaining material at time t, N0 is the initial material, t1/2 is the half-life, and t is the elapsed time.
The initial material is 2 kg, half-life is 87.7 years, and the elapsed time is also 87.7 years.
N(87.7) = 2 kg × (1/2)^(87.7/87.7)= 1 kg × 0.5= 0.5 kg
Therefore, the amount of plutonium remaining after 87.7 years will be 0.5 kg. So, the answer is option C.
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which solution is most concentrated? (1) 0.1 mole of solute dissolved in 400 ml of solvent (2) 0.2 mole of solute dissolved in 300 ml of solvent (3) 0.3 mole of solute dissolve
The concentration of a solution is defined as the amount of solute that has been dissolved in a given amount of solvent. The most concentrated solution is one that has the highest amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent is 0.3 mole of solute dissolved.
What is the concentration?Concentration is defined as the number of solute particles in a given volume of solution. It can be expressed in a variety of ways, including mass percent, mole fraction, molarity, and molality.
The solution with 0.3 mole of solute dissolved is the most concentrated. 0.1 mole of solute dissolved in 400 ml of solvent
0.2 mole of solute dissolved in 300 ml of solvent
0.3 mole of solute dissolved in 500 ml of solvent.
The concentration of a solution is defined as the amount of solute that has been dissolved in a given amount of solvent. Let's calculate the concentration of each solution using the formula of concentration:
Molarity = Number of moles of solute/Volume of solution (L)
For (1), Number of moles of solute = 0.1 mole. Volume of solution = 400 ml = 0.4 L. Concentration,
C = Number of moles of solute/Volume of solution (L)
C = 0.1/0.4 = 0.25 mol/L
For (2), Number of moles of solute = 0.2 mole. Volume of solution = 300 ml = 0.3 L.
Concentration,
C = Number of moles of solute/Volume of solution (L)
C = 0.2/0.3 = 0.67 mol/L.
For (3), Number of moles of solute = 0.3 mole.
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Q1. Sulphur burns in air upon gentle heating with a pale blue flame. It
produces colourless and poisonous sulphur dioxide gas.
a) What are the reactants and products in this reaction? Write as a
word equation.
Sulfur and oxygen are the reactants in this process, and sulfur dioxide is the end result. Sulfur + Oxygen = Sulfur Dioxide is the word equation for this process.
What is the chemical formula for oxygen and sulfur dioxide?Chemical equation writing. Sulfur trioxide is created when sulfur dioxide and oxygen are combined. Sulfur trioxide, often known as SO3, is the result of the reaction between sulfur dioxide and oxygen (SO2+O2).
The reaction between sulfur dioxide and sulfur oxygen is what kind?This reaction is a combination reaction, which is the type of chemical reaction it is. Balanced Approaches: S and O2 combine to generate SO2 in this reaction of combination. Make sure the number of atoms on either side of the equation is equal by carefully counting them up.
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who performed an experiment with a cathode ray tube and discovered the existence of negatively charged particles within the atom?
The scientist who performed an experiment with a cathode ray tube and discovered the existence of negatively charged particles within the atom was J.J. Thomson.
This experiment is commonly known as the cathode ray tube experiment. A cathode ray tube experiment is a scientific experiment that was carried out to show that negatively charged particles exist in atoms. The experiment involves passing an electric current through a gas-filled tube called a cathode ray tube. J.J. Thomson discovered that cathode rays were made up of negatively charged particles called electrons. He discovered that the charge to mass ratio of these particles was much greater than that of the atoms that the cathode ray tube was made of. This led him to conclude that these particles were not part of the atom but were rather a fundamental constituent of all atoms.
This was a groundbreaking discovery and it led to the development of the atomic model. The first "subatomic particles," called electrons by Irish scientist George Johnstone Stoney in 1891, were negatively charged particles smaller than atoms. J. J. Thomson was able to measure the charge-mass ratio of cathode rays in 1897 and demonstrate this. Ferdinand Braun, a German physicist, created the "Braun tube," the first iteration of the CRT, in 1897. A Crookes tube modified with a phosphor-coated screen, it was a cold-cathode diode. It was Braun who originally thought of using a CRT as a display device.
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Explain the significance of the line spectrum observed for the hydrogen atom by Neil bohr. What were the inadequacies of the bohr model? calculate the energy required to excite a hydrogen electron from level n=1 to n=3
The line spectrum observed for the hydrogen atom by Niels Bohr is significant because it provided evidence for the quantization of energy levels in atoms.
Bohr's model proposed that electrons in atoms occupy specific energy levels or orbits around the nucleus, and that they can only absorb or emit energy in discrete amounts as they transition between these energy levels. When an electron in hydrogen is excited to a higher energy level by absorbing energy, it eventually returns to its original energy level by emitting energy in the form of light, which is observed as the line spectrum.
However, the Bohr model had some inadequacies. It couldn't explain the spectral lines of atoms other than hydrogen, and it couldn't account for the fine structure of spectral lines due to electron spin. Also, the model violated the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which states that it is impossible to simultaneously determine the exact position and momentum of an electron.
To calculate the energy required to excite a hydrogen electron from level n=1 to n=3, we can use the formula:
ΔE = E3 - E1 = (-13.6 eV/n²) [(1/3²) - (1/1²)]
where E1 and E3 are the energy levels corresponding to n=1 and n=3, respectively. Plugging in the values gives:
ΔE = (-13.6 eV/n²) [(1/3²) - (1/1²)] = (-13.6 eV) [(1/9) - 1] = 10.2 eV
Therefore, the energy required to excite a hydrogen electron from level n=1 to n=3 is 10.2 eV.
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what mass of silver bromide is formed when 35.5 ml of 0.184 m silver nitrate is treated with an excess of hydrobromic acid?
The mass of silver bromide formed when 35.5 ml of 0.184 m silver nitrate is treated with an excess of hydrobromic acid is 9.89 g.
When 35.5 mL of 0.184 M silver nitrate is treated with an excess of hydrobromic acid, the reaction forms silver bromide and a salt containing bromide ions. The mass of silver bromide that is formed can be calculated using the following equation:
Mass = Concentration x Volume x Molecular Weight
Where:
Mass = Mass of silver bromideConcentration = Concentration of silver nitrate (0.184 M)Volume = Volume of silver nitrate (35.5 mL)Molecular Weight = 187.81 g/molTherefore, the mass of silver bromide formed is:
Mass = 0.184 x 35.5 x 187.81 = 9.89 g
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When a bond is broken, bond
energy is required. If energy is
required and a bond is being
broken, what sign (+ or -) would
you use to represent that energy change?
Answer:
Bond enthalpy is always positive because energy is required to break chemical bonds. Energy is released when a bond forms between gaseous fragments.
Give the electron geometry (eg), molecular geometry (mg), and hybridization for NH 3. a. eg = tetrahedral, mg = trigonal pyramidal, sp3 b. eg = trigonal pyramidal, mg = trigonal pyramidal, sp3 c. eg - trigonal planar, mg = trigonal planar, sp2 d. eg - trigonal pyramidal, mg - tetrahedral, sp3 e. eg = tetrahedral, mg - trigonal planar, sp2
The correct electron geometry (eg) and molecular geometry (mg) for [tex]NH_3[/tex] is a. eg = tetrahedral, mg = trigonal pyramidal, [tex]sp^3[/tex].
There are four electron regions around the central nitrogen atom, making a tetrahedral electron geometry, but because of the lone pairs of electrons, the molecular geometry is a trigonal pyramidal shape. The hybridization is [tex]sp^3[/tex], which means the orbitals used to form bonds and lone pairs are an s orbital and three p orbitals. Electron geometry shows the arrangement of electrons in space around the central atom, whereas molecular geometry shows the arrangement of atoms in a given molecule.Therefore,[tex]NH_3[/tex] have tetrahedral electron geometry, trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry and sp^3 hybridization.Learn more about electron geometry: https://brainly.com/question/7283835
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based on the chromatogram, which amino acids or substances were present in the hydrolyzed equal sample?
