Based upon your knowledge of cell wall structure, explain how the microbes causing meningitis and typhoid fever can induce fever and systemic shock in an infected patient.

Answer:

The outer layer contains endotoxins that cause these symptoms

Explanation:

Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides complex associated with the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Neisseria, Shigella, etc). These endotoxins are well-known to cause inflammation and fever, which are natural responses of the immune system. Inflammation stimulates white blood cells (leukocytes) to attack pathogenic harmful microorganisms. Moreover, the increased body temperature (fever) also can inhibit the growth of many harmful microorganisms since human pathogens are mesophiles, i.e., they exhibit an optimum growth at moderate temperature (35 °C).

Caleb is working as pharmacy technician. He has decided that he wants to continue with his education because he wants to become a pharmacist. Which statement BEST describes Caleb's situation?

a. Caleb has some education but needs to pass the certification exam.
b. Caleb has a license and is wanting to obtain a certificate.
c. Caleb has a certificate and is wanting to obtain a license.
d. Caleb has passed one PTCE but still needs to pass the other.

Anti-infective drugs that treat HIV usually target protease, reverse transcriptase, or integrase because they

a. are required for the virus to be able to replicate.
b. are required for viral attachment to the host cell.
c. allow the host cell to be removed by the immune system.
d. allow the virus to be recognized by the immune system.