The type of error that is committed if you conclude there is a difference in infant birth weight between the groups when in reality there is NOT is called Type I error.
Type I error is a statistical term used to refer to the rejection of a null hypothesis that is true. This implies that it is a false positive finding.The likelihood of committing a Type I error can be decreased by lowering the alpha level (significance level) or by increasing the sample size. The probability of committing a Type I error is usually set to 0.05 or less (5%).
However, in a research study, Type I error occurs when a null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true. It is also called an alpha error, and it is caused by the incorrect acceptance of the alternate hypothesis (the hypothesis being tested).Type I error, therefore, is a serious issue that can negatively impact the study. It is important to reduce the possibility of committing Type I errors.
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Complete question:
Suppose you are interested in studying the relationship between exercise during pregnancy and infant
birth weight. You conduct an RCT with two groups of pregnant women: one group receives standard of
care counseling from her doctor about exercise and weight gain during pregnancy; the other group
receives an exercise intervention that includes gym membership and three tailored classes with a
personal trainer each week. In designing your study you are particularly concerned with recruiting
enough women to accurately detect differences between groups, and to produce valid findings.
What type of error is committed if you conclude there is a difference in infant birth weight
between the groups, when in reality there is NOT?
how many days do you have to make a decision on a request to amend an individual's phi?
Under HIPAA regulations, The covered entity should respond to the request within 60 days from the date of receipt of the request to amend the protected health information of an individual.
The basic role of HIPAA is to lay out public norms for the security and protection of PHI to guarantee the secrecy, uprightness, and accessibility of PHI. In addition, HIPAA grants individuals access to their records and establishes guidelines for the use and disclosure of PHI.
The covered entity is required to extend the time limit by another 30 days, but they need to notify the individual in writing, within 60 days of receipt of the request, of the extension and the reason for the delay.
PHI stands for Protected Health Information. It includes any individually identifiable health information that is transmitted or maintained by a covered entity or business associate in any form or medium.
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requests to perform research studies are considered by which hospital group?
a. Board of Directors
b. Medical Record Committee
c. Administration
d. Institutional Review Board
The group that considers requests to perform research studies in a hospital is the Institutional Review Board (IRB). So, option d is correct.
It is a committee tasked with reviewing, approving, and monitoring biomedical and behavioral research that involves humans. They are responsible for ensuring that the study meets specific ethical and regulatory standards. In the United States, the IRB system has been a requirement since 1974 when the National Research Act was established.
To make the process of reviewing research proposals more efficient and less cumbersome, many hospitals and academic institutions have established their own IRBs. The primary role of the IRB is to ensure that the rights, safety, and well-being of human research participants are protected.
The IRB is made up of various professionals, including scientists, physicians, nurses, and community members. It is tasked with determining if a study is ethical, scientifically valid, and safe to conduct, and it decides whether or not to approve the study, request changes, or deny the request altogether.
In conclusion, the Institutional Review Board is the group that considers requests to perform research studies in a hospital. They play a crucial role in ensuring that human research subjects are treated with respect and dignity and that research is conducted in a manner that is ethical, safe, and scientifically valid.
So, option d is correct.
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which of the following is an advantage of an individual knowing that he or she is dying?
They can seek more aggressive medical interventions.
They are able to move through the stages of dying more quickly.
They can construct more effective means of denying their death.
They have time to reflect on their lives and make decisions about dying.
An advantage of an individual knowing that he or she is dying is that they have time to reflect on their lives and make decisions about dying.
Death is the cessation of an organism's biological functions that sustain a living organism. This phenomenon is irreversible and permanent in most organisms that are multicellular. Death, like birth, is a universal experience. It is unavoidable and inevitable. The only thing that separates death from birth is that the latter is celebrated, while the former is mourned.
An advantage of an individual knowing that he or she is dying is that they have time to reflect on their lives and make decisions about dying. Many people that are confronted with their own mortality change their priorities and begin to live their lives differently.