Answer: Based on the Chromatogram, the amino acids or substances present in the hydrolyzed equal sample are alanine, glycine, leucine, valine, isoleucine, and tyrosine.
Explanation:
Chromatogram is a graph or visual representation of the separated components of a mixture produced by chromatography. It provides information about the sample components, including their identity and relative amounts.
Based on the given chromatogram, Leucine, Tyrosine, and Phenylalanine amino acids or substances were present in the hydrolyzed equal sample. These amino acids are identified by their retention times, which can be compared to reference standards or databases to determine their identity.
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Determine the percent yield of diacetyl ferrocene in the following unbalanced reaction using the data provided. Record your answer on the bubble sheet using the second significant figure. AICI Ferrocene MW: 186.03 used: 210. mg Acetyl Chloride MW: 78.50 Density: 1.104 g/ml used: 155 uL Diacetyl Ferrocene MW: 270.10 isolated: 225 mg. multiple choice: O A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
The percent yield of diacetyl ferrocene in the given unbalanced reaction is 144.5%. The answer is option A. 3.
Explanation : To calculate the percent yield of diacetyl ferrocene in the following unbalanced reaction, use the following formula:
Percent Yield = (Mass of Isolated Product / Theoretical Mass of Product) x 100%
To find the Theoretical Mass of Product, use the following formula:
Theoretical Mass of Product = (MW of Reactant * Mass of Reactant Used) / MW of Product
Substituting in the values provided:
Theoretical Mass of Product = (186.03 * 210mg) / 270.10 = 155.46mg
Percent Yield = (225mg / 155.46mg) x 100% = 144.48%
Therefore, the percent yield of diacetyl ferrocene in the given unbalanced reaction is 144.5%.
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titration sa with sb titration experiments are done stepwise and slowly, to guarantee not to miss the equivalence point. in this experiment, will be used to confirm the concentration of of , is . first, calculate the of the solution after adding the following volumes of base: also, determine the volume (in ) of , needed to reach the equivalence point of the titration.
In a titration experiment with strong acid (SA) and strong base (SB), the goal is to determine the concentration of one solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration.
The experiment is performed slowly and stepwise to ensure that the equivalence point is not missed, as this is the point where the moles of the acid and base are equal.
In your question, you haven't provided the specific details of the concentrations, volumes, or substances involved in the titration.
However, I can give you a general approach to solving this problem:
1. Identify the given concentration of the known solution (either the SA or SB).
2. Calculate the moles of the known solution using the formula: moles = concentration × volume.
3. Use the stoichiometry of the reaction to find the moles of the unknown solution at the equivalence point.
4. Divide the moles of the unknown solution by its volume to find its concentration.
To determine the volume of the strong base (or acid) needed to reach the equivalence point, you can use the formula: Volume of SB = (moles of SA × volume of SA) / concentration of SB Please provide the specific information for your titration experiment, and I will be happy to help you with the calculations.
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In which of these gas-phase equilibria is the yield of products increased by increasing the total pressure on the reaction mixture? (A) CO(g) + H2O (8) CO2 (g) + H2(g) (B) 2NO(g) + Cl2 (g) + 2NOCI (8) (C) 250, (g) = 2502(g) + O2(g) (D) PCIs () PC13 (8) + Cl2 (8) 6. K, for the reaction of SO2 (g) with O2 to produce SO; (g) is 3 x 1024 Calculate K, for this reaction at 25°C. 2SO2 (g) + O2(g) 250 (8) (A) 3 x 1024 (B) 5 x 1021 (C) 2 x 1020 (D) 5 x 1022 (E) 7 x 102 7. The molar solubility of magnesium carbonate is 1.8 x 10 mol/L. What is Kp for this compound? (A) 1.8 x 10 (B) 3.6 x 10-4 (C) 1.3 x 10-7 (D) 3.2 x 10 (E) 2.8 x 10-14
The correct answer is (B) 2NO(g) + Cl2 (g) + 2NOCI (8). Increasing the total pressure on the reaction mixture will increase the yield of products. For the second question, the correct answer is (E) 7 x 102. Kp for the molar solubility of magnesium carbonate is 3.6 x 10-4.
Chemical equilibrium refers to the situation in a chemical reaction where both the reactants and products are present in concentrations that have no further tendency to change over time, preventing any discernible change in the system's properties. When the forward reaction and the reverse reaction go forward at the same speed, this condition results. The forward and backward reactions typically have equal, if not zero, reaction rates. The concentrations of the reactants and products do not change on a net basis as a result. Dynamic equilibrium is the name given to such a situation.
The reaction's Gibbs free energy, G, must be taken into account at constant temperature and pressure. The Helmholtz free energy, A, must be taken into account at constant temperature and volume. The reaction's entropy, S, must be taken into account at constant internal energy and volume.
In geochemistry and atmospheric chemistry, where pressure changes are considerable, the constant volume case is crucial.
It is thought about the case of constant pressure. By taking into account chemical potentials, the relationship between the Gibbs free energy and the equilibrium constant can be discovered.
The Gibbs free energy for the reaction, G, under constant temperature and pressure in the absence of an applied voltage, depends only on the degree of the reaction: (Greek letter xi), and can only decrease in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics. That indicates that if the reaction occurs, the derivative of G with respect to must be negative; at equilibrium, this derivative equals zero.
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Como balanceo esta reaccion quimica por tanteo FeCI2+Na0H Fe(0H)3+NaCI
The balanced equation of FeCI2+Na0H Fe(0H)3+NaCI is 2FeCl2 + 2NaOH → 2Fe(OH)3 + 2NaCl.
To balance the chemical equation FeCl2 + NaOH → Fe(OH)3 + NaCl by trial and error, we need to ensure that the same number of each type of atom is present on both the reactant and product side of the equation.
First, we start with the iron atom since it appears only once on each side of the equation. To balance it, we need to add a coefficient of 2 in front of NaOH to get:
FeCl2 + 2NaOH → Fe(OH)3 + NaCl
Next, we balance the chlorine atoms by adding a coefficient of 2 in front of FeCl2:
2FeCl2 + 2NaOH → Fe(OH)3 + 2NaCl
Finally, we balance the hydrogen and oxygen atoms by adding a coefficient of 3 in front of Fe(OH)3:
2FeCl2 + 2NaOH → 2Fe(OH)3 + 2NaCl
The equation is now balanced with equal numbers of atoms on both the reactant and product sides.
Balancing a chemical equation involves adjusting the coefficients of the reactants and products to ensure that the same number of each type of atom is present on both sides of the equation. We start by looking at the different elements involved and choose one to balance first. In this case, we began with iron since it appears only once on each side of the equation. We then proceeded to balance the other elements, working through them one by one until all were balanced. It's important to note that balancing equations requires some trial and error, but with practice, it becomes easier to quickly identify the necessary coefficients to balance a given equation.
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A: Branched Group Type and Location:
(Hint: There are two, but they are the same type)
b. Longest Chain:
c. Functional Group:
d. Full Name of Compound:
The longest chain is pentane
The functional group is alkene
The name of the compound would be based on the kinds of substituents present.
What are the types of branching in organic compounds?In organic chemistry, there are two main types of branching in organic compounds: chain branching and positional branching.
Chain branching: Chain branching occurs when a side chain (alkyl group) is attached to the main carbon chain of a molecule. This results in a change in the chemical and physical properties of the molecule, such as boiling point, melting point, and solubility. Examples of chain-branched compounds include isobutane (2-methylpropane), isopentane (2-methylbutane), and neopentane (2,2-dimethylpropane).
Positional branching: Positional branching occurs when a substituent is attached to a specific position on the main carbon chain of a molecule. This type of branching can occur in cyclic or acyclic molecules, and can have a significant impact on the properties and reactivity of the molecule. Examples of positional-branched compounds include tert-butyl alcohol (2-methyl-2-propanol), 1-chloro-3-methylbutane, and 2,4-dimethylhexane.
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Elemento de la aplicación de Visio que se usa para organizar formas en grupos visuales, siendo afectados también cuando sus formas o elementos se mueven, copian o eliminan
Visio application element used to organize shapes into visual groups, also being affected when their shapes or elements are moved, copied, or deleted is called Grouping.
"Grouping" is an essential feature in the Microsoft Visio application that allows users to organize shapes into visual groups. With this feature, users can select multiple shapes and group them together, making them behave as a single entity. When one shape in the group is moved, copied, or deleted, the other shapes in the group are also affected.
This feature is particularly useful when creating complex diagrams or flowcharts, as it allows users to manipulate multiple shapes as a single unit. Overall, "Grouping" in Visio is a simple but powerful tool that helps users to organize and manage their shapes and diagrams with ease.
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--The complete question is, Visio application element used to organize shapes into visual groups, also being affected when their shapes or elements are moved, copied, or deleted is called ________.--
Determination of the solubility product of an ionic compound post lab answers
The solubility product constant can be calculated using the following equation:[tex]Ksp = [A+]^m[B-]^n[/tex] where A+ and B- are the cations and anions in the balanced chemical equation, and m and n are the coefficients of the respective ions.
To determine the solubility product of an ionic compound, follow the steps below:
Step 1: Determine the balanced chemical equation of the ionic compound being tested.
Step 2: Dissolve a measured amount of the ionic compound in distilled water to make a saturated solution.
Step 3: Use a pH meter to measure the pH of the saturated solution.
Step 4: Use a spectrophotometer to measure the concentration of the ions in the solution.
Step 5: Calculate the solubility product constant (Ksp) using the concentration of the ions and the balanced chemical equation.
The solubility product constant can be calculated using the following equation:[tex]Ksp = [A+]^m[B-]^n[/tex] where A+ and B- are the cations and anions in the balanced chemical equation, and m and n are the coefficients of the respective ions. The square brackets represent the concentrations of the ions.
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Which terin refers to the attraction of water molecules to one another? a. adhesion b. cohesion c. hydrolysis d. photolysis e. polarity
The term that refers to the attraction of water molecules to one another is "cohesion". The correct answer is option: b. cohesion.
Cohesion is a property of water molecules that arises from their polarity and hydrogen bonding. The oxygen atom in each water molecule is partially negative, while the hydrogen atoms are partially positive, creating a polar molecule. The polar nature of water allows the oxygen atoms in one molecule to form hydrogen bonds with the hydrogen atoms in nearby water molecules, resulting in a strong attraction between them. This cohesive property of water is responsible for many of its physical properties, such as surface tension and capillary action. Option b is correct.
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Which change is MOST likely to occur because of the movement of the axis?
Answer:
This is due to the very slow wobble of the axis of Earth. Which change is most likely to occur because of the movement of the axis? Winter and summer months will reverse
Explanation:
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What is the symbol for the following ion electronic structure: 1s^ 2 2s^ 2 2p^ 6 3s^ 2 3p^ 6 3d^ 10 4s^ 2 4p^ 6 4d^ 10 5s^ 2 with an atomic number of 50? o sb o sn o sb2 o sn2
The symbol for the ion electronic structure 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 3d^10 4s^2 4p^6 4d^10 5s^2 with an atomic number of 50 is Sn (Tin).
EXPLANATION: The symbol for the ion electronic structure with an atomic number of 50 and the following configuration 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d¹⁰4s²4p⁶4d¹⁰5s² is Sn. Therefore, the symbol for the ion electronic structure with an atomic number of 50 and the following configuration 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d¹⁰4s²4p⁶4d¹⁰5s² is Sn.What is electronic structure?An electronic structure describes how the electrons of an atom are distributed among the shells and sub-shells in the ground state. The electronic structure of atoms is divided into shells and sub-shells, where shells are the outermost part of an atom and sub-shells are the inner part of an atom.The electronic structure of atoms is vital in chemistry because it determines how atoms interact with each other, as well as how they form bonds to make molecules. Therefore, understanding electronic structures is essential in order to grasp and understand chemistry.
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write the rate law for each of the following elementary steps and tell whether the reaction unimolecular, bimolecular or termolecular a) o3 cl --> o2 clo b) no2 no2 --> no3 no c) 2no h2 --> h2o2 n2
a. The rate law for the elementary step [tex]O_{3} + Cl[/tex] --> [tex]O_{2} + ClO[/tex] is k[[tex]O_{3}[/tex]][Cl], indicating that the reaction is bimolecular.
b. The rate law for the elementary step [tex]NO_{2}[/tex] + [tex]NO_{2}[/tex] --> [tex]NO_{3}[/tex] + NO is k[[tex]NO_{2}[/tex]]2, indicating that the reaction is termolecular.
c. The rate law for the elementary step 2NO + [tex]H_{2}[/tex] --> [tex]H_{2}O_{2}[/tex] + [tex]N_{2}[/tex] is k[NO][[tex]H_{2}[/tex]], indicating that the reaction is bimolecular.
The moleculаrity of а reаction refers to the number of reаctаnt pаrticles involved in the reаction. Becаuse there cаn only be discrete numbers of pаrticles, the moleculаrity must tаke аn integer vаlue. Moleculаrity cаn be described аs unimoleculаr, bimoleculаr, or termoleculаr. А unimoleculаr reаction occurs when а molecule reаrrаnges itself to produce one or more products. Аn exаmple of this is rаdioаctive decаy, in which pаrticles аre emitted from аn аtom.
А bimoleculаr reаction involves the collision of two pаrticles. Bimoleculаr reаctions аre common in orgаnic reаctions such аs nucleophilic substitution. А termoleculаr reаction requires the collision of three pаrticles аt the sаme plаce аnd time. This type of reаction is very uncommon becаuse аll three reаctаnts must simultаneously collide with eаch other, with sufficient energy аnd correct orientаtion, to produce а reаction.
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Question 16: June 2019 CR
6 Poly(chloroethene) is a polymer.
It is made from its monomer, chloroethene.
(a) Chloroethene has the percentage composition by mass
C= 38.4% H = 4.8%
Cl=56.8%
I
Show, by calculation, that the empirical formula of chloroethene is C₂H,Cl
(3)
The empirical formula of chloroethene is C₂H₃Cl, which can be simplified to C₂H₃Cl.
What is empirical formula?The probably the easiest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound is an empirical formula. It gives the relative number of atoms of each element in the compound, but not the actual number of atoms or the arrangement of the atoms. The empirical formula is determined based on the experimental data of the percentage composition by mass or the molar ratios of the elements in the compound.
To find the empirical formula of chloroethene, we need to determine the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms present in the compound.
Let's assume we have a 100 g sample of chloroethene. Then, we can calculate the mass of each element present in the sample:
Mass of carbon (C) = 38.4 g
Mass of hydrogen (H) = 4.8 g
Mass of chlorine (Cl) = 56.8 g
Next, we need to convert these masses to moles by dividing by their respective atomic masses:
Moles of carbon (C) = 38.4 g / 12.01 g/mol = 3.196 mol
Moles of hydrogen (H) = 4.8 g / 1.01 g/mol = 4.752 mol
Moles of chlorine (Cl) = 56.8 g / 35.45 g/mol = 1.601 mol
We can then divide each of these mole values by the smallest mole value to get the simplest whole number ratio:
Carbon: 3.196 mol / 1.601 mol = 1.998 ≈ 2
Hydrogen: 4.752 mol / 1.601 mol = 2.969 ≈ 3
Chlorine: 1.601 mol / 1.601 mol = 1
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what volume of 0.0100 m mno4 - is needed to titrate a solution containing 0.355 g of sodium oxalate?
To titrate a solution containing 0.355 g of sodium oxalate, 0.0234 L of 0.0100 M KMnO₄ is needed.
What is Titration?Titration is a technique used in analytical chemistry to determine the concentration of a specific analyte. The method involves the gradual addition of a standard solution to a sample containing the unknown analyte until the chemical reaction between the two is complete. The concentration of the unknown analyte can be calculated once this happens.
The balanced equation for the reaction between Na₂C₂O₄ and KMnO₄ is shown below:
5Na₂C₂O₄ + 2KMnO₄ + 8H₂SO₄ → 2MnSO₄ + 10CO₂ + 5Na₂SO₄ + 8H₂O
To titrate the given sodium oxalate solution, the volume of KMnO₄ needed must be determined. The molar mass of Na₂C₂O₄ is 134.00 g/mol.
Mass of Na₂C₂O₄ = 0.355 g
Moles of Na₂C₂O₄ = (0.355 g)/(134.00 g/mol) = 0.00265 mol
From the balanced equation, it can be seen that 2 moles of KMnO₄ are required to react with 5 moles of Na₂C₂O₄. As a result, the number of moles of KMnO₄ needed can be calculated.
Moles of KMnO₄ = (2/5) × 0.00265 mol = 0.00106 mol
The volume of 0.0100 M KMnO₄ needed can now be determined using the molarity equation.
Molarity (M) = moles (n) / volume (V)
n = M × V
V = n / M = 0.00106 mol / 0.0100 M = 0.106 L = 0.0234 L (to three significant figures)
Therefore, to titrate a solution containing 0.355 g of sodium oxalate, 0.0234 L of 0.0100 M KMnO₄ is needed.
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how is burning gasoline in an automobile engine part of the carbon cycle?
Burning gasoline in an automobile engine is part of the carbon cycle as the gasoline contains carbon that is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, which is then taken up by plants during photosynthesis.
When gasoline is burned in an automobile engine, the carbon in the gasoline is converted into carbon dioxide gas, which is released into the atmosphere. This carbon dioxide then becomes available to plants during photosynthesis, where it is used to create organic compounds such as sugars and starches. This process is a part of the carbon cycle, which is the natural process by which carbon is cycled through the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land. The carbon cycle is essential for life on Earth, as it allows carbon to be used and reused by living organisms in a sustainable way.
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rank the following alkyl halides in order of their increasing rate of reaction with triethylamine: iodoethane 1-bromopropane 2-bromopropane
The rate of reaction of alkyl halides with triethylamine increases with the electron-releasing effect of the halide group, which increases in the order - Iodoethane < 1-bromopropane < 2-bromopropane.
The strength of nucleophiles and the weakness of leaving groups decide the rate of SN2 reactions. This is what determines the reactivity of alkyl halides.
Alkyl halides are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of carbons that the halogen is bonded to. Because primary alkyl halides have more accessibility to their halogen and less steric hindrance around it, the speed of the reaction is greater.
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If four molecules of carbon dioxide enter the Calvin cycle (four "turns" of the cycle), how many G3P molecules are produced and how many are exported? a. 4 G3P made, 1 G3P exported b. 4 G3P made, 2 G3P exported c. 8 G3P made, 1 G3P exported d. 8 G3P made, 4 G3P exported
If four molecules of carbon dioxide enter the Calvin cycle (four "turns" of the cycle), eight G3P molecules are produced, and four G3P molecules are exported is d. 8 G3P made, 4 G3P exported.
The Calvin cycle is the collection of chemical reactions that occur in chloroplasts during photosynthesis. The Calvin cycle transforms CO2, using the energy from ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions, into the sugar G3P. Three G3P molecules are created for every three CO2 molecules that enter the cycle. Every G3P molecule has three carbon atoms. If four molecules of CO2 enter the Calvin cycle (four "turns" of the cycle), eight G3P molecules are produced, and four G3P molecules are exported.
In the first step of the Calvin cycle, three CO2 molecules are combined with three RuBP molecules to form six 3-PGA molecules, which are then converted into six G3P molecules. However, five of the six G3P molecules must be recycled into RuBP so that the cycle can continue. As a result, only one G3P molecule out of the six created is exported from the cycle. So, every four CO2 molecules that enter the Calvin cycle create two G3P molecules that are exported out of the cycle.
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Identify the major mechanistic pathway when 1-chloropentane is treated with KCN.a. E1
b. E2
c.SN1
d. SN2
The major mechanistic pathway when 1-chloropentane is treated with KCN is [tex]SN^2[/tex]. So, the correct option is d.
A mechanistic pathway is the sequence of steps that leads to the formation of a specific product from the reactants.
The mechanism of a chemical reaction is typically portrayed using chemical equations and mathematical models.
The [tex]SN^2[/tex] mechanism is the primary mechanistic pathway when 1-chloropentane is treated with KCN.
In an [tex]SN^2[/tex] mechanism, the nucleophile competes with the leaving group in a concerted step in the formation of a new bond. This mechanism is common in primary halides with excellent leaving groups, and the reaction rate is largely determined by the nucleophile's concentration and accessibility.
The term "SN" refers to the nucleophilic substitution reaction in organic chemistry. It stands for "Substitution Nucleophilic."
The [tex]SN^1, SN^2, E1[/tex], and E2 mechanisms are four common mechanisms in organic chemistry. The SN^1 mechanism is a two-step reaction, with the leaving group first leaving, leaving a carbocation intermediate, which is then attacked by a nucleophile.
The elimination reaction that follows the SN1 reaction mechanism is E1.
The elimination reaction that follows the [tex]SN^2[/tex] reaction mechanism is E2. Therefore, the correct option is d.
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when nitrogen reacts with oxygen to form dinitrogen pentoxide, calculate the mass of dinitrogen pentoxide that could be formed from 104.0 grams of oxygen and 204.0 grams of nitrogen.
140.4 grams of dinitrogen pentoxide are produced from 104.0 grams of oxygen and 204.0 grams of nitrogen.
Chemical StoichiometryTo calculate the mass of dinitrogen pentoxide that could be formed from 104.0 grams of oxygen and 204.0 grams of nitrogen, we need to use stoichiometry.
From the balanced equation, we can see that 2 moles of nitrogen react with 5 moles of oxygen to produce 2 moles of dinitrogen pentoxide. Therefore, we need to determine the limiting reactant in this reaction, which is the reactant that is completely consumed and determines the amount of product that can be formed.
2N₂ + 5O₂ = 2N₂O₅To do this, we can calculate the number of moles of each reactant:
Number of moles of oxygen = 104.0 g / 32.00 g/mol = 3.25 molNumber of moles of nitrogen = 204.0 g / 28.02 g/mol = 7.29 molThe ratio of moles of nitrogen to moles of oxygen is 7.29/3.25 ≈ 2.24/1. Therefore, oxygen is the limiting reactant because we need 5 moles of oxygen for every 2 moles of nitrogen.
Now we can use the amount of oxygen to calculate the amount of dinitrogen pentoxide that can be formed:
Number of moles of dinitrogen pentoxide = (3.25 mol O₂) / (5 mol O₂/2 mol N₂O₅) = 1.30 mol N₂O₅Finally, we can calculate the mass of dinitrogen pentoxide using its molar mass:
Mass of dinitrogen pentoxide = (1.30 mol) x (108.01 g/mol) = 140.4 gTherefore, 104.0 grams of oxygen and 204.0 grams of nitrogen can produce a maximum of 140.4 grams of dinitrogen pentoxide.
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