The recessive allele frequency decreased (q = 0.14) and the dominant one increased (p = 0.86). Genotypic frequencies followed this tendency too (q² =0.02, 2pq = 0.24 and p² = 0.74). The Carbonaria phenotype increased to 0.98, while Typica showed a frequency of 0.02.
------------------------------------------
Available data:
Some moths were released in the forest (N=1000). 250 were white, and 750 were black.
The color is defined by a single diallelic gene. The dominant allele -D- codes for black color (carbonaria), while the recessive allele -d- codes for white (Typica).
These individuals produced five new generations since they were released, G1, G2, G3, G4, G5.
Moths realesed G1 G2 G3 G4 G5
Typica 250 125 88 83 76 29
Carbonaria 750 510 735 885 1042 1406
Total 1000 635 823 968 1118 1435
Phenotype frequencies
Color Initial Frequency G5 Frequency
Typica white 0.25
Carbonaria Black 0.75
Allele Frequencies
Allele Initial Allele Frequency G5 Allele Frequency
q d 0.5
p D 0.5
Genotype Frequency
Moths Genotype Color Released Initi.Freq. G5 Freq. Nº F5 moths
q² Typica dd White 250 0.25
2pq Carbon. Dd Black 500 0.50
p² Carbon. DD Black 250 0.25
This information is guiding you to know how to calculate frequencies and total numbers. Information about released individuals is an example of how you need to proceed.
Firts, we will assume that this population is under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. So let us review some theoretical framework.
The allelic frequencies in a locus ⇒ p and q ⇒ dominant and
recessive alleles.
The genotypic frequencies after one generation are p² (H0m0zyg0us dominant), 2pq (Heterozyg0us), q² (H0m0zyg0us recessive).
If a populations is in H-W equilibrium, it will get the same allelic frequencies generation after generation.
The sum of allelic frequencies equals 1 ⇒ p + q = 1. The sum of genotypic frequencies equals 1 ⇒ p² + 2pq + q² = 1Now let us analyze the problem.
We need to get information on G5 generation. We will do it step by step.
1) Phenotype frequencies
To get the Phenotype frequencies, we just need to divide the number of individuals with each phenotype by the total number of individuals in this generation. So,
Total number of individuals in G5 → 1435 White = Typica = 29 individuals Black = Carbonaria = 1406 individuals
⇒ F(Typica) = 29 / 1435 = 0.02
⇒ F(Carbonaria) = 1406 / 1435 = 0.979 ≅ 0.98
2) Allelic Frequencies
We can use the phenotypic frequencies to get the allelic frequencies.
Remember that carbonaria (black) moths include h0m0zyg0us dominant (DD) and heter0zyg0us (Dd) individuals. So we can not get the allelic frequencies from this data.
We can only use the allelic frequency of Typica (White) individuals. Typica phenotypic frequency only includes h0m0zyg0us recessive individuals, dd.
We know that,
H0m0zyg0us recessive genotype → dd
Genotypic frequency → F(dd) → Represented as q²
F(Typica) = F(dd) = q² = 0.02
Recessive allele → d
Recessive allelic frequency → f(d) → Represented as q
f(d) = q = ??
q² = 0.02
q = √ 0.02
q = 0.1414 ≅ 0.14
0.14 is the recessive allelic frequency. Now we should calculate the dominant allelic frequency. To do this, we will clear the following formula,
p + q = 1
p + 0.14 = 1
p = 1 - 0.14
p = 0.86
So, now we also know that
⇒ f(D) = p = 0.86
⇒ f(d) = q = 0.14
3) Genotypic Frequencies
Now, we need to get the genotypic frequencies, F(xx)
⇒ F(DD) = p² = 0.86² = 0.7396 ≅ 0.74
⇒ F(Dd) = 2pq = 2 x 0.86 x 0.14 = 0.24
⇒ F(dd) = q² = 0.14² = 0.0196 ≅ 0.02
4) Number of individuals
Finally, we need to tell the number of individuals with each genotype. We just need to multiply each frequency by the total number of individuals in G5.
