Answer:
velocity of ship wrt sea= 7i∧
velocity of women on deck= 40j∧
velocity of women relative to sea will be resultant of above two velocoties,
7i∧ + 40j∧ magnitude is
square root (7 x 7 + 40x40)
=√49+1600
=√1612
=40.14 m/s
Do all substances conduct heat ?Why/ Why not ?
Answer:
no, all substances doesnot conduct heat
Answer:
No, all substances do not conduct heat easily because it depends on the nature of the substance. Some are good conductors of heat and some are bad. Therefore, it depends on their characteristics and their ability to conduct heat.
The bad conductors of heat are water, air, plastic, wood, etc.
Gold, Silver, Copper, Aluminium, Iron, etc. are good heat conductors as well as electrical conductors.
Suppose 2.10 C of positive charge is distributed evenly throughout a sphere of 1.30-cm radius. 1) What is the charge per unit volume for this situation
Answer:
[tex]\rho=2.28\times 10^5\ C/m^3[/tex]
Explanation:
Given that,
Charge, Q = 2.1 C
The radius of sphere, r = 1.3 cm = 0.013 m
We need to find the charge per unit volume for this situation. It can be calculated a follows:
[tex]\rho=\dfrac{Q}{\dfrac{4}{3}\pi r^3}\\\\\rho=\dfrac{2.1}{\dfrac{4}{3}\pi \times (0.013)^3}\\\\\rho=2.28\times 10^5\ C/m^3[/tex]
So, the charge per unit volume is [tex]2.28\times 10^5\ C/m^3[/tex].
A blow-dryer and a vacuum cleaner each operate with a voltage of 120 V. The current rating of the blow-dryer is 13 A, while that of the vacuum cleaner is 4.8 A. Determine the power consumed by (a) the blow-dryer and (b) the vacuum cleaner. (c) Determine the ratio of the energy used by the blow-dryer in 15 minutes to the energy used by the vacuum cleaner in 40 minutes.
Answer:
(a) 1560 W
(b) 576 W
(c) 1.01
Explanation:
Voltage, V = 120 V
Current in dryer, I = 13 A
current in vacuum cleaner, i' = 4.8 A
(a) Power consumed by dryer,
P = V I = 120 x 13 = 1560 W
(b) Power consumed by vacuum cleaner
P' = V I' = 120 x 4.8 = 576 W
(c) Energy consumed by dryer
E = P x t = 1560 x 15 x 60 = 1404000 J
Energy consumed by the vacuum cleaner
E' = P' x t' = 576 x 40 x 60 = 1382400 J
the ratio of energies is
E : E' = 1404000 : 1382400 = 1.01
22) A driver traveling at 80 km/h brakes her 2000 kg truck to stop for a red light. How much internal energy is produced
Answer:
[tex]E=4.9\times 10^5\ J[/tex]
Explanation:
Given that,
The speed of a driver, v = 80 km/h = 22.22 m/s
The mass of the truck, m = 2000 kg
We need to find how much internal energy is produced. The internal energy produced by a truck is its kinetic energy and it is given by :
[tex]E=\dfrac{1}{2}mv^2\\\\E=\dfrac{1}{2}\cdot22.22^{2}\cdot2000\\\\E=493728.4\ J[/tex]
or
[tex]E=4.9\times 10^5\ J[/tex]
So, [tex]4.9\times 10^5\ J[/tex] of internal energy is produced.
You could make an air purifier by pumping air through a region that has an electric field. What kinds of particles would you be able to remove with this machine
Answer:
We can remove ions and water molecules
Explanation:
We can remove ions and water molecules because both of them have an electric field . So this will help in repelling or attractive the above mentioned particles. Water is polar so it has an electric field due to net dipole moment.
A milliammeter has an internal resistance of 5ohms and
reads upto 20 millianmeter, cal the value of the resistance
that should beconnected to it to enable to read up to
5A
Answer:
Rs = 0.02008 Ω = 20.08 mΩ
Explanation:
The range of an ammeter can be increased by connecting a small shunt resistance to it in a series combination. This shunt resistance can be calculated by the following formula:
[tex]Rs = \frac{I_gR_g}{I - I_g}[/tex]
where,
[tex]R_s[/tex] = value of shunt resistance = ?
[tex]I_g[/tex] = current range of ammeter = 20 mA = 0.02 A
I = Required range of ammeter = 5 A
[tex]R_g[/tex] = Resistance of ammeter = 5 ohms
Therefore,
[tex]R_s = \frac{(0.02\ A)(5\ ohms)}{5\ A-0.02\ A}[/tex]
Rs = 0.02008 Ω = 20.08 mΩ
A spherical conductor of radius = 1.5 cm with a charge of 3.9 pC is within a concentric hollow spherical conductor of inner radius = 3 cm, and outer radius = 4 cm, which has a total charge of 0 pC. What is the magnitude of the electric field 2.3 cm from the center of these conductors?
Answer:
The answer is "66.351 N/C"
Explanation:
Given:
[tex]a=1.5\ cm= 1.5 \times 10^{-2}\ m\\\\q_1=3.9\ pc\\\\b=3\ cm\\\\c= 4\ cm\\\\q_2=0 \ pc\\\\[/tex]
Using Gauss Law:
[tex]\oint \vec{E} \cdot \vex{dA}= \frac{Q_{enc}}{\varepsilon_0 }[/tex]
[tex]E \times 4 \pi\ r^2=\frac{Q_{enc}}{\varepsilon_0}\\\\E= \frac{Q_{enc}}{4 \pi\ r^2 \varepsilon_0}= \frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0} \frac{Q_{enc}}{r^2}= \frac{k_e\ Q_{enc}}{r^2}\\\\[/tex]
[tex]=\frac{9\times 10^{9} \times 3.9 \times 10^{-12}}{(2.3\times 10^{-2})^2}\\\\=\frac{35.1\times 10^{-3}\ }{(2.3\times 10^{-2})^2}\\\\=\frac{35.1\times 10^{-3}\ }{5.29 \times 10^{-4}}\\\\=\frac{35.1\times 10 }{5.29 }\\\\=\frac{351}{5.29 }\\\\=66.351\ \frac{N}{C}[/tex]
A negative point charge q1 = 25 nC is located on the y axis at y = 0 and a positive point charge q2 = 10 nC is located at y =14 cm. Find the y coordinate of the points where the net electric potential due to these two charges is zero.
Answer:
y = 0.1 m
Explanation:
The electrical power for point loads is
V = [tex]k \sum \frac{q_i}{r_i}[/tex]k Sum qi / ri
in this case
V = k ([tex]- \frac{q_1}{r_1 } + \frac{q_2}{r_2}[/tex])
indicate that V = 0
[tex]\frac{q_1}{r_1} = \frac{q_2}{r_2}[/tex]
r₂ = [tex]\frac{q_2}{q_1} r_1[/tex]
the distance r1 is
r₁ = y -0
the distance r2
r₂ = 0.14 -y
we substitute
0.14 - y = [tex]\frac{10}{25}[/tex] y
y ( [tex]\frac{10}{25} + 1[/tex]) = 0.14
y 1.4 = 0.14
y = 0.14 / 1.4
y = 0.1 m
4. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship
between mechanical, kinetic and potential energies of an object of mass
m kg that is thrown vertically upwards with in initial velocity of v. m/s.
A. Kinetic energy increases while potential energy decrease and mechanical
energy remains constant.
B. Kinetic energy decreases, while potential energy increases and mechanical
energy remains constant.
C. Both kinetic and potential energies decrease while mechanical energy
increases.
D. Both kinetic and potential energies increase while mechanical energy
remains constant.
(1)
21
Answer:
D
Explanation:
increase while mechanical energy remains constant
The patellar tendon attaches to the tibia at a 20 deg angle 3 cm from the axis of rotation at the knee. If the force generated in the patellar tendon is 400 N, what is the resulting angular acceleration, in rad/s2), if the lower leg and foot have a combined mass of 4.2kg and a given radius of gyration of 25 cm
Answer:
the resulting angular acceleration is 15.65 rad/s²
Explanation:
Given the data in the question;
force generated in the patellar tendon F = 400 N
patellar tendon attaches to the tibia at a 20° angle 3 cm( 0.03 m ) from the axis of rotation at the knee.
so Torque produced by the knee will be;
T = F × d⊥
T = 400 N × 0.03 m × sin( 20° )
T = 400 N × 0.03 m × 0.342
T = 4.104 N.m
Now, we determine the moment of inertia of the knee
I = mk²
given that; the lower leg and foot have a combined mass of 4.2kg and a given radius of gyration of 25 cm ( 0.25 m )
we substitute
I = 4.2 kg × ( 0.25 m )²
I = 4.2 kg × 0.0626 m²
I = 0.2625 kg.m²
So from the relation of Moment of inertia, Torque and angular acceleration;
T = I∝
we make angular acceleration ∝, subject of the formula
∝ = T / I
we substitute
∝ = 4.104 / 0.2625
∝ = 15.65 rad/s²
Therefore, the resulting angular acceleration is 15.65 rad/s²
A navy diver hears the underwater sound wave from an exploding ship across the harbor. They immediately lift their head out of the water. The sound wave from the explosion propagating through the air reaches the diver 4.00 s later. The sound velocity is 1440 m/s in water How far away is the ship?
Answer:
s = 1800 m = 1.8 km
Explanation:
The distance, the speed, and the time of reach of the sound are related by the following formula:
[tex]s = vt[/tex]
where,
s = distance
v = speed
t = time
FOR WATER:
[tex]s = v_wt[/tex] ---------------------- eq (1)
where,
s = distance between ship and diver = ?
[tex]v_w[/tex] = speed of sound in water = 1440 m/s
t = time taken by sound in water
FOR AIR:
[tex]s = v_a(t+4\ s)[/tex] ---------------------- eq (2)
where,
s = distance between ship and diver = ?
[tex]v_a[/tex] = speed of sound in water = 344 m/s
t + 4 s = time taken by sound in water
Comparing eq (1) and eq (2),because distance remains constant:
[tex]v_wt=v_a(t+4\ s)\\\\(1440\ m/s)t = (344\ m/s)(t+4\ s)\\(1440\ m/s - 344\ m/s)t=1376\ m\\t = \frac{1376\ m}{1096\ m/s}[/tex]
t = 1.25 s
Now using this value in eq (1):
[tex]s = (1440\ m/s)(1.25\ s)[/tex]
s = 1800 m = 1.8 km
Determinar el flujo de calor a través del piso de losa cuyas medidas 3 X 5 cm y temperaturas superficiales son -20 ºC y 40 ºC, la conductividad térmica del material es de 1,6 X 10 -3 cal/cm s ºC y su espesor es de 10 cm durante 1 hora.
Una aluminio de 12 cm de grosor, pero están perfectamente aislados en las demás paredes. Cada cuarto es un cubo de 4,0 m de arista. Si el aire de uno de los cuartos está a 10 ºC y el otro a 30 ºC. ¿Cuántos calor se conduce durante dos minutos? 1,7X 10 -4 cal/ cm s ºC
Una pared de asbesto de 0,15 cm de espesor 1400°C y 1150 ºC en las superficies interna y externa, respectivamente. ¿Cuál es la perdida de calor a través de una pared que tiene 0,5 m por 3 m de lado, en un tiempo de minuto y medio?
!!!!!!NESECITO AYUDA¡¡¡¡¡
Answer:
0,0560 cal / gºC.
A wire carrying a 30.0-A current passes between the poles of a strong magnet that is perpendicular to its field and experiences a 2.15-N force on the 4.00 cm of wire in the field. What is the average field strenth?
Answer:
1.79 T
Explanation:
Applying,
F = BILsin∅................ Equation 1
Where F = Force, B = magnetic field, I = current flowing through the wire, L = length of the wire, ∅ = angle between the magntic field and the force
make B the subject of the equation
B = F/ILsin∅............. Equation 2
From the question,
Given: F = 2.15 N, I = 30 A, L = 4.00 cm = 0.04 m, ∅ = 90° (perpendicular to the field)
Substitute these values into equation 2
B = 2.15/(30×0.04×sin90°)
B = 2.15/1.2
B = 1.79 T
Hence the average field strength is 1.79 T
if a voltage v(t) = 150sinwt in volts at an operating frequency of 100hz. determine the I. dc value ii.rms value iii.period of the voltage signal
Answer:
(a) The dc value is 95.5 volts
(b) The rms value is 106.1 volts
(c) The period is 0.01s
Explanation:
Given
[tex]V(t) = 150\sin(wt)[/tex]
[tex]f = 100Hz[/tex]
Solving (a): The dc value
[tex]V(t) = 150\sin(wt)[/tex] implies that
[tex]V_{max} = 150[/tex]
So, the dc value is:
[tex]V = \frac{2}{\pi} * V_{max}[/tex]
[tex]V = \frac{2}{\pi} * 150[/tex]
[tex]V = \frac{300}{\pi}[/tex]
[tex]V = 95.5V[/tex]
Solving (b): The RMS value
This is calculated as:
[tex]V_{rms} = \frac{1}{\sqrt 2} * V_{max}[/tex]
So, we have:
[tex]V_{rms} = \frac{1}{\sqrt 2} * 150[/tex]
[tex]V_{rms} = \frac{150}{\sqrt 2}[/tex]
[tex]V_{rms} = 106.1V\\[/tex]
Solving (c): The period
This is calculated as:
[tex]T = \frac{1}{f}[/tex]
So, we have:
[tex]T = \frac{1}{100Hz}[/tex]
[tex]T = 0.01s[/tex]
The electric power delivered to your home has 110 Volts.
All outlets in your kitchen are connected in parallel.
You always have the lights on for 660 Watts, the toaster has a resistance of 440 Ohms, the stove uses power at the rate of 2200 Watts, and the Blender has a resistance of 220 Ohms.
If all these appliances are running at he same time how much total current are you using?
Answer:
I = 26.80 A
Explanation:
From Ohm's law,
V = IR ............ 1
P = IV ............ 2
where V is the value of the voltage, I is the current, R is the resistance and P is the power.
i. The power of light switched on = 660 Watts.
ii. The power of the toaster = [tex]\frac{V^{2} }{R}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{(110)^{2} }{440}[/tex]
= 27.5 Watts
iii. The power of the stove = 2200 Watts.
iv. The power of the blender = [tex]\frac{V^{2} }{R}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{(110)^{2} }{220}[/tex]
= 55 Watts
Total power of the appliances = 660 + 27.5 + 2200 + 55
= 2942.5 Watts
So that,
P = IV
I = [tex]\frac{P}{V}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{2942.5}{110}[/tex]
= 26.75
I = 26.75 A
The total current being used when all the appliances are running at the same time is 26.80 A.
A spaceship travels 360km in one hour. Express its speed in m/s
Answer:
Spaceship speed is 36000 km/h
So, in 1 hour spaceship travel 36000 km
Or we can say that in 60×60 second spaceship travel 36000 km
Therefore in 1 sec spaceship travel
=
= 10 km/s
Answer:
Explanation:
360 km/hr(1000 m/km) / 3600 s/hr) = 100 m/s
fraternity hazing is acceptable because it is an initational rite to the brotherhood
Answer:
that is the right answer
Explanation:
The deflection of a 160-cm-long beam in bending will be _____ times the deflection of an equivalent 120-cm-long beam.
0.75
2.37
1.33
1.78
0.56
0.42
Answer:
Number of time bend length = 1.33 (Approx.)
Explanation:
Given:
Length of beam = 160 centimeter
Length of beam after deflection = 120 centimeter
Find:
Number of time bend length
Computation:
Number of time bend length = Length of beam / Length of beam after deflection
Number of time bend length = 160 / 120
Number of time bend length = 1.33333
Number of time bend length = 1.33 (Approx.)
The deflection of a 160-cm-long beam in bending will be 1.33 times the deflection of an equivalent 120-cm-long beam.
Length of beam = 160 centimeter
Length of beam after deflection = 120 centimeter
The number of time bend length = Length of beam / Length of the beam after deflection.
Number of time bend length = 160 / 120
Number of time bend length = 1.33
What is deflecting?Deflecting is to turn (something) aside, especially from a direct path or fixed direction armor that deflects bullets deflecting attention from the troubled economy deflecting a question.
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the product 17.10 ✕
Explanation:
pls write the full question
A dog statue is standing in the bed of a pickup truck. The bed is coated with ice, causing the force of friction between the statue and the truck to be zero. The truck is initially at rest, and then accelerates to the right, moving along a flat road. As seen from a stationary observer (watching the truck move to the right), the dog statue Group of answer choices moves to the right, but not as quickly as the truck is moving to the right, causing it to slide towards the back of the truck. does not move left or right, but the back of the truck moves towards the statue. moves to the left, as the truck moves to the right, causing the statue to slide towards the back of the truck. moves to the right at the same rate as the truck, so it doesn't slide.
Answer:
Moves towards left
Explanation:
When the truck is moving towards right then there is pseudo force acting on the fog statue which is acting left wards.
A seen from the stationary observer, the dog statue moves towards left.
What requirement must a force acting on a object satisfy in order for the object to undergo simple harmonic motion?
Answer:
Simple harmonic motion is the movement of a body or an object to and from an equilibrium position. In a simple harmonic motion, the maximum displacement (also called the amplitude) on one side of the equilibrium position is equal to the maximum displacement.
The force acting on an object must satisfy Hooke's law for the object to undergo simple harmonic motion. The law states that the force must be directed always towards the equilibrium position and also directly proportional to the distance from this position.
In order to achieve the condition of simple harmonic motion, the force must be directed always towards the equilibrium position and also directly proportional to the distance from this position.
The given problem is based on the concept and fundamentals of simple harmonic motion. Simple harmonic motion is the movement of a body or an object to and from an equilibrium position.
In a simple harmonic motion, the maximum displacement (also called the amplitude) on one side of the equilibrium position is equal to the maximum displacement.The force acting on an object must satisfy Hooke's law for the object to undergo simple harmonic motion. The law states that the force must be directed always towards the equilibrium position and also directly proportional to the distance from this position.Thus, we can conclude that in order to achieve the condition of simple harmonic motion, the force must be directed always towards the equilibrium position and also directly proportional to the distance from this position.
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Select the only true statement:
A beam in bending experiences tensile stresses on one side and compressive stresses on the other side.
A beam in bending experiences tensile stresses along the beam center and compressive stresses along the beam’s edges.
A beam in bending experiences only compressive stresses.
A beam in bending experiences only tensile stresses.
Answer:
A beam in bending experiences tensile stresses on one side and compressive stresses on the other side.
Explanation:
A beam of light bending experiences bending stress. There exists tension inside and outside the curve. The transverse plains in the materials remains parallel to the radius during bending.The elastic extensibility of a piece of string is .08. If the string is 100 cm long, how long will the string be when it is stretched to the point where it becomes plastic?
Answer:
The elastic extensibility of a piece of string is .08. If the string is 100 cm long, how long will the string be when it is stretched to the point where it becomes plastic? is your ansewer dont take tension
The string will be 108 cm long when it is stretched to the point where it becomes plastic.
What is elasticity?Elasticity in physics and materials science refers to a body's capacity to withstand a force that causes distortion and to recover its original dimensions once the force has been withdrawn.
When sufficient loads are applied, solid objects will deform; if the material is elastic, the object will return to its original size and shape after the weights have been removed. Unlike plasticity, which prevents this from happening and causes the item to stay deformed,
Given parameters:
The elastic extensibility of a piece of string is 0.08.
The string is 100 cm long.
Hence, it becomes plastic, after it is stretched up to = 100 × 0.08 cm = 8 cm. The string will be 108 cm long.
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A motorcycle daredevil jumps off a 33.0 ramp at 20.3 m/s. The landing ramp is at the same height, 28.0 m away. What is the height of the motorcycle when it reaches the landing ramp? (Unit = m)
The height of the motorcycle daredevil when it reaches the landing ramp is 4.93 m.
Since the ramp is a 33.0° ramp and the motorcycle daredevil jumps off with a speed of 20.3 m/s, the motorcycle dare devil has a horizontal component of speed u = 20.3cos33.0° m/s and a vertical component of speed v = 20.3sin33.0° m/s.
Now, since the other ramp is d = 28.0 m away, it takes the time it takes the motorcycle dare devil to reach it is t.
Considering motion in the horizontal direction, d = ut.
Thus, t = d/u
= 28.0 m/20.3cos33.0° m/s
= 28.0 m/(20.3 × 0.8387) m/s
= 28.0 m/17.025 m/s
= 1.645 s
Let h be the height of the motorcycle daredevil when it reaches the landing ramp in time, t.
