Available Options Are:
A. Set your quantity first.
B. Set your quantity second.
C. Set your quantity at the same time.
D. It doesn't matter.
Answer:
Option A. Set your quantity first.
Explanation:
The Cournot Equilibrium says that the decisions are made simultaneously and this simultaneous decision is that each firm will choose its own quantity, given what quantity of output its rival has set. Every firm will be producing a quantity that maximizes its profits and this approach will lower the profits because of Cournot Equilibrium.
The firm that sets its quantity first is at better position because the other firms might think about the worse market condition taking Cournot effect into account.
The optimal choice would be to set our quantity first, hence the option A is the right option.
Importance of strategic planning
Answer:Strategic planning is the process of documenting and establishing a direction of your small business
Explanation: The strategic plan gives you a place to record your mission, vision, and values, as well as your long-term goals and the action plans you'll use to reach them.
You consider buying a share of stock at a price of $10. The stock is expected to pay a dividend of $1.00 next year, and your advisory service tells you that you can expect to sell the stock in 1 year for $12. The stock's beta is 1.0, rf is 16%, and E[rm] = 26%. What is the stock's abnormal return? rev: 03_30_2019_QC_CS-164617 Multiple Choice 4% 10% 6% 0%
Answer: 4%
Explanation:
Abnormal returns are the excess actual returns received over the expected return.
The actual return can be calculated as;
= [tex]\frac{New Stock price + dividends - Old Stock Price}{Old stock price}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{12 - 10 + 1}{10}[/tex]
= 30%
The expected return according to CAPM;
Expected return = Risk free rate + beta( market return - risk free rate)
= 16% + 1 ( 26% - 16%)
= 26%
Abnormal return = 30% - 26%
= 4%
The optimum capital structure Question 4 options: a) Provides the lowest cost of capital b) Has the best mix of debt, preferred stock, and common equity c) Can change over time as market and firm conditions change d) All of these apply
Answer:
d) All of these apply.
Explanation:
An optimum capital structure can be defined as a financial instrument used by firms to determine the best mix of debt and equity financing that maximizes its market value, as well as minimizes its cost of capital such as operations and expansion. It minimizes the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of a firm to the least most possible value.
Generally, the optimum capital structure used by a firm to maximize its market value;
a) Provides the lowest cost of capital.
b) Has the best mix of debt, preferred stock, and common equity.
c) Can change over time as market and firm conditions change.
Sheridan Company has several outdated computers that cost a total of $18200 and could be sold as scrap for $6200. They could be updated for an additional $3000 and sold. If Sheridan updates the computers and sells them, net income will increase by $9000. What amount would be considered sunk costs
Answer:
$18200
Explanation:
Sunk cost is cost that has already been incurred and cannot be recovered. It should not be considered when making future decisions.
The computers costs $18200. This amount has already been incurred and it cannot be recovered.
Sonny's BBQ Company recently issued $85 par value preferred stock that pays an annual dividend of $9. Analysts estimate that the stock has a beta of 1.01. The current T-bill rate is 2.4%. The S&P 500's expected return is 12.1%. Assuming that CAPM holds, what is the intrinsic value of this preferred stock?
Answer:
Intrinsic value=$73.77
Explanation:
The Dividend Valuation Model(DVM) is a technique used to value the worth of an asset.
According to this model, the value of an asset is the sum of the present values of the future cash flows would that arise from the asset discounted at the required rate of return.
Price = D/Kp
D- Dividend payable
Kp- cost of preferred stock
So will need to work out the cost of equity using CAPM
The capital asset pricing model (CAPM): relates the price of a share to the market risk or systematic risk. The systematic risk is that which affects all the all the economic agents, e.g inflation, interest rate e.t.c
This model is considered superior to DVM. Hence, we will use the CAPM
Using the CAPM , the expected return on a asset is given as follows:
E(r)= Rf +β(Rm-Rf)
E(r) =? , Rf- 2.4%, Rm- 12.1% β- 1.01
E(r) = 2.4% + 1.23×(12.1- 2.4)% = 12.20 %
Cost of preferred stock= 12.20 %
Using the dividend valuation model
Intrinsic value = 9/0.1220=73.77
Intrinsic value=$73.77
TB MC Qu. 9-291 Kartman Corporation makes a product with ... Kartman Corporation makes a product with the following standard costs: Standard Quantity or Hours Standard Price or Rate Standard Cost Per Unit Direct materials 8.2 pounds $ 8.70 per pound $ 71.34 Direct labor 0.3 hours $ 41.00 per hour $ 12.30 Variable overhead 0.3 hours $ 5.70 per hour $ 1.71 In June the company's budgeted production was 5,100 units but the actual production was 5,200 units. The company used 23,850 pounds of the direct material and 2,460 direct labor-hours to produce this output. During the month, the company purchased 27,100 pounds of the direct material at a cost of $187,180. The actual direct labor cost was $58,721 and the actual variable overhead cost was $13,331. The company applies variable overhead on the basis of direct labor-hours. The direct materials purchases variance is computed when the materials are purchased. The variable overhead rate variance for June is:
Answer:
Variable manufacturing overhead rate variance= $688.8 favorable
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Variable overhead 0.3 hours $5.70 per hour
The company used 2,460 direct labor-hours to produce this output. The actual variable overhead cost was $13,331.
To calculate the variable overhead rate variance, we need to use the following formula:
Variable manufacturing overhead rate variance= (standard rate - actual rate)* actual quantity
Actual rate= 13,331/2,460= $5.42
Variable manufacturing overhead rate variance= (5.7 - 5.42)*2,460
Variable manufacturing overhead rate variance= $688.8 favorable
Prepare journal entries to record each of the following four separate issuances of stock. A corporation issued 10,000 shares of $20 par value common stock for $240,000 cash. A corporation issued 5,000 shares of no-par common stock to its promoters in exchange for their efforts, estimated to be worth $45,500. The stock has a $1 per share stated value. A corporation issued 5,000 shares of no-par common stock to its promoters in exchange for their efforts, estimated to be worth $45,500. The stock has no stated value. A corporation issued 2,500 shares of $50 par value preferred stock for $170,500 cash.
Answer:
1.
DR Cash.................................................$240,000
CR Common Stock................................................... $200,000
Paid in Excess of Par- Common Stock.....................$40,000
Working
Common Stock = $20 * 10,000 = $200,000
Paid in Excess of Par- Common Stock = 240,000 - 200,000 = $40,000
2.
DR Promotion Expenses................................$45,500
CR Common Stock.........................................................$5,000
Paid in Excess of Par- Common Stock ........................$40,500
Working
Common stock = 5,000 * 1 = $5,000
Paid in Excess of Par- Common Stock = 45,500 - 5,000 = $40,500
3
DR Promotion Expenses..........................$45,500
CR Common Stock....................................................$45,500
4
DR Cash ...................................................$170,500
CR Preferred Stock .....................................................$125,000
CR Paid in Excess of Par - Preferred Stock ..............$45,500
Working
Preferred Stock = 50 * 2,500 = $125,000
Paid in Excess of Par - Preferred Stock = 170,500 - 125,000 = $45,500
"A broker-dealer who acted as financial advisor to a municipality in structuring a new issue now wishes to act as underwriter in a negotiated offering. Which statement is TRUE?"
Answer:
B. The financial advisor is prohibited from acting as the underwriter
Explanation:
As per the rule of the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board, the financial advisor cannot be the underwriter.
The financial advisor for a municipality is paying the advisory fee for assisting the structure of the municipality in order to the issuance of the new bond so that the less interest cost to be paid.
But in the case of the underwriter, it contains high rate of interest as it is very easiest way for selling
So through this, the conflict arises between these two parties
Therefore option B is correct
Assume the annual retention rate for a cell phone subscriber is 70 percent and the customer generates $300 per year in profit. Assuming an annual discount rate of 8 percent, compute the value of a customer.
Answer:
The value of a customer is $193.2.
Explanation:
The value of the customer can be calculated by considering the profit they generate, retention rate, and the discount.
Value of a customer = Profit per year * Retention rate * (1 - discount)
Value of a customer = 300 * 0.7 * (1 - 0.08)
Value of a customer = 300 * 0.7 * 0.92
Value of a customer = 193.2
Thus, the value of a customer is $193.2.
An investment adviser with no place of business in the State is exempt from registration if it renders advice solely to employee benefit plans with assets of at least:
Answer:
$1,000,000
Explanation:
The investment adviser who doesn't have any place of business in the state and offers his services to only employee benefit plans with assets of assets at least $1,000,000 are exempt from registration. If the asset value exceeds this limit then the investment adviser will be required to register itself.
Kennywood Inc., a manufacturing firm, is able to produce 1,500 pairs of pants per hour, at maximum efficiency. There are three eight−hour shifts each day. Due to unavoidable operating interruptions, production averages 850 units per hour. The plant actually operates only 28 days per month. Based on the current budget, Kennywood estimates that it will be able to sell only 504,000 units due to the entry of a competitor with aggressive marketing capabilities. But the demand is unlikely to be affected in future and will be around 516,000. Assume the month has 30 days. What is the theoretical capacity for the month?
Answer:
1,080,000 units
Explanation:
Given the below information;
Theoretical capacity per hour = 1,500 units per hour
Hours per shift = 8 hours
Number of shift in each day = 3
Number of days per month = 30
Theoretical capacity for the month
= Theoretical capacity per hour × number of shift per day × hours per shift/day × number of days in a month
= 1,500 × 3 × 8 × 30
= 1,080,000 units
Craig's Car Wash Inc. is considering a project that has the following cash flow and WACC data. What is the project's discounted payback?
WACC: 10.00%
Year : Cash flows
0 : -$900
1 : $500
2 : $500
3 : $500
Answer:
Discounted payback period= 2 years 1 month
Explanation:
The discounted payback period is the estimated length of time in years it takes the present value of net cash inflow from a project to equate the net cash the initial cost
To work out the discounted payback period, we will compute present value of the cash inflow and then determine how long it will take for the sum to be equal to the initial cost. This is done as follows:
Year Cash flow DF Present value
0 900 × 1 = 900
1 500 × 1.1^(-1) = 454.55
2 500 × 1.1^(-2) = 413.22
2 500 × 1.1^(-3) = 375.66
Total PV for 2 years = 454.55 + 413.22 = 867.77
Balance of cash flow remaining to equal 900 = 900 -867.77 = 32.23
Discounted payback period = 32.23 /375.66 × 12 months
= 2 years 1 month
Discounted payback period= 2 years 1 month
2. What is your class or form?
A. 1st Year (Form 1)
B. 2nd Year (Form 2)
C. 3rd Year (Form 3)
Answer:
2 nd year ( FORM 2)
Explanation:
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The issue of _____ concerns how often a particular project will be repeated and what its lifespan will be.
Full question reads;
The issue of _____ concerns how often a particular project will be repeated and what its lifespan will be.
a. frequency
b. consumption
c. pressures
d. rules
Answer:
a. frequency
Explanation:
Indeed, no particular human project can last forever, so there is a need to ascertain the frequency of a project, detailing how often the project would be repeated so as to also determine what the project's lifespan will be.
For example, a road construction project may take into account how often the road would be used, which provides insight into the frequency of road repairs and the overall lifetime of the car.
The issue of _____ concerns how often a particular project will be repeated and what its lifespan will be.
An increase in the rate of expected inflation will Group of answer choices shift the demand for loanable funds to the left (down). shift the supply of loanable funds to the left (down). shift demand and supply for loanable funds to the right (up), decreasing interest rates. shift demand and supply for loanable funds to the right (up), increasing interest rates.
Answer:
shift demand and supply for loanable funds to the right (up), increasing interest rates.
Explanation:
According to the Fisher hypothesis when there is an increase in the expected inflation there is an equal increase in nominal interest rates.
As interest rates rise demand and supply for loanable funds will rise. This is illustrated in the attached diagram. Interest rate moves from i0 to i1.
Inflation is a reduction in the purchasing power of money. When inflation increases money regulation agencies reduce supply of money as a way to reduce price increase. This in turn reduces the amount of loanable funds commercial banks have to give out
A practice, favored by unions, which contractually binds employers to hire only workers who are already members of the union is called a(n):
Answer:
The correct answer is: Closed Shop.
Explanation:
To begin with, the name of "Closed Shop" refers to a type of practice well known as "pre-entry closed shop" too that unions favored with the only purpose to obligate the companies to contract workers who are already members of the union itself so in that situation both the company and the union tend to have an agreement of maintaining certain salary price for the workers so they are not in a continous fight. Moreover, this practice allow the workers to be employed by the company only if they are members of the union and as long as they are members of it.
Graham Motors manufactures specialty tractors. It has two divisions: a Treactor Division and a Tire Division. The Tractor Division can use the tires produced by the Tire Division. The market price per tire is $75. The Tire Division has the following costs per tire:Direct material cost per tire: $15Conversion costs per tire: $3 (Assume the $3 includes only the variable portion of conversion costs.)Fixed manufacturing overhead cost for the year is expected to total $116,000. The Tire Division expects to manufacture 58,000 tires this year. The fixed manufacturing overhead per tire is $2 ($116,000 divided by 58,000 tires).Assume that the Tire Division has excess capacity, meaning that it can produce tires for the Tractor Division without giving up any of its current tire sales to outsiders. If Graham Motors has a negotiated transfer price policy, what is the lowest acceptable transfer price? What is the highest acceptable transfer price?• The lowest acceptable transfer price is $_______, the Tire Division's ______________.• The highest acceptable transfer price is $_______, the Tire Division's _____________.
Answer:
The LOWEST acceptable transfer price is $18 the Tire Division's variable cost per tire.
The HIGHEST acceptable transfer price is $75the Tire Division's market price.
Explanation:
Calculation for the lowest acceptable transfer price and the highest acceptable transfer price
Variable Cost per tire:
Direct Material $15
Conversion cost $3
=$18 per tire
The LOWEST acceptable transfer price is $18 Tire division variable cost per tire
Based on the information we were told that the market price per tire is $75 which means that the HIGHEST transfer price is $75 tire division market price.
Therefore If Graham Motors has a negotiated transfer price policy The LOWEST acceptable transfer price is $18 the Tire Division's variable cost per tire While The HIGHEST acceptable transfer price is $75 the Tire Division's market price.
Aakash has a liability of 6000 due in four years. This liability will be met with payments of A in two years and B in six years. Aakash is employing a full immunization strategy using an annual effective interest rate of 5%. Calculate ∣∣A−B∣∣.
Answer:
∣A−B∣ = 586.411
Explanation:
The effective interest rate is 0.05 so at the end of a year total amount will be 1.05 multiplied by principal
Liability = 6,000 ÷ 1.05^4 = Asset
Therefore
6,000 ÷ 1.05^4 = (A ÷ 1.05^2) + (B ÷ 1.05^6) (equation 1)
Multiply through by 1.05^6
6000(1.05^2) = A(1.05^4) + B
B = 6000(1.05^2) - A(1.05^4) (equation 2)
Finding differential from equation 1
4= 2((A ÷ 1.05^2) ÷ (6000 ÷ 1.05^4)) + 6(B ÷ 1.05^6) ÷ (6000 ÷ 1.05^4))
4(6000 ÷ 1.05^4) = 2(A ÷ 1.05^2) +6 (B ÷ 1.05^6)
Multiply through by 1.05^6
4(6000 ÷ 1.05^2) = 2(A ÷ 1.05^4) + 6B
Substitute value of B from equation 2
4(6000 ÷ 1.05^2) = 2(A ÷ 1.05^4) + 6 *6000(1.05^2) - 6*A(1.05^4)
A= 2721.0884
Substitute A in equation 2
B = 6000(1.05^2) - 2721.0884(1.05^4)
B= 3307.5
∣A−B∣ = |2721.0884 - 3307.5|
∣A−B∣ = 586.411
A company factored $45,000 of its accounts receivable and was charged a 4% factoring fee. The journal entry to record this transaction would include a:
The question is incomplete as it is missing the options. The complete question is,
A company factored $45,000 of its accounts receivable and was charged a 4% factoring fee. The journal entry to record this transaction would include a:
a. Debit to Cash of $45,000 and a Credit to Account Receivable of $45,000
b. Debit to Cash of $46,800 and a Credit to Account Receivable of $46,800
c. Debit to Cash of $45,000 and a Credit to Notes Payable of $45,000
d. Debit to Cash of $45,000, a Debit to Factoring Fee Expense of $1800, and Credit to Account Receivable of $43,200
e. Debit to Cash of $43,2000, a Debit to Factoring Fee Expense of $1,800, and Credit to Account Receivable of $45,000
Answer:
The correct answer is option e.
Explanation:
Factoring accounts receivables means selling the claims on accounts receivables to a third party in exchange of cash. Such factoring is done to receive payment for these accounts receivables instantly and selling the claims to some other company. The factoring company charges a certain portion of accounts receivable as fee and only provides cash after deducting this percentage. This fee is an expense for a company using factoring service and is debited.
So the general entry to record factoring would be,
Cash 43200 Dr
Factoring fee 1800 Dr
Accounts receivables 45000 Cr
Cash = 0.96 * 45000 = 43200
Factoring fee = 45000 * 0.04 = 1800
A project will reduce costs by $38,500 but increase depreciation by $18,300. What is the operating cash flow if the tax rate is 35 percent?
Answer:
$31,430
Explanation:
A project will reduce costs by $38,500
The project will have an increased depreciation of $18,300
The tax rate is 35%
= 35/100
= 0.35
Therefore, the operating cash flow can be calculated as follows
Operating cash flow= reduction in project cost×(1-tax rate)+(increase in the depreciation amount ×tax rate)
= $38,500×(1-0.35)+($18,300×0.35)
= $38,500×0.65+6,405
= $25,025+$6,405
= $31,430
Hence the operating cash flow is $31,430
Which type of disclosure must be signed by the buyer and the seller in a nonresidential transaction?
Answer: Request to use designated sales associate representation.
Explanation:
The options for the question are:
a. Single agent
b. Consent to transition
c. No brokerage relationship
d. Request to use designated sales associate representation
The type of disclosure must be signed by the buyer and the seller in a nonresidential transaction is the request to use designated sales associate representation.
In this disclosure, both the buyer and the seller must sign a disclosure which will state their assets and determine if the threshold is met.
Standard rate per direct labor-hour $ 2 Standard direct labor-hours for each unit produced 3 Units manufactured 1,000 Actual direct labor-hours worked during the month 3,300 Total actual variable manufacturing overhead $ 6,600 Knowledge Check 01 Assume that direct labor-hours is used as the overhead allocation base. What is the variable overhead efficiency variance
Answer:
Variable overhead efficiency variance= $600 unfavorable
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Standard rate per direct labor-hour $2
Standard direct labor-hours for each unit produced 3
Units manufactured 1,000
Actual direct labor-hours worked during the month 3,300
To calculate the variable overhead efficiency variance, we need to use the following formula:
Variable overhead efficiency variance= (Standard Quantity - Actual Quantity)*Standard rate
Variable overhead efficiency variance= (1,000*3 - 3,300)*2
Variable overhead efficiency variance= $600 unfavorable
The debt-to-equity ratio for your small business was 1.40 at the end of last year and 1.25 at the end of this year. Your debt-to-equity ratio is:_________
Answer:
debt-to-equity ratio is 1.33 .
Explanation:
Given the debt equity ratio at the beginning and at end of the year, we can estimate the debt equity ratio of a company as the average of the two.
Average debt-to-equity ratio = (1.40 + 1.25) ÷ 2
= 1.325 or 1.33
The term crowding-out effect refers to a situation in which a government _______________ results in ______________ interest rates, causing ______________ in private spending on investment and consumer durables.
Answer: Deficit; higher; a decrease
Explanation:
The term crowding-out effect refers to a situation in which a government deficit results in higher interest rates, causing a decrease in private spending on investment and consumer durables.
The Crowding-out effect is what happens when a Government increases its spending past its revenues and gets a budget deficit. In other to balance its books therefore it will borrow heavily.
If the Government is such a large one like the American Government or the British Government, the borrowing might be so large that it will have the effect of reducing the amount of loanable funds in the market thereby increasing the interest rates due to a reduced supply of loanable funds.
As there are now increased interest rates, it will be more expensive for companies to borrow to spend on investment or for consumers to spend on durables. It will have the effect of crowding out the private sector.
The Mono firm in __________ is renowned for its philosophy of designing cutlery and other utensils that are so sophisticated and elegant as to be "timeless."
Answer:
Germany
Explanation:
In simple words, Mono A came to both the industry in 1959. Continuously simplified utensils, which broken from all standards, was persuaded of its revolutionary value and were to be a beloved, enduring style classic.Karl Oskar Blase, whom, like Raacke, scolded just at Hochschule für Gestaltung in stockholm, has created the design, advertising and contact. It's the origin storey of Mono. Originally, Mono A was scarcely marketed at all.
Richard Redden, the sole stockholder, contributed $71,000 in cash and land worth $132,000 in exchange for common stock to open a new business, RR Consulting. Which of the following general journal entries will RR Consulting make to record this transaction?
A. Debit Assets $203,000; credit Common Stock $203,000.
B. Debit Cash and Land, $203,000; credit Common Stock $203,000.
C. Debit cash $71,000; debit land $132,000; credit Common Stock $203,000.
D. Debit Common Stock $203,000; credit cash $71,000; credit Land $132,000.
E. Debit Common Stock $203,000; credit Assets $203,000.
Answer: C. Debit cash $71,000; debit land $132,000; credit Common Stock $203,000.
Explanation:
From the question, we are informed that Richard Redden, the sole stockholder, contributed $71,000 in cash and land worth $132,000 in exchange for common stock to open a new business, RR Consulting.
The journal entries will RR Consulting make to record this transaction will be:
Debit cash $71,000; debit land $132,000; credit Common Stock $203,000.
Answer:
C. Debit cash $71,000; debit land $132,000; credit Common Stock $203,000.
Explanation:
Recognize the Assets of Cash at $71,000, the Assets of Land at $132,000 and an Equity element - Common Stock at $203,000.
The journal entry will be as follows :
Cash $71,000 (debit)
Land $132,000 (debit)
Common Stock $203,000 (credit)
Fly High Co. is expanding and expects operating cash flows of $65,000 a year for four years as a result. This expansion requires $105,000 in new fixed assets. These assets will be worthless at the end of the project. In addition, the project requires $7,000 of net working capital, which will be recovered at the end of the project. What is the net present value of this expansion project at a required rate of return of 15 percent
Answer:
The net present value of this expansion project is $77,575.87.
Explanation:
The Net Present Value of the Expansion can be calculated as follows
($112,000) CFj
$65,000 CFj
$65,000 CFj
$65,000 CFj
$72,000 CFj
I/YR 15%
Shift NPV $77,575.87
Chaz and Dolly enter into a contract under which Chaz agrees to provide maintenance services for Dolly's Ski Resort. Duties under the contract may not be transferred if
Answer: d. any of the choices.
Explanation:
Chaz is not to transfer the duties to a third party if Dolly got into the agreement with Chaz for any of the following;
If Dolly places special trust in the ability of Chaz to perform the maintenance then that trust should not be broken by transferring the duties to a third party. Dolly went into that contract because they trusted in the abilities of Chaz.If Dolly went into the contract due to the personal skills or talents of Chaz, the duties against would be non-transferable. Chaz's skills were the reason the contract was signed, if these skills are not to be used then the contract will be baseless. By signing with Chaz, Dolly expects a certain level of performance. If the performance that will be made by a third contracting party is materially different from the one that Dolly would have expected from Chez, the duties will not be transferable.If a company from Country A decides to sell merchandise to a company from Country B, then the company from Country A ________.
Answer: C) can denominate the sale in either currency and use the foreign exchange market to convert currency
Explanation:
The options to the question are:
A) will denominate the sale in its own currency since it is too hard to convert foreign currency
B) will denominate the sale in the currency of the buyer since it is too hard for them toconvert foreign currency
C) can denominate the sale in either currency and use the foreign exchange market to convert currency
D) can use the OTC market to convert receipts in the future and the exchange markets to convert receipts in the spot market.
Since the company from Country A I the one selling merchandise to the company from Country B, it means that the company from Country A can denominate the sale in either currency and use the foreign exchange market to convert currency.
Predatory pricing is considered an anti-competitive practice, and is considered illegal under competition laws. Which of the following best describes predatory pricing?
A. Predatory pricing requires one company to aquire the assets of another.
B. One business chooses to put another out of business by pricing its product below the level another competing business must be at to make a profit.
C. Predatory pricing occurs when a firm colludes with one or more firms to fix prices or output.
D. Predatory pricing is when a business sends someone out to change the price of another company's product so it is higher than its own.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Predatory pricing is when a company sets the price of its goods or services too low with the aim of eliminating the competition. Predatory pricing is illegal and it violates antitrust law.
Predatory pricing occurs when a firm colludes with one or more firms to fix prices or output. This is an example of collusion and they usually occur in an oligopoly