F(DD) = p² = 0.74
F(Dd) = 2pq = 0.24
F(dd) = q² = 0.02
Total number of individuals = 1435
⇒ DD Black -Carbonaria- individuals → 0.74 x 1435 = 1,061.9 ≅ 1062
⇒ Dd Black -Carbonaria- individuals → 0.24 x 1435 = 344.4 ≅ 344
⇒ dd White -Typica- individuals → 0.02 x 1435 = 28.7 ≅ 29
From this results, we can conclude that the moths population is not in H-W equilibrium, because their allelic and genotypic frequencies changed through generations.
It seems that Natural selection is favoring the dominant phenotype by increasing the frequency of the dominant allele over the recessive one. Probably directional selection is acting on this population.
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Why is organic fertilizer is better than inorganic fertilizer? Pls pls pls answer I really need it
Answer:
organic fertilizer can cause less harm to the plant & environment as it isn't toxic (completely natural) as opposing to fertilizers, which is filled with toxic chemicals.
Yeast
Makes photosynthesis under light.
Makes alcoholic fermentation reactions.
Only makes anaerobic respiration reactions
Releases oxygen in the fermentation process.
Answer:
your answer is D
Answer:
the answer must be D: Releases oxygen in the fermentation process.
Explanation:
What is the major function of meiosis?
to produce haploid (1N) gametes
to produce diploid (2N) gametes
to produce haploid (1N) zygotes
to produce diploid (2N) zygotes
Answer:
To produce diploid (2N) zygote
True or False: Tetanus can make breathing difficult.
Answer:
True is correct on edg
Explanation:
used to extend the hip when climbing stairs
Answer:
Gluteus maximus
Explanation:
I think it's this I'm not 100% sure
HELP ME. I WILL MARK BRAINLIEST.
4 Spheres Observation (Bio, Geo, Atmo, Hydro) : What did you see that represents each? How did they interact with each other? and pls be specific in ur answer, and pls no links!
Answer:
The spheres interact to effect Earth’s systems and processes, and they are constantly changing each other.
For example, ocean currents (hydrosphere) affect air temperature (atmosphere): The Gulf Stream is a powerful water current in the Atlantic Ocean. It’s warm water moderates the temperatures on the east coast of the USA.
Another example of how the spheres affect each other is through erosion. Erosion happens in the desert when wind (atmosphere) shapes the sand in the geosphere. Water (hydrosphere) can also shape land, such as in the formation of the Grand Canyon.
Humans have a huge impact on all spheres. Negative impacts, such as burning fossil fuels, pollute the atmosphere. Piling up our waste in landfills affects the geosphere. Pumping waste into the oceans harms the hydrosphere. And overfishing and habitat destruction can reduce the diversity of living things in the biosphere.
However, people everywhere are working to change things. Recycling efforts are increasing all over the world, and companies are finding new ways to reduce fossil fuels. In the US alone, people are recycling six times more than a generation ago.
Which layer in the blood vessel is composed of smooth muscle, allowing it to dilate or constrict?
Answer:
b. Tunica media
Explanation: is correct/post protected
In the diagram of the human digestive system, what organ is labelled 5?
Answer:
The large intestine
Explanation:
The large intestine is a long, tube-like organ connected to both the small intestine and the anus. In an anatomy drawing, it looks almost as if it is wrapped around the small intestine.
As we can see in the drawing, the organ labelled with 5 is wrapped around another organ which is smaller and looks longer. This smaller organ is the small intestine. Since we know that the large intestine wraps around the small intestine, we can infer that the organ is the large intestine.
Hopefully that was helpful! :)
3. In the context of the article, how are we changed by war? Cite evidence from this text, your own experience, and other literature, art, or history in your answer
please help
Answer:
She wrote letters and diaries by talking about the war.
the two copies of a duplicated chromosome are called
Answer:
Because each chromosome was duplicated during S phase, it now consists of two identical copies called sister chromatids that are attached at a common center point called the centromere.