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which type of theories are based on the premise that all behavior is learned?
The type of theories that are based on the premise that all behavior is learned are known as behaviorist theories.
Behaviorist theories emphasize the role of external factors and environmental influences in shaping and determining behavior. According to behaviorist perspectives, human behavior is a product of conditioning and learning through interactions with the environment.
Behaviorist theories, such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning, propose that individuals acquire new behaviors and modify existing ones through the process of learning. Classical conditioning, as proposed by Ivan Pavlov, suggests that behaviors can be learned through associations between stimuli and responses. Operant conditioning, as developed by B.F. Skinner, focuses on the role of consequences in shaping behavior, emphasizing reinforcement and punishment as influential factors.
Behaviorists believe that all behavior, whether simple or complex, is learned through interactions with the environment. They argue that individuals are not born with innate tendencies or predispositions, but instead, their behavior is shaped by external stimuli and reinforcement.
While behaviorist theories have been influential in explaining certain aspects of behavior, they have also faced criticism for their exclusive focus on observable behavior and limited consideration of internal cognitive processes. Nevertheless, behaviorist theories have contributed significantly to fields such as psychology, education, and therapy, providing valuable insights into learning, conditioning, and behavior modification.
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in the chinese culture priests made these to communicate with the gods. (True or False)
The given statement, "In the Chinese culture, priests made oracle bones to communicate with the Gods," is true because the Chinese indeed used them as tools to communicate with the Gods.
Oracle bones are inscribed animal bones or turtle shells that are used in Chinese history for divination. These bones are used as a medium of communication between people and the gods.
Shang Dynasty, which existed from 1600 to 1046 BCE, is the period in which these oracle bones were used. The diviners would heat up these bones with metal rods, making cracks on the surface of the bones.
These cracks would be interpreted as responses from the gods. The diviners would then record the questions and the answers on the bones which would be used to plan for the future and for guidance.
The correct question is -
In the Chinese culture, priests made oracle bones to communicate with the Gods - True / False.
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what is an important difference between utilitarianism and ethical egoism?
An important difference between utilitarianism and ethical egoism is their focus on different principles of moral decision-making.
Utilitarianism is a consequentialist ethical theory that focuses on maximizing overall happiness or utility for the greatest number of people. It suggests that the right action is the one that produces the greatest amount of happiness or the least amount of suffering for the majority. Utilitarianism prioritizes the well-being of others and emphasizes the importance of considering the consequences of our actions on society as a whole.
On the other hand, ethical egoism is a normative ethical theory that prioritizes self-interest and personal happiness. It suggests that individuals should act in a way that maximizes their own well-being, even if it means disregarding the well-being of others. Ethical egoism argues that individuals have a moral obligation to pursue their own self-interest and that acting in this manner will ultimately lead to the greatest overall happiness.
The main difference between utilitarianism and ethical egoism lies in their respective emphasis on the well-being of others versus the well-being of the individual. Utilitarianism focuses on the collective welfare, seeking to maximize overall happiness for the majority, while ethical egoism prioritizes personal happiness and self-interest. While both theories consider happiness as a key factor, utilitarianism takes into account the happiness of all individuals, whereas ethical egoism places primary importance on the happiness of the individual.
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What is the nature of the language used by defense intellectuals as described by Carol Cohn? What is Cohn's critique and what are the problems with it?
Give me a short answer that you could answer fully.
According to Carol Cohn, the language used by defense intellectuals is often characterized by technical jargon, abstraction, and euphemism, which can obscure the realities of war and contribute to the perpetuation of a militaristic mindset.
Cohn's critique is that this language perpetuates gendered stereotypes and reinforces the dominance of masculinity within the military-industrial complex. She argues that the dehumanizing language used in discussions of nuclear weapons, for example, can normalize their destructive potential. Cohn's critique highlights the problems with the language used in defense discourse, as it can create a disconnect between the language used and the actual consequences of military actions. It can also perpetuate a culture of violence and contribute to the devaluation of human life. However, some critics argue that Cohn's analysis may oversimplify the relationship between language and militarism, as there are multiple factors at play in shaping military policies and practices. Additionally, they argue that language is a tool that can be used in various ways, and not all defense intellectuals or policymakers may employ it in the same manner or with the same intentions.
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Answer two of the following questions of your choice:
1. Discuss the transportation revolution that followed the opening of the Erie Canal and the ways in which it influenced the American economy.
2. What factors account for the tremendous growth in cotton cultivation from 1790 to 1860?
3. Examine the movement westward that took place in the early nineteenth century, making note of the various developments in transportation and communication that helped make it possible.
4. Examine the impact the War of 1812 had on American industrial development.
5. Discuss the unique role Catholicism played in the resistance to immigration.
6. Define the term nativism and discuss the reasons it emerged as a national movement, the effects it had on immigrant communities, and the opposition that arose in response to it.
7. Examine what was considered "women’s work" in the first half of the nineteenth century. What professions, if any, were readily available to women, and how did some individuals help push these boundaries?
1. The opening of the Erie Canal led to a transportation revolution that significantly influenced the American economy by reducing costs, opening new markets, and stimulating agricultural growth.
3. Developments in transportation (canals, roads, steamboats) and communication (telegraph, postal services) facilitated the movement westward in the early 19th century, connecting different regions, promoting trade, and enabling the exchange of ideas and information.
1.How did the opening of the Erie Canal influence the American economy?The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 marked a significant turning point in American transportation and had a profound impact on the country's economy. The canal connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean via the Hudson River, providing a vital waterway for trade and transportation.
One of the key effects of the Erie Canal was the drastic reduction in transportation costs. Before the canal, the cost of shipping goods from the Midwest to the East Coast was prohibitively high. The canal offered a much cheaper and faster alternative to overland transportation, cutting shipping costs by about 90%. This reduction in transportation costs facilitated the movement of agricultural goods, raw materials, and manufactured products, leading to a surge in trade and economic growth.
The canal also opened up new markets for the agricultural products of the Midwest. Farmers in the region could now easily transport their goods to the rapidly expanding cities of the East Coast. This increased demand for agricultural products stimulated the growth of farming in the Midwest, which became known as the "breadbasket" of the nation.
Furthermore, the transportation revolution brought about by the Erie Canal spurred the growth of other industries. The canal led to the development of towns and cities along its route, which served as hubs for trade and commerce. It also encouraged the construction of more canals and improved waterways throughout the country, further expanding the transportation network. The canal system, along with the later introduction of railroads, connected previously isolated regions and fostered economic integration.
In summary, the transportation revolution brought about by the Erie Canal significantly influenced the American economy by reducing transportation costs, opening up new markets, stimulating agricultural growth, and promoting the development of industries and infrastructure.
3.How did developments in transportation and communication contribute in the early 19th century?The movement westward in the early nineteenth century played a crucial role in the expansion and development of the United States. Several factors, including advancements in transportation and communication, facilitated this westward expansion.
One of the key developments in transportation was the construction of canals and roads. The Erie Canal, as mentioned earlier, not only influenced the American economy but also provided a direct water route from the East Coast to the Midwest, encouraging westward migration. The canal system, along with other major waterways such as the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, allowed for easier and faster transportation of goods and people. Additionally, the federal government funded the construction of the National Road, a major highway that connected the East Coast to the western territories.
The introduction of steamboats also revolutionized transportation during this period. Steamboats could navigate rivers more efficiently and against the current, enabling transportation of goods and people upstream. This made it easier for settlers to move westward and facilitated trade along river systems.
In terms of communication, the development of the telegraph system played a significant role. The invention of the telegraph by Samuel Morse in the 1830s allowed for rapid long-distance communication. It facilitated the exchange of information between the eastern cities and the expanding western frontier, connecting people and enabling the coordination of activities over vast distances.
Furthermore, the establishment of post offices and the improvement of postal services were vital in maintaining communication networks across the expanding territories. The federal government played a crucial role in expanding and maintaining postal services, ensuring that information and correspondence could reach even the most remote areas.
These developments in transportation and communication helped make westward migration and settlement possible by reducing the physical and informational barriers. They connected different regions of the country, promoted trade, facilitated the movement of people, and enabled the exchange of ideas and information. Ultimately, these advancements contributed to the growth of the United States and the shaping of its national identity.
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germany, sweden and denmark are countries with a democratic corporatist media model. true or false
The statement "Germany, Sweden, and Denmark are countries with a democratic corporatist media model" is True.
The Democratic Corporatist media model is a hybrid system that incorporates both the pluralist and polarized models of the media. This model emphasizes independent and impartial reporting by media corporations, but it also allows for the government to have a significant role in regulating the media's operations.
It is referred to as corporatist because it encourages a strong relationship between media owners, government, and labor groups. The media systems in Germany, Sweden, and Denmark are typically recognized as democratic corporatist, as they are based on the principles of independent and impartial reporting, as well as a government regulatory framework.
It gives people the information they need to make their own decisions. Practices like publishing reports, agendas, and threats, reporting on political, social, and economic decisions, and shedding light on public opinion are all part of the monitorial role.
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to answer the question below, browse the home section in the culturegrams™. what is the story behind the emblem of switzerland's flag?
The story behind the emblem of Switzerland's flag is as follows: the white cross on a red field was first adopted by the Swiss Confederation in the 14th century.
The design is said to have been inspired by the Swiss soldier, Henry of Hohensax, who was killed by an Austrian enemy with a white cross on his clothing, which showed up clearly on his bloodied white uniform. The white cross became a symbol of Swiss independence, and the Swiss flag was officially recognized as the national flag of Switzerland in 1848. The emblem on the flag represents the Christian faith, which is one of the founding principles of the Swiss Confederation.
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1. How does administrative responsibility contribute to the
attainment of public interest?
2. Explain the pros and cons of the polotics-admonistration
dichotomy as espoused by Woodrow Wilson.
3. From
1. Administrative responsibility plays a crucial role in the attainment of public interest by ensuring effective and efficient governance. Public administrators are responsible for implementing policies, delivering public services, and managing public resources. Their actions and decisions directly impact the well-being of citizens and the overall functioning of government.
2. The politics-administration dichotomy, as espoused by Woodrow Wilson, argues for a separation between political decision-making and administrative implementation. According to Wilson, politics involves the formulation of policies and the determination of goals, while administration focuses on the execution of those policies and the efficient management of government operations.
By upholding administrative responsibility, public administrators adhere to principles of accountability, transparency, and responsiveness. They are accountable to the public for their actions and the outcomes of their decisions. They must operate transparently, ensuring that processes, procedures, and information are accessible to the public. Additionally, they need to be responsive to the needs and concerns of citizens, actively engaging with the public and incorporating their input into decision-making processes.
Through administrative responsibility, public administrators strive to make rational and evidence-based decisions, allocate resources efficiently, and ensure the effective delivery of public services. By doing so, they contribute to the attainment of public interest by promoting the common good, addressing societal needs, and enhancing the overall quality of life for citizens.
Pros of the politics-administration dichotomy:
1. Specialization: It allows for the specialization of roles and responsibilities, with politicians focusing on policy-making and administrators focusing on implementation. This can lead to greater expertise and efficiency in both domains.
2. Checks and balances: The separation helps to prevent political interference and maintain a system of checks and balances. It ensures that administrators can carry out their duties objectively and independently without undue political influence.
Cons of the politics-administration dichotomy:
1. Overemphasis on separation: Critics argue that the dichotomy can lead to an artificial and rigid separation between politics and administration, ignoring the inherent interdependence and collaboration required for effective governance.
2. Lack of accountability: The strict separation can create challenges in holding administrators accountable for their actions and decisions. When administrators have considerable discretion without political oversight, there may be limited avenues for citizens to influence or challenge administrative outcomes.
3. Policy implementation challenges: Separating policy-making from implementation can lead to challenges in translating political goals into practical action. Administrators may face difficulties in understanding the political context and effectively implementing policies without direct involvement in the decision-making process.
Overall, while the politics-administration dichotomy offers some benefits, critics argue that a more nuanced and collaborative approach that recognizes the interplay between politics and administration may be more effective in addressing complex governance challenges and achieving public interest.
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Which of the following measures of retention is the least sensitive in triggering retrieval?
A. recall
B. recognition
C. relearning
D. they are equally sensitive
The measure of retention which is least sensitive in triggering retrieval is recognition (B).
What is retention?Retention is the process of retaining, keeping, or holding on to something. It refers to the process of storing and holding information or knowledge for future use.What is recognition?Recognition is a way of identifying or detecting something by recognizing its characteristics or features.
Recognition is a method of memory retrieval that involves the identification of previously learned information when it is presented again.The three types of measures of retention include recall, recognition, and relearning. Recall is the ability to remember information with little or no cues or prompts. Recognition is the ability to identify information when presented with cues or prompts, and relearning is the amount of time it takes to learn previously learned information.However, among these three measures of retention, recognition is the least sensitive in triggering retrieval. Therefore, option B, recognition, is the correct answer.
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The correct answer is B. recognition.
Recognition is the least sensitive measure of retention in triggering retrieval compared to recall and relearning.
Recall refers to the process of retrieving information from memory without any cues or prompts. It requires individuals to actively generate information based on their memory. Recall tasks, such as open-ended questions or essay writing, require a higher level of retrieval and are considered more sensitive in triggering retrieval.
Relearning, on the other hand, measures how much time or effort it takes to learn previously learned information again. It assesses how quickly individuals can reacquires knowledge that was previously learned but forgotten. Relearning tasks, such as studying material again after a certain period, are considered moderately sensitive in triggering retrieval.
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when securities are kept in their street name, they are registered in the name of the
When securities are kept in their street name, they are registered in the name of the brokerage firm or financial institution that holds them on behalf of the investor.
This means that the investor's name does not appear on the registration or ownership records of the securities. The practice of holding securities in street name is a common arrangement in modern financial markets. It simplifies the process of buying, selling, and transferring securities by allowing the brokerage firm or financial institution to hold the securities in a centralized location. This way, the investor does not have to physically possess or store the securities themselves.
By registering securities in the street name of the brokerage firm or financial institution, it enables them to handle administrative tasks, such as processing trades, maintaining accurate records, and facilitating transfers on behalf of the investor. It also provides convenience and flexibility for the investor, as they can easily access and manage their securities through their brokerage account.
While the securities are held in the street name, the investor still retains ownership rights and entitlements, such as receiving dividends or voting in shareholder meetings. The brokerage firm or financial institution acts as a custodian, ensuring the safekeeping and proper administration of the securities on behalf of the investor.
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changes that can be made to the hud 1 good faith estimate
HUD-1 Good Faith Estimate is a standardized form that lenders are required to provide to borrowers when they apply for a mortgage. It includes an itemized list of all the fees and costs associated with the loan.
The following are changes that can be made to the HUD-1 Good Faith Estimate:
1. Adjustments for changes in loan terms or rate: If the loan terms or rate change, the lender must provide a revised GFE at least three business days before closing.
2. Changes in settlement charges: If there is an increase in settlement charges beyond the tolerance levels listed in the GFE, the lender must provide a revised GFE at least three business days before closing.
3. Refunds for overpayments: If the final settlement costs are less than the GFE, the borrower is entitled to a refund of the difference.
4. Revisions due to borrower request: If the borrower requests a change in the loan terms or settlement charges, the lender must provide a revised GFE.
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