Considering the vertical motion and using h = vt - 1/2gt² where v = vertical velocity of motorcycle daredevil = 20.3sin33.0°, t = time taken to reach landing ramp = 1.645 s and g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s² (Note that there is a negative in front of g since it is directed downwards)
So, substituting the values of the variables into the equation, we have
h = vt - 1/2gt²
h = 20.3sin33.0° m/s × 1.645 s - 1/2 × 9.8 m/s² × (1.645 s)²
h = 20.3 × 0.5446 m/s × 1.645 s - 1/2 × 9.8 m/s² × 2.706025 s²
h = 18.187 m - 1/2 × 26.519 m
h = 18.187 m - 13.26 m
h = 4.927
h ≅ 4.93 m
So, the height of the motorcycle daredevil when it reaches the landing ramp is 4.93 m.
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(b) If the object is at 330 feet and its instantaneous velocity is 3 feet per minute at 30 minutes, what is the approximate position of the object at 32 minutes
Answer:
The final position is 36 feet.
Explanation:
initial position, d = 330 feet
speed, v = 3 feet per minute
time, t = 30 minute
now the time is 32 minute
time interval = 2 minute
So, the distance in 2 minutes is
d' = 2 x 3 = 6 feet
So, the final position is
D = 30 + 6 = 36 feet
The current loop lies flat on a horizontal surface. Facing the loop from the top, the current moves in a clockwise direction. Which way does the magnetic field point outside the loop?
a) The field points down.
b) The field points down.
c) The field points to the left.
d) The field points up
e) The field points to the right
Answer:
e
Explanation:
the field points to the right
If loop is kept horizontally and direction of current is clockwise , then according to Fleming’s Left Hand Rule the direction of magnetic field will be towards right .
What is Fleming’s Left Hand Rule ?
Fleming’s Left Hand Rule states that if we arrange our thumb, forefinger and middle finger of the left-hand perpendicular to each other, then the thumb points towards the direction of the force experienced by the conductor, the forefinger points towards the direction of the magnetic field and the middle finger points towards the direction of the electric current.
If loop is kept horizontally and direction of current is clockwise , then according to Fleming’s Left Hand Rule the direction of magnetic field will be towards right .
correct answer e) The field points to the right
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The acceleration vector of a particle in uniform circular motion:___________
a) points outward from the center of the circle.
b) points toward the center of the circle.
c) is zero.
d) points along the circular path of the particle and opposite the direction of motion.
e) points along the circular path of the particle and in the direction of motion.
(B)
Explanation:
Centripetal means "towards the center" so the acceleration vector of an object undergoing UCM is always pointed towards the center.
The acceleration vector of a particle in a uniform circular motion points toward the center of the circle, The correct option is option (b).
Centripetal force is the force acting on an object in curvilinear motion directed towards the axis of rotation or center of curvature. The unit of centripetal force is Newton.
Centripetal means "towards the center" so the acceleration vector of an object undergoing circular motion is always pointed towards the center.
Therefore, The acceleration vector of a particle in a uniform circular motion points toward the center of the circle, The correct option is option (b).
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An upright cylindrical tank with radius 5 m is being filled with water at a rate of 2 m3/min. How fast is the height of the water increasing? (Round the answer to four decimal places.)
Answer:
The height of water increasing is 8.5 x 10^-4 m/s.
Explanation:
radius, r = 5 m
Volume per second, dV/dt = 2 m^3/min = 2/60 m^3/s
Let the height of cylinder is h.
The volume of the cylinder is given by
[tex]V = \pi r^2 h \\\\\frac{dV}{dt} = \pi r^2 \frac{dh}{dt}\\\\\frac{2}{30} = 3.14\times 5\times 5\times \frac{dh}{dt}\\\\\frac{dh}{dt}=8.5 \times 10^{-4} m/s[/tex]
Calculate area moment of inertia for a circular cross-section with 3 mm diameter:
28 mm4
254 mm4
7 mm4
4 mm4
81 mm4
Answer:
Option D: 4 mm⁴
Explanation:
Formula for area moment of inertia for a circular cross-section is;
I = πd⁴/64
We are given diameter;
d = 3 mm
Thus;
I = π × 3⁴/64
I = 3.98 mm⁴
Approximating to a whole number gives;
I = 4 mm⁴
A positive statement is:________. a. reflects oneâs opinions. b. can be shown to be correct or incorrect. c. a value judgment. d. based upon an optimistic judgment.
Answer:
b
Explanation:
