Answer:
a. 5.40%
Explanation:
First, I will calculate the new cost of equity for both stock X and Y:
Required rate of return = risk free rate + (beta x market premium)
Re stock X = 8% + (1.6 x 6%) = 8% + 9.6% = 17.6%
Re stock Y = 8% + (0.7 x 6%) = 8% + 4.2% = 12.2%
The difference between the required rate of return = 17.6% - 12.2% = 5.4%
Jolene invests her savings in two bank accounts, one paying 3 percent and the other paying 9 percent simple interest per year. She puts twice as much in the lower-yielding account because it is less risky. Her annual interest is 6015 dollars. How much did she invest at each rate?
Answer and Explanation:
The computation is shown below:
Let us assume X be the amount invested at 3%
And, Y be the amount invested at 9%
So,
0.03X + 0.09Y = $6,015 ........(1)
X = 2Y ...........(2)
Now put the value of X in equation 1
0.03(2Y) + 0.09Y = $6,015
0.06Y + 0.09Y = $6,015
0.15Y = $6,015
Y = $40,100
X = 2 × $40,100 = $80,200
The following transactions occur for the Hamilton Manufacturers. (a) Provide services to customers on account for $4,600. (b) Purchase equipment by signing a note with the bank for $10,200. (c) Pay advertising of $1,000 for the current month.
Answer:
Question wants to know how the Accounting equation is affected by these transactions.
a. Provide services to customers on account for $4,600.
Assets will increase by $4,600.
Equity will increased by $4,600
This is because, Accounts receivable will increase on account of these services being offered on account and it is an Asset account.
This transaction also brings in revenue which is an equity account so Equity will increase as well.
b. Purchase equipment by signing a note with the bank for $10,200.
Assets will increase by $10,200
Liabilities will increase by $10,200
Equipment is an asset which is why assets are increasing. This purchase was funded by a Note which is a liability so liabilities increase as well.
c. Pay advertising of $1,000 for the current month.
Assets decrease by $1,000.
Equity decrease by $1,000.
The advertising was paid for by cash so cash (asset) will reduce as a result. Advertising is an expense and expenses reduce revenue which is in equity so Equity reduces as well.
Problems and Applications Q11 You are the curator of a museum. The museum is running short of funds, so you decide to increase revenue. When should you raise the admission price in order to increase revenue
Answer: Only when demand is inelastic
Explanation:
For a product that has an inelastic demand, the demand of a buyer with regards to a product has minimal changes when when there is a change in price. In such case, an increase in the price will lead to an increase in revenue.
On the other hand, for a product that has an elastic demand, there will be a greater change in the demand of the buyer when when there is a change in price. In such case, an inrease in the price will lead to an reduction in revenue as buyers will go for other products.
Therefore, the admission price should be increased when demand is inelastic in order to increase revenue.
Suppose that we want to evaluate the effect of several variables onannual saving and that we have a panel data set on individuals collected in January1990 and January 1992. If we include a year dummy variable for 1992 and use firstdifferencing, can we also include age in the original model? Explain.
Answer:
Following are the responses to the given question:
Explanation:
Note that others will therefore increase his age by two percent from 2009 to 1992.
[tex]\Delta age_{i}=2 \ \ \ where \ \ i =1,2,....,n[/tex]
And if the trend is running:
[tex]\Delta saving_{i}=\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}\Delta age_{i}+...+u_{i}[/tex]
We're breaking MLR.3 as [tex]\Delta agei[/tex] it's the same for all -> No different from a permanent designer cannot immediately distinguish the influence of age from the aggregate time effect because age changes per person by the same amount.
A manager of a perfectly competitive firm observes that the marginal product of labor is 5 units per hour, the marginal product of capital is 40 units per machine, the wage is $20 per hour, the rental price of capital is $120 per machine, and the price of output is $5 per unit. Please complete the following statement.
To maximize profit, the manager should hire _________and __________
Answer:
The manager should hire more labor and rent less capital.
Explanation:
Given:
MPL = Marginal product of labor units per hour = 5
MPC = marginal product of capital units per machine = 40
PL = Wage per hour = $20, or 20
PC = Rental price of capital per machine = $120, or120
Po = Price of output per unit = $5
The condition for the profit maximization for a firm is as follows:
MPL / PL = MPC / PC ……………………………. (1)
From equation (1), we have:
MPL / PL = 5 / 20 = 0.25
MPC / PC = 40 / 120 = 0.33
Since 0.25 = MPL / PL < MPC / PC = 0.33, it implies that these conditions are NOT consistent with equation (1).
In order to maximize profit, more labor should be hired while less capital should be rented until these conditions are consistent with equation (1).
Therefore, we have:
To maximize profit, the manager should hire more labor and rent less capital.
SOX requires the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and which corporate officer to certify the accuracy of the financial statements?
Answer:
SOX requires the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) to certify the accuracy of the financial statements.
Explanation:
This requirement ensures the public accountability of the top chief executive officers of publicly-traded companies. The CEO is at the helm of affairs of the company, while the CFO has responsibility for the financial records, which produced the financial statements. This is the reason that the two top managers are required to sign off the financial statements, thus, vouching their accuracy.
Ace Industries manufactures high quality auto parts. Recently Ace found that auto repair shop owners were talking customers into buying lower quality goods. Ace invited the shop owners to a meeting in Florida and showed them how to make more money selling high quality auto parts. This is a good example of expert channel power.
Answer:
True
Explanation:
The capacity of a channel member to influence or affect the judgement and behavior of yet another distribution channel, or one network member's capacity for affect with another distribution channel, is referred to as channel power.
The idea that a business in a political relationship possesses important expertise, knowledge, or abilities in a relevant field to its distribution network partner is referred to as expert authority in marketing channel writing.
Thus, from the above we can conclude that the given statement is true.
Clark's Chemical Company received refundable deposits on returnable
containers in the amount of $100,000 during 2018. Twelve percent of the
containers were not returned. The deposits are based on the container cost
marked up 20%. What is cost of goods sold relative to this forfeiture?
a. $0.
b. $2,000.
c. $10,000.
d. $14,400.
Answer: $10000
Explanation:
The cost of goods sold relative to this forfeiture will be calculated thus:
= (Refundable deposit × percent of not returned) / (1 + Markup percentage on cost)
= ($100000 × 12%) / ( 1 + 20%)
= ($100000 × 0.12) / ( 1 + 0.2)
= $12000 / 1.20
= $10000
The cost of goods sold is $10000
What type of plan does a property manager implement to manage renters who do NOT pay their rent in a timely way
Answer:
collection plan
Explanation:
The rent collection plan is a system that is used for the enforcement of rent, in terms of late rent payment as well as lease terms. This is more than just telling the tenant when the rent is due. It has all of the information on all the ways that rent could be paid and also the repercussions for late rent payment or a situation whereby the rent is not even paid at all.
The Work in Process Inventory account for DG Manufacturing follows. Compute the cost of jobs completed and transferred to Finished Goods Inventory.
Work in Process Inventory
Beginning WIP 5,200
Direct materials 47,800
Direct labor 30,300
Applied Overhead 16,500
Total Manufacturing Costs 99,800
To Finished Goods ?
Ending WIP 10,300
The cost of units transferred to finished goods is:_________
Answer:
the cost of units transferred to the finished goods is $89,500
Explanation:
The computation of the cost of units transferred to the finished goods is shown below:
Cost of units transferred to finished goods
= Beginning WIP + Direct materials+ Direct labour + Applied overheads-Ending WIP
= $5,200 + $47,800 + $30,300 + $16,500 - $10,300
= $89,500
Hence, the cost of units transferred to the finished goods is $89,500
USAco exports videos containing Brewer baseball highlights from the Lopes-Royster era (each video lasts only 30 seconds) on which USAco earns annual gross income of $1.5 million. USAco's video production facility is located in Sheboygan, Wisconsin. On all export sales, title passes in the country of the foreign customer. Which one of the following statements is true?
a. USAco has $1.5 million of foreign-source income.
b. Because USAco purchases the videos that it exports, USAco has $.75 million of foreign-source income.
c. USAco cannot take a foreign tax credit because USAco purchases the videos in the United States.
Answer:
USAco
Export of Videos
The true statement is:
c. USAco cannot take a foreign tax credit because USAco purchases the videos in the United States.
Explanation:
A foreign-source income is income generated from exports of goods and services or arising from the income generated by a U.S. foreign subsidiary. Foreign tax credit is granted to US entities that have foreign subsidiaries to avoid double taxation of the foreign income.
You can borrow and lend at the interest rates of 7.00% in the US and 5.00% in Canada. Based on Interest Rate Parity, the forward premium for CAD should be exactly equal to: Group of answer choices 1.90% - 1.87% 1.02% 98.11%
Answer:
1.90%
Explanation:
Note that that CAD exchange rate would be in terms of how many US dollars can be exchanged for 1 CAD, which means that the formula for forward premium would be stated in terms of US dollars, I mean the US$ as the numerator and CAD's interest rate would be the denominator
the forward premium for CAD=((1+US interest rate)/(1+Canada interest rate))-1
the forward premium for CAD=((1+7%)/(1+5%))-1
the forward premium for CAD=1.90%
who has given general principle of management?
Answer:
I think it's " Henri Fayol's "
Answer:
14 management principle of Henri Fayol
Explanation:
1. Division of work or division labor.
2. Balancing Authority and responsibility.
3. Discipline.
4. Unity of command.
5. Unity of Direction.
6. Subordination of individual interest to the general interest.
7. Remuneration.
8. Centralization.
9. Scalar chain.
10. Order.
11. Equity.
12. Stability of tenure of personal.
13. Initiative.
14. Esprit de corps.
Jane has discovered that she is bored and frustrated working for others. She wants to open a business where she alone will have control and the least interference from government regulation. Which form of business would best meet her needs
Answer:
Sole proprietorship.
Explanation:
A sole proprietorship is a type of business that is owned by a single person and as such their profits are taxed once as personal income tax. It is a type of business that is typically owned by an individual or one person and as such is solely responsible for its debts.
In this scenario, Jane discovers she is bored and frustrated working for other business owners and as a result, she wants to open her own business, wherein, she alone will have control over the business and with the least interference of any form through government regulation. Thus, the form of business which would best meet Jane's needs is a sole proprietorship business because it is offers an exclusive ownership and control to its owner while preventing third-party interference.
1) You are considering purchasing a 20 year bond from Saudi Arabia. You have a required return
of 15%. The bond has the following characteristics:
Par Value: $1,000
Maturity: 20 years
Coupon Rate: 12%
What would you offer for this bond today?
Answer:
$812.20
Explanation:
Given the following bond characteristic:
Coupon rate = 12%
Market or yield rate = 15%
Years to maturity = 20 years
Face or par value = $1000
Inputting the values into a bond value calculator, the bond value output is : $812.20
This means that the sum of the present value of all likely coupon payment and par at maturity. It is simply the present value of all cash streams it is projected to generate.
Consider the following independent situations:
1. Mike Finley wishes to become a millionaire. His money market fund has a balance of $289,664 and has a guaranteed interest rate of 10% per year.
How many years must Mike leave that balance in the fund in order to get his desired $1,000,000?
2. Assume that Sally Williams desires to accumulate $1 million in 18 years using her money market fund balance of $250,249.
At what interest rate must Sally's investment compound annually?
Answer:
a. Number of years = 13 years
b. Interest rate = 8%
Explanation:
a. Present value = $289664
Interest rate = 10%
Future value = $1000000
Future Value = Present Value (1 + r)^n
1000000 = 289664 (1 + 10%)^n
(1 + 10%)^n = 1000000 / 289664
(1 + 10%)^n = 3.45227
(1.10)^n = 3.45227
Now solve for the n by taking ln both side.
So, n = 13
Thus, number of years = 13 years
b. Future value = 1000000
Present value = 250249
Time = 18 years
Future Value = Present Value (1 + r)^n
1000000 = 250249 (1 + r)^18
(1 + r)^18 = 1000000 / 250249
(1 + r)^18 = 3.99602
Now solve for the value of r.
Thus, r = 8%
Interest rate = 8%
1. Given the following demand and supply functions Qd = 500 - 3P Qs = 100 + 5P Calculate; i. The equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity ii. The consumer surplus iii. The producer surplus)R
Given:
The demand and supply functions are:
[tex]Q_d=500-3P[/tex]
[tex]Q_s=100+5P[/tex]
To find:
i. The equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity.
ii. The consumer surplus .
iii. The producer surplus.
Explanation:
(i) At equilibrium, the demand and supply are equal. So, equating both functions, we get
[tex]500-3P=100+5P[/tex]
[tex]500-100=3P+5P[/tex]
[tex]400=8P[/tex]
Divide both sides by 8, we get
[tex]\dfrac{400}{8}=P[/tex]
[tex]50=P[/tex]
Putting [tex]P=50[/tex] in the demand function, we get
[tex]Q_d=500-3(50)[/tex]
[tex]Q_d=500-150[/tex]
[tex]Q_d=350[/tex]
Therefore, the equilibrium price is 50 and the equilibrium quantity is 350.
(ii)
The area under the demand curve and above the equilibrium price is known as consumer surplus. It is represent by the green area in the below figure.
The area of a triangle is:
[tex]A=\dfrac{1}{2}\times base \times height[/tex]
So, the area of consumer surplus is:
[tex]A=\dfrac{1}{2}\times 50 \times (500-350)[/tex]
[tex]A=25 \times 150[/tex]
[tex]A=3750[/tex]
Therefore, the consumer surplus is 3750.
(iii)
The area above the supply curve and below the equilibrium price is known as producer surplus. It is represent by the purple area in the below figure.
So, the area of producer surplus is:
[tex]A=\dfrac{1}{2}\times 50 \times (350-100)[/tex]
[tex]A=25 \times 250[/tex]
[tex]A=6250[/tex]
Therefore, the producer surplus is 6250.
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors complicating the techniques for addressing the fixed-position layout?
A) The volume of materials needed is dynamic.
B) At different stages of a project, different materials are needed; therefore, different items become critical as the project develops.
C) Takt times at workstations are dynamic.
D) There is limited space at virtually all sites.
E) All of the above are complicating factors
Answer:
C) Takt times at workstations are dynamic.
Explanation:
A fixed-position layout can be regarded as a layout that allow products to stay in one place, and movement of workers and machinery can be moved to it once needed. Some of the Products that are not possible to move are airplanes, construction projects as well as ships. Fixed-position layout is usually used when dealing with product which are too large or heavy to move. Disadvantages is that it takes space, and administration burden is usually high. Factors that could complicate the techniques for addressing the fixed-position layout are;
✓There is limited space at virtually all sites.
✓The volume of materials needed is dynamic.
✓At different stages of a project, different materials are needed; therefore, different items become critical as the project develops.
For each of the following sentences, select the phrase or group of words that best completes the statement. Earnings per share Dividend yield ratio Dividend payout ratio Return on assets ratio Return on common stockholders' equity ratio
Answer:
Note See complete and organized question as attached as picture below
1. Dividend yield ratio
Correct phrase: Relationship between dividends and the market price of a company's stock.
2. Dividend payout ratio
Correct phrase: Percentage of earnings paid out as dividends.
3. Return on assets ratio
Correct phrase: Measure of a company's success in earning a return for all the providers of the capital.
4. Return on common stockholders' equity ratio
Correct phrase: Measure of a company's success in earning a return for the common stockholders.
The following information pertains to Trenton Glass Works for the year just ended.
Budgeted direct-labor cost: 70,000 hours (practical capacity) at $16 per hour
Actual direct-labor cost: 80,000 hours at $17.50 per hour
Budgeted manufacturing overhead: $997,500
Actual selling and administrative expenses: 439,000
Actual manufacturing overhead:
Depreciation $ 233,000
Property taxes 23,000
Indirect labor 80,000
Supervisory salaries 202,000
Utilities 58,000
Insurance 32,000
Rental of space 301,000
Indirect material (see data below) 79,000
Indirect material:
Beginning inventory, January 1 48,000
Purchases during the year 95,000
Ending inventory, December 31 64,000
Calculate the overapplied or underapplied overhead for the year. (Round your intermediate calculations to 2 decimal places.)
Answer:
Over-applied Overhead $134,000
Explanation:
The computation of the overhead applied or under applied overhead is given below:
Depreciation $233,000
Property tax $21,000
indirect labor $80,000
Supervisory salaries $202,000
utilities $58,000
Insurance $32,000
Rental of space $301,000
Indirect material $79,000
Total OH incurred $1,006,000
OH applied $1,140,000
(80000 hours at 14.25 per hour) ($997,500 ÷ 70,000)
Over-applied Overhead $134,000
Explain in your own words what is known as a business?
Explanation:
a business is a company owned by someone. it could be a retail, trade, or occupation. they sell goods and needs
Q2. With the help of book please elaborate What is the difference between a corporate strategy and a competitive strategy? Give three examples of each. (Words limit up to 150)
Answer and Explanation:
Competitive and corporate strategy are very important for the success and good management of a business. Competitive strategy is one that allows a company to promote elements capable of making it different from its competitors. Examples of competitive strategy are offering lower prices, higher quality products and negotiation between customers.
Corporate strategy, on the other hand, is one that allows the company to generate elements that will increase its profit and strengthen its capacity to be more competitive. Examples of this type of strategy are the acquisition of subsidiary companies, the merger of competing companies and the restructuring of the company.
Harding Enterprises has developed a new product called the Gillooly Shillelagh. The market demand for this product is given as follows:
Q= 240 - 4P
a. At what price is the price elasticity of demand equal to zero?
b. At what price is demand infinitely elastic?
c. At what price is the price elasticity of demand equal to one?
d. If the shillelagh is priced at $40, what is the point price elasticity of demand?
Answer:
0
$60
$30
-2
Explanation:
Price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to changes in price of the good.
If the absolute value of price elasticity is greater than one, it means demand is elastic. Elastic demand means that quantity demanded is sensitive to price changes.
Demand is inelastic if a small change in price has little or no effect on quantity demanded. The absolute value of elasticity would be less than one
Demand is unit elastic if a small change in price has an equal and proportionate effect on quantity demanded
Infinitely elastic demand is perfectly elastic demand. Demand falls to zero when price increases
Perfectly inelastic demand is demand where there is no change in the quantity demanded regardless of changes in price.
the intercept of price on the inverse demand curve = 240 / 4 = $60
The intercept of quantity on the inverse demand curve = 240
Demand is infinitely elastic at the intercept on the price axis = 0
Demand is completely inelastic at the intercept on the quantity axis = 60 Demand is unit elastic at the half-way point between these two extremes (60 + 0) / 2 = 30
Point elastic demanded = (40/80) (-4) = -2
We are given the following information for the Pettit Corporation.
Sales (credit) $3,549,000
Cash 179,000
Inventory 911,000
Current liabilities 788,000
Asset turnover 1.40 times
Current ratio 2.95 times
Debt-to-assets ratio 40%
Receivables turnover 7 times
Current assets are composed of cash, marketable securities, accounts receivable, and inventory.
Calculate the following balance sheet items:
a. Accounts receivable.
b. Marketable securities.
c. Fixed assets.
d. Long-term debt.
Answer:
See below
Explanation:
a. Accounts receivables
= Sales / Receivables turnover
= $3,549,000 / 7x
= $507,000
b. Marketable securities
= Current assets - (Cash + Accounts receivable + Inventory)
Where;
Current asset = Current ratio × Current liabilities
Current asset = 2.95 × $788,000
Current asset = $2,348,240
Hence,
Marketable securities
= $2,348,240 - ($179,000 + $507,000 + $911,000)
= $2,348,240 - $1,597,000
= $751,240
c. Fixed assets
Total assets = Current assets + Fixed assets
$2,535,000 = $2,348,240 + Fixed assets
Fixed assets = $2,535,000 - $2,348,240
Fixed assets = $186,760
d. Long term debt
= Total debt - Current liabilities
Where,
Total debt = Debt to assets × Total assets
= 40% × ($3,549,000 / 1.40)
= 40% × $2,535,000
= $1,014,000
Hence,
Long term debt
= $1,014,000 - $788,000
= $226,000
In reviewing activity for july the controller of mathis inc., collected the following data concerning direct materials:
Actual production $103,000 units
Direct materials purchased (actual) $1,642,800
Standard cost of materials purchased $1,554,000
Standard direct materials costs per unit produced 14
Standard price times actual amount of materials used $1,405,950
Required:
Compute the direct materials cost variances.
Answer:
$36,400 U
Explanation:
Actual costs = $ 1,643,800
Actual inputs at standard price = $ 1,556,500
Price variance = ($ 1,556,500 – $1,643,800)
= $87,300 Unfavorable
Actual inputs at standard price = $ 1,408,450
Flexible budget (Standard Allowed for Good Output):
= $14.1 × 103,500
= $1,459,350
Efficiency variance = ($1,459,350 - $1,408,450)
= $50,900 Favorable
Direct materials cost variances:
= Price variance - Efficiency variance
=$87,300 U – $50,900 F
= $36,400 U
Explanation:brainlist pls
Calvert Corporation expects an EBIT of $23,300 every year forever. The company currently has no debt, and its cost of equity is 14.3 percent. The company can borrow at 9.1 percent and the corporate tax rate is 25 percent. a. What is the current value of the company
Answer:
Missing "b-1. What will the value of the firm be if the company takes on debt equal to 50 percent of its unlevered value? b-2. What will the value of the firm be if the company takes on debt equal to 100 percent of its unlevered value?"
a. Current value of the company = EBIT*(1-t) / Ke
Current value of the company = $23,300*(1-0.25) / 0.143
Current value of the company = $23,300*0.75 / 0.143
Current value of the company = $17,475 / 0.143
Current value of the company = $122202.7972027972
Current value of the company = $122,202.80
So, the current value of the company is $122,202.80.
bi. Value of the company = $122,202.80 + (0.25*$122,202.80*0.5)
Value of the company = $122,202.80 + $15,275.35
Value of the company = $137,478.15
bii Value of the company = $122,202.80 + (0.25*$122,202.80*1)
Value of the company = $122,202.80 + $30,550.7
Value of the company = $152,753.5
What will happen when the country's
currency is undervalued?
Answer:
Ur answer is that When the U.S. dollar is undervalued, the cost of a basket of goods in the United States is lower than the cost in Mexico when evaluated at the current exchange rate. To a U.S. tourist, Mexican goods and services would seem more expensive on average. Thus an undervalued currency will buy less in other countries.
Explanation:
Hope i helped , have a nice day , and if it is possible to give me brainlest please , thank you in advance :)
Bunkhouse Electronics is a recently incorporated firm that makes electronic entertainment systems. Its earnings and dividends have been growing at a rate of 36.0%, and the current dividend yield is 8.00%. Its beta is 1.32, the market risk premium is 14.00%, and the risk-free rate is 2.80%.
Required:
a. Use the CAPM to estimate the firm’s cost of equity. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places.)
b. Now use the constant growth model to estimate the cost of equity. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your answer as a whole percent.)
c. Which of the two estimates is more reasonable?
Answer:
a. Calculation of the firm's cost of equity using CAPM
Required rate of return (Cost of equity) = Risk free rate + Beta*Market risk premium
Cost of equity = 2.80% + 1.32*14%
Cost of equity = 2.80% + 18.38%
Cost of equity = 21.28%
b) Calculation of the cost of equity using constant growth model:
Cost of equity = Dividend yield + Growth rate(Capital gain yield)
Cost of equity = 8.00% + 36.00%
Cost of equity = 44.00%
Normally dividend or /and capital gain is reason of investment. Why do you think stockholders of a firm that is performing very well would prefer that firm pay only a low percentage of its earnings as dividends? Does it give a good message to potential investors Give solid reasons to support your answer by taking into consideration the impact on financial performance of organization and capital structure composition
Answer:Preferred shares are an asset class somewhere between common stocks and bonds, so they can offer companies and their investors the best of both worlds Some companies like to issue preferred shares because they keep the debt-to-equity ratio lower than issuing bonds and give less control to outsiders than common stocks.
If reputable companies such as IBM and Apple have been charged with using bribes to obtain sales, why should you worry about being ethical
Answer:
1. Reputation.
Apple and IBM are big companies which is why their reputation was able to survive the bribery charges. You are most likely not as big as either of these companies so if you are charged with bribery, your reputation might not be able to recover like theirs did.
It is always best to be associated with a good reputation. A good reputation gives you customers who will be loyal because they appreciate the integrity you have. You should not throw this away by bribing people.
2. Consequences.
It is because Apple and IBM are so big that they were able to settle the bribery charge with the Courts. Smaller companies or people that have lesser effects on the financial system might find that their punishments will be more severe to act as a deterrent.
