Secondary pollutants from cars and coal burning are nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2).
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a toxic air pollutant that can be found in the air we breathe. Nitrogen dioxide is a secondary air pollutant formed by the reaction of nitric oxide (NO) and oxygen (O2) in the air as well as the emissions of vehicles and other combustion sources.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a gas that is formed when fossil fuels, particularly coal and oil, are burned. The combustion of these fuels releases sulfur dioxide into the air, where it reacts with other pollutants to form sulfuric acid, which is a significant component of acid rain.
SO2 is a secondary air pollutant that is harmful to human health, animals, plants, and the environment. It can cause respiratory problems, especially for people who are sensitive to it. Sulfur dioxide can also cause acid rain, which can damage crops, forests, and other natural habitats.
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the industrial revolution has led to an increased reliance on fossil fuels to
electric farming equipment as well as the creation of pesticides and fertilisers. The industrial revolution resulted in a substantial change in energy sources by the middle of the 19th century with the use of coal.
Coal first powered the Industrial Revolution, which was afterwards fuelled by oil and gas. An enormous increase in the amount of useful energy available to humanity was made possible by the use of fossil fuels to power electrical and steam machines. Fossil fuels were the main source of energy during the first three industrial revolutions, but their consumption continued to fall as time went on. Secondly, following the third industrial revolution, economic expansion increasingly decoupled from the rise in fossil fuel use.
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helicase is an enzyme responsible for unwinding the double helix of the dna during dna replication. in which phase of the cell cycle is helicase performing this function?
During the cell cycle, DNA replication occurs during the S phase or synthesis phase.
In this phase, the DNA is replicated and the cell makes a copy of its genetic material to prepare for cell division. Helicase is an enzyme that plays a critical role in the process of DNA replication by unwinding the double-stranded DNA. Helicase acts during the initiation stage of replication, where it helps to separate the two strands of the DNA double helix, creating a replication fork.
This allows other enzymes involved in DNA replication, such as DNA polymerase, to access the strands and begin synthesizing new DNA strands. Therefore, helicase performs its function during the S phase of the cell cycle.
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What 3 part chamber is shared between the respiratory and digestive systems?
The pharynx is a three-part chamber that is shared between the respiratory and digestive systems. The nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx are the three parts of the pharynx. The respiratory and digestive systems share the pharynx to maintain respiration and digestion.
The pharynx is a muscular tube that connects the oral cavity and the nasal cavity with the esophagus and larynx. It's a common route for food, liquids, and air. The pharynx also helps in the vocalization of sound. It has three parts: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx begins at the back of the nasal cavity and extends to the soft palate. The pharyngeal tonsils are found in the nasopharynx.
The oropharynx is situated behind the oral cavity and is found in the back of the mouth. The palatine and lingual tonsils are located in the oropharynx. The laryngopharynx is situated beneath the oropharynx and extends to the esophagus. The opening of the larynx and the esophagus are found in the laryngopharynx. Therefore, we can conclude that the three-part chamber shared between the respiratory and digestive systems is the pharynx.
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18. Which ypes of mutations positve, ngative or neutral,are mase lilely to sen i firing neutral, are most likely to be seen in offspring several generations after the mutation occurred? Explain your reasoning. 19. Consider the following scenarios. State whether the mutation is likely to be passed on to the offspring of the organism. Explain your reasoning. a. A single bacteria cell contains a positive mutation in its DNA b. A skin cell on a cat contains a positive mutation in its DNA. c. A sperm cell in a whale contains a positive mutation in its DNA.
The type of mutations, positive, negative or neutral, which are most likely to be seen in offspring several generations after the mutation occurred, are neutral mutations.
A neutral mutation is a type of genetic mutation that occurs when there is a slight alteration or shift in the genetic code of an organism that does not affect the phenotype or survival of that organism or its offspring. Neutral mutations can, however, accumulate over time, providing evolutionary raw material for later adaptation or speciation events. Neutral mutations are more likely to be passed down to the next generation because there is no selection pressure acting against them.
a. A single bacteria cell contains a positive mutation in its DNA: As bacteria reproduce by binary fission, the positive mutation is highly likely to be passed on to the offspring .b. A skin cell on a cat contains a positive mutation in its DNA: The positive mutation is unlikely to be passed on to the offspring because skin cells are not involved in reproduction. Only mutations that occur in cells that form eggs or sperm are likely to be passed down. c. A sperm cell in a whale contains a positive mutation in its DNA: As sperm cells are involved in reproduction, the positive mutation is highly likely to be passed on to the offspring.
However, Neutral mutations are more likely to be passed down to the next generation because there is no selection pressure acting against them.
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what is the process that pushes food through the esophagus called
The process that pushes food through the esophagus is called peristalsis.
A series of coordinated muscle contractions known as peristalsis move the food bolus towards the stomach by occurring along the length of the esophagus. The smooth muscle in the esophagus walls contracts behind the food as it passes through while relaxing in front of it, causing the food to move down the esophagus in a wave-like manner. When the meal reaches the lower esophageal sphincter, the procedure is repeated, and the sphincter opens to let the food enter into the stomach.
The neurological system controls the automatic and involuntary process of peristalsis, which doesn't require any conscious effort or thought. It is a crucial step in the swallowing process and ensures that food moves smoothly and effectively through the digestive system.
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In the rate of oxygen synthesis in elodea experiment, why did the solution in the tubing move upward in the volumeter when exposed to light? Why did the solution in the tubing move downward when covered with foil?
In the rate of oxygen synthesis in elodea experiment, the solution in the tubing moves upward in the volumeter when exposed to light because photosynthesis is happening. Similarly, the solution in the tubing moves downward when covered with foil because photosynthesis is not happening.
In the rate of oxygen synthesis in elodea experiment, the rate of oxygen synthesis is measured by the number of bubbles released in the given amount of time. In the case of this experiment, elodea was used to produce oxygen through photosynthesis.
When exposed to light, the solution in the tube rises in the volumeter because photosynthesis occurs. This indicates that the plant is producing oxygen, which is entering the tube. When the volume of the tube grows, the solution in the volumeter rises.
When the tubing is covered with foil, the fluid in the tube goes downwards since photosynthesis does not occur. This signifies that the plant is not producing oxygen and that the oxygen currently present in the tubing is being consumed. This reduces the capacity of the tube, causing the solution in the volumeter to fall.
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The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to...
a) provide nutrients to spores
b) make spores less dense and able to disperse more readily
c) reduce dehydration
d) repel toxic chemicals
The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to reduce dehydration. Therefore the correct option is option C.
Sporopollenin is a polymer substance that is composed of fatty acids, carotenoids, phenylpropanoids, and other compounds. This substance is found in the outer layer of the spore wall or pollen grain wall. It is not digestible by most organisms and is chemically stable.
Sporopollenin's properties: Sporopollenin is a substance that is durable, chemically stable, and insoluble in water. It is one of the most chemically resistant organic substances known. It is not degraded by digestive enzymes or strong acids and bases, making it an excellent preservation agent.
Sporopollenin's properties make it essential for plants' reproduction since spores and pollen grains need to survive in adverse environments, and sporopollenin is responsible for making them less susceptible to dehydration. Therefore, the correct option is c) reduce dehydration.
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which idea of evolution is supported by the existence of vestigial structures?
The existence of vestigial structures, which are anatomical features that no longer serve their original purpose, supports the idea of evolution through the process of common descent.
What are vestigial structures?Vestigial structures are remnants of structures that were once useful to an organism's ancestors but have lost their original function over time as the organism's environment and needs have changed. For example, the wings of flightless birds, such as ostriches, are vestigial structures that no longer serve their original purpose of flight. Similarly, the human appendix is a vestigial structure that no longer plays a significant role in the digestive system.
The existence of vestigial structures provides evidence for evolution through common descent because it suggests that organisms have changed over time, with some structures becoming unnecessary or even harmful as a result of changes in the environment and selective pressures. This supports the idea that all living organisms are related and have evolved from a common ancestor.
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Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?A. chymotrypsinB. lipaseC. amylaseD. pepsin
The enzyme responsible for splitting short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk in preparation for absorption is lipase. So the correct answer is option B.
Triglycerides are a type of fat found in your blood. When you consume more calories than you require, your body converts them to triglycerides and stores them in fat cells. High triglyceride levels in your blood can raise your chances of developing heart disease, high triglycerides are frequently caused by obesity and poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. Lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats. They play a critical role in digestion by breaking down dietary fats into smaller fatty acids that can be consumed and metabolized by the body.
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differences between a human foot and a primate foot exemplify which type of evolution
Microevolution
Convergent
Divergent
Parallel
The differences between a human foot and a primate foot exemplify divergent evolution.
The correct option is C.
What is divergent evolution?Divergent evolution occurs when a common ancestor gives rise to two or more species that have different adaptations and characteristics due to the pressures of their respective environments. In this case, the human and primate foot evolved differently to suit their different environments and lifestyles.
While both human and primate feet have some similarities, such as a grasping ability, the human foot has evolved to support bipedalism and walking on two legs, while the primate foot has evolved to facilitate climbing and grasping. These differences are the result of divergent evolution over millions of years of separate evolution.
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In the disphotic zone, there is some light but not enough to support photosynthesis. However, in the __________ zone, above there is enough light, and in the ____________ zone, below there is no light.
In the disphotic zone, there is some light but not enough to support photosynthesis. However, in the euphotic zone, above there is enough light, and in the aphotic zone, below there is no light. o the answer to filling in the first underscore is the euphotic zone and to fill in the second underscore is the aphotic zone.
The euphotic zone, disphotic zone, and aphotic zone are the three vertical habitats of the ocean. Each zone is characterized by distinct ecological characteristics and is dependent on depth and light intensity. The euphotic zone is where sunlight penetrates the ocean and photosynthesis occurs, it extends from the surface down to about 200 meters. The disphotic zone, sometimes referred to as the twilight zone, extends from the bottom of the euphotic zone down to about 1,000 meters. The aphotic zone is the deep ocean below 1,000 meters, It is the deepest, darkest part of the ocean, with no light at all.
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in a peptide bond, which parts of the two amino acids are joined together?
what is the difference between adult and embryonic stem cells in differentiated organs/tissues?
Adult stem cells are found in specialized organs and tissues and are limited to replenishing the particular cell type found in that organ on the other hand, stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell in the body.
Embryonic stem cells are set up in early stage embryos and are undifferentiated, meaning they're able of forming any type of cell. They're used for regenerative purposes, similar as repairing damaged towel and organs,
and can also be used to produce new organs , They're more important than adult stem cells, but also more controversial due to the ethical counteraccusations of using embryonic stem cells.
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plant parts that are involved in the reproductive process and contain seeds of some type are called .
The plant parts that are involved in the reproductive process and contain seeds of some type are called fruits.
Fruit is the plant part that is the mature ovary of a flower. When a flower is fertilized, the ovary begins to expand and mature, eventually forming a fruit. The purpose of fruit is to protect the seeds within and help them disperse to new locations to grow into new plants via the reproductive process. The flesh of fruits is often edible and attractive to animals, who then disperse the seeds in their droppings.
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dna analysis indicates that the genes for antibiotic resistance are not normally present in bacterial chromosomal dna. which of the following statements best explains how the genes for antibiotic resistance can be transmitted between bacteria without the exchange of bacterial chromosomal dna? responses the antibiotic-resistant bacteria release a hormone that signals neighboring bacteria to become resistant. the antibiotic-resistant bacteria release a hormone that signals neighboring bacteria to become resistant. the genes for antibiotic resistance are located on a plasmid that can be passed to neighboring bacteria. the genes for antibiotic resistance are located on a plasmid that can be passed to neighboring bacteria. the antibiotic-resistant bacteria are the result of bacteria that specifically modify their own chromosomal dna to neutralize the antibiotics. the antibiotic-resistant bacteria are the result of bacteria that specifically modify their own chromosomal d n a to neutralize the antibiotics. the antibiotic alters the bacterial genome of each bacterium, which results in an antibiotic-resistant population.
The suitable option is "the genes for antibiotic resistance are located on a plasmid that can be passed to neighboring bacteria'.
Genes for antibiotic resistance are not normally present in bacterial chromosomal DNA, so they must be transmitted between bacteria without the exchange of chromosomal DNA. This is achieved through a plasmid, which is a piece of extrachromosomal DNA that is capable of autonomous replication, meaning it can be passed from one bacterium to another. The plasmid is capable of carrying genes for antibiotic resistance, which is then transmitted between bacteria.
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at the normal resting membrane potential of a typical neuron, its sodium-potassium exchange pump transports
At the normal resting membrane potential of a typical neuron, the sodium-potassium exchange pump transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell.
The sodium-potassium exchange pump moves 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions in at the usual resting membrane potential of a typical neuron. The electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane, which is essential for appropriate neuronal function, must be maintained by this process. In order to operate, the exchange pump, an active transport system, needs ATP as fuel. The resting membrane potential, which is normally approximately -70 mV in neurons, is established with the aid of the electrochemical gradient produced by the exchange pump. It is crucial for neuronal excitability and signal transmission that this potential exists.
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The complete question is:
Fill in the blanks,
At the normal resting membrane potential of a typical neuron, the sodium-potassium exchange pump transports ____________.
the mushroom, psilocybe cubensis, is theorized to be the famed indic hallucinogenic substance known as soma.T/F
The statement is False. The mushroom, psilocybe cubensis, is theorized to be the famed indic hallucinogenic substance known as soma.
Soma, also known as the cell body, is a component of a neuron (nerve cell) in the nervous system. It contains the nucleus and other organelles that are essential for the neuron's metabolic functions, including protein synthesis, energy production, and waste management. The soma is responsible for integrating and processing incoming signals from other neurons before transmitting them to the axon, the part of the neuron that sends signals to other neurons or cells.
The size and shape of the soma can vary depending on the type of neuron and its function. For example, motor neurons that control muscle movement have larger somas compared to sensory neurons that receive information from the environment. The soma is also the site of some neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, where abnormal protein aggregation occurs, leading to neuronal dysfunction and death.
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At resting membrane potential, the concentration of sodium is higher _____ the neuron and the concentration of potassium is higher _____ the neuron.
a. inside; outside
b. inside; inside
c. outside; inside
d. outside; outside
At resting membrane potential, the concentration of sodium is higher outside the neuron and the concentration of potassium is higher inside the neuron. Option C, "outside; inside" is the answer.
What is membrane potential?The resting membrane potential refers to the electrical charge difference that is present between the interior of a cell and its surrounding environment at rest. Sodium and potassium ions are significant in generating this membrane potential.
The concentration of sodium is greater outside the neuron, whereas the concentration of potassium is greater inside the neuron. This is owing to the presence of the sodium-potassium pump, which maintains this concentration difference, forcing sodium ions out of the neuron and potassium ions inside it.
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Make a food chain using the following organisms: Grasshopper, Snake, Grass, Frog, and Hawk. Put them in order in which it shows the flow of energy from one organism to the next
Food chain is given below-
Grass ===> Grasshopper ===> Frog ===> Snake ===> Hawk
The group of organisms that each trophic level's members form in an ecosystem to transfer food and energy is known as the food chain. The grass is the producer, on which the grasshopper depends, making it the principal consumer. The frog eats on the grasshopper, the snake feeds on the frog, and the hawk, which is at the top of the food chain, gets its nutrients from the snake.
An apex predator species (like grizzly bears or killer whales), detritivores (like earthworms or woodlice), or decomposer species are at the end of a food chain, which is a linear network of links in a food web starting from producer organisms (such as grass or algae that produce their own food through photosynthesis) (such as fungi or bacteria).
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which muscle is a superficial anterior flexor muscle?
Calculate if a sonar signal takes 5 seconds to return to a ship, what is the depth of the ocean at that point?
Answer:
The depth of the ocean at that point is approximately 3,750 meters.
Explanation:
To calculate the depth of the ocean at a particular point using sonar, we need to know the time it takes for the sound wave to travel from the ship to the bottom of the ocean and back to the ship, as well as the speed of sound in water.
The speed of sound in water is approximately 1,500 meters per second (m/s).
If the sonar signal took 5 seconds to return to the ship, then the total time for the sound wave to travel from the ship to the bottom of the ocean and back to the ship is twice that, or 10 seconds.
We can use the formula:
Depth = (Speed of sound in water x Time) / 2
Plugging in the values we know, we get:
Depth = (1,500 m/s x 5 s) / 2
Depth = 7,500 meters / 2
Depth = 3,750 meters
which activity negatively impacts biodiversity and the sustainability of an ecosystem?
Answers:
Introduction of invasive species
Explanation:
The invasive species makes competition for food much harder for the native species, which causes their numbers to decline. As a result, biodiversity and ability to sustain itself takes a sharp nosedive, even after a short amount of time after the invasive species is intoduced. An example of this is kudzu.
http://nc-ipc.weebly.com/pueraria-montana-kudzu.html
Answer:
The main direct cause of biodiversity loss is land use change (primarily for large-scale food production) which drives an estimated 30% of biodiversity decline globally. Second is overexploitation (overfishing, overhunting and overharvesting) for things like food, medicines and timber which drives around 20%.
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how might a scientist determine whether a trait is sex-linked by observing the offspring of several genetic crosses? 4. compare and contrast how is the expression of sex-linked genes both similar to and different from the expression of autosomal genes?
Autosomal traits are equally expressed in both males and females, while sex-linked traits are expressed differently in males and females. Males have only one X chromosome and no equivalent Y-linked genes to compensate for gene abnormalities, resulting in males expressing more sex-linked traits than females.
However, sex-linked traits are more likely to be recessive, meaning they will only be expressed if present on both the X chromosomes in females. As a result, males have a higher chance of inheriting and expressing a sex-linked recessive trait than females. Thus, the expression of sex-linked genes is similar to that of autosomal genes in some respects, while it differs in others.
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How many lattice points are there in one unit cell of each of the following lattice? (i) Face-centred cubic (ii) Face-centred tetragonal (iii) Body-centred
The number of lattice points in one unit cell of an FCC lattice and an FCT lattice is 8, while the number of lattice points in one unit cell of a BCC lattice is 9.
The number of lattice points in one unit cell of each of the following lattices are:
(i) Face-centred cubic (FCC) lattice: In an FCC lattice, there are 4 lattice points at the corners of the unit cell, and 4 lattice points in the centre of each face of the unit cell. Therefore, the total number of lattice points in one unit cell of an FCC lattice is 4 + 4 = 8.
(ii) Face-centred tetragonal (FCT) lattice: The FCT lattice is similar to the FCC lattice, except that the unit cell is stretched along one of its axes. In an FCT lattice, there are 4 lattice points at the corners of the unit cell, and 4 lattice points in the centre of each face of the unit cell. Therefore, the total number of lattice points in one unit cell of an FCT lattice is also 4 + 4 = 8.
(iii) Body-centred cubic (BCC) lattice: In a BCC lattice, there are 8 lattice points at the corners of the unit cell, and 1 lattice point in the centre of the unit cell. Therefore, the total number of lattice points in one unit cell of a BCC lattice is 8 + 1 = 9.
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studying competition between the peaks of otter salamander and the eastern redback salamander would be an example of studying ecology at the level.
Studying the competition between the peaks of otter salamander and the eastern redback salamander would be an example of studying ecology at the population level.
Ecology is a scientific discipline that studies living organisms and their interactions with the environment. The different levels of ecology are population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology, and biosphere ecology.
Population ecology is the study of how populations of organisms interact with their environment, including competition between species, predator-prey relationships, and reproductive behavior, among other things.
The peaks of Otter salamander (Plethodon hubrichti) are a group of salamanders found in the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States. They are highly adapted to their habitat, which is often moist and cool, and are known for their unique breeding habits.
The eastern redback salamander (Plethodon cinereus) is another species of salamander found in the Appalachian Mountains. It is a common species, and is often found in moist, wooded areas where it feeds on insects and other small invertebrates.
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How is the stoma in the gymnosperm leaf different from the stoma in the typical leaf?
The stoma in the gymnosperm leaf differs from the stoma in the typical leaf in that the gymnosperm leaf has a large epidermal cell and an unpaired guard cell that surrounds the stoma opening.
What is a gymnosperm? Gymnosperms are a group of plants that reproduce using seeds but do not produce flowers. They are usually evergreen and have needle-like leaves. Pine trees, cycads, ginkgoes, and others are examples of gymnosperms.
The structure of the stoma in gymnosperm leaves is the same as that in angiosperm leaves. The stoma is a small, slit-like opening in the epidermis, surrounded by two specialized cells, the guard cells.
What is the difference between the stoma in gymnosperm and typical leaves? The stoma in the gymnosperm leaf differs from the stoma in the typical leaf in that the gymnosperm leaf has a large epidermal cell and an unpaired guard cell that surrounds the stoma opening.
On the other hand, in the typical leaf, the stoma is surrounded by two specialized cells called guard cells, which are also accompanied by a large epidermal cell. In the gymnosperm leaves, the stoma is directly connected to the air chamber inside the leaf. The gymnosperms have a thicker cuticle and a smaller number of stomata than angiosperms.
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Which evidence suggests that some of the first life on earth was prokaryotic bacteria?
is magnesium, mg, diamagnetic or paramagnetic? why?
All of the electrons in the Magnesium [tex](Mg)[/tex] atom are paired up, which makes it diamagnetic.
There are no unpaired electrons in the orbitals of diamagnetic materials because all of their electrons are paired up in these orbitals. A diamagnetic substance will weakly repel a magnetic field when it is exposed to it because the field will weakly repel all of the electrons in the substance.
The opposite is true for paramagnetic materials, which are only weakly attracted to magnetic fields because they have unpaired electrons.
Magnesium has 12 electrons in its ground state, and its electron configuration is [tex]1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2[/tex]. The Mg atom is diamagnetic because all of its electrons are coupled.
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Which of the following characteristics of the ribose is required for termination of a DNA strand in DNA sequencing? Select one: a. 2'-H b. 3'-OH (hydroxyl)
The characteristic of ribose required for the termination of a DNA strand in DNA sequencing is 3'-OH (hydroxyl). So the correct answer is option B.
Ribose is a pentose sugar which is the fundamental building block of nucleotides. The ribose sugar makes up the backbone of RNA, just like deoxyribose in DNA, RNA is synthesized in the 5' → 3' direction. The addition of nucleotides begins at the 3' end and ends at the 5' end, 3' end of the nucleotide contains a hydroxyl group (-OH), whereas the 5' end contains a phosphate group (-PO4). When a dideoxynucleotide triphosphate (ddNTP) is incorporated into the elongating DNA strand, there is no 3'-OH group present in the ddNTP.
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the energy source for the light reactions of photosynthesis is ; the energy source for the calvin reactions is
The energy source for the light reactions of photosynthesis is light energy, while the energy source for the Calvin reactions is ATP and NADPH.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Photosynthesis is a method that uses light energy to generate organic compounds. The process of photosynthesis is critical for life on the planet because it produces the oxygen that organisms require to survive.
The Calvin cycle, also known as the light-independent reactions, is a sequence of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into glucose, a simple sugar.
During the Calvin cycle, light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, which are used to produce glucose.
The light reactions are dependent on light, while the Calvin cycle is independent of light.
The energy source for the light reactions of photosynthesis is light energy, which is absorbed by pigments in the chloroplasts. During the light reactions, light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, which are used in the Calvin cycle.
In contrast, ATP and NADPH are used as energy sources for the Calvin cycle. This cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts and is used to create glucose from carbon dioxide.
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