Explanation:
explain the relationship between stem cells and gene expression
Explanation:
This process your body uses to turn genes on and off is the same one it uses to develop from one cell into the many different cell types that make up your body. Stem cells have the ability to turn into any other type of cell in the body, an ability known as pluripotency.
The relationship between stem cells and gene expression is the process by which the body uses to turn genes on and off is the same one it uses to develop from one cell into the many different cell types that make up your body. Stem cells have the ability to turn into any other type of cell in the body, an ability known as pluripotency.
What is stem cell?Stem cell has been defined as the cell and the raw material of the body and these are the cells which has been specialized the function has been generated. In the right condition of the body or the laboratory, the stem cells has been divided to form the cells known as the daughter cell.
Daughter cell is known as daughter cell because they have to divide again the this quality of division is just the character of daughter cell. Stem cells have the ability to turn into any other type of cell in the body, an ability known as pluripotency.
Therefore, The relationship between stem cells and gene expression is the process by which the body uses to turn genes on and off is the same one it uses to develop from one cell into the many different cell types that make up your body.
Learn more about stem cell on:
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which organelle could be used to distinguish between a plant cell and an animal cell?
Answer:
Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata, and plastids used for storage, and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not.
Question 6 of 10
In a research study, if one variable is changed to see how it affects behavior,
the study is most likely a(n):
Answer:Chemical
Explanation:
Physical is when its the same still the same substance only just changed shape, while chemical change is when a chemical reaction happenes and changes the substances so the varible changes too
example rust
Lichens are not single organisms, but algae and fungi that function together. The algae use photosynthesis to make food for both organisms. The fungi produce digestive chemicals and absorb nutrients for both organisms.
How does the biological activity of lichens cause weathering in rocks?
Answer options with 4 options
A.
Lichens cause friction as they grow, which weathers the rocks.
B.
Lichens produce chemicals, which dissolve and weather the rocks.
C.
Lichens take in water, which freezes in cracks and weathers the rocks.
D.
Lichens absorb heat during photosynthesis, which weathers the rocks.
Answer:
The correct answer is B
Lichens produce chemicals which dissolve and weather rocks
use the data able on the first page of this activity to caculate the number of calories in a single chip and in a single medium apple.
Answer:
answer
Explanation:
Hi how was your day
Sexual reproduction involves two parents.
True or False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Answer:
true
Explanation:
cause....... just answer it
The enzyme found in stem cells and cancer cells that allows these cells to never enter replicative senescence is:
Answer:
Telomerase is found in high levels in germline cells (egg and sperm) and stem cells. In these cells telomere length is maintained after DNA replication and the cells do not show signs of ageing.
Though non-limonuse, the planet and satellite shine as they reflect ligh from star and sun. But they have different brightness .Give two reasons.
Answer:
The earth has an atmosphere: satellites don't. Plus, the planet and satellites are made up of completely different things, which can affect the emission spectra of light.
Explanation:
what is one advantage of using a hydroelectric plant?
Answer: Renewable. Hydropower is completely renewable, which means it will never run out unless the water stops flowing. ...
Emission Free. The creation of hydroelectricity does not release emissions into the atmosphere. ...
Reliable. ...
Adjustable. ...
Create Lakes. ...
Faster Developed Land.
Explanation:
Hope it helps <3
How do thick and fleshy leaves of Aloe vera help in adaptation
Answer:
Help in storage of water
Explanation:
It stores a lot of water in it to avoid it from drying up
Oceans are being threatened daily by human activities which of the following best describes one way oceans are being impacted?
. B.9(C) For an enzyme to be able to catalyze a reaction, the active site must---- *
1 point
be occupied by an inhibitor
increase the activation energy level
have a complementary shape to the substrate
cause the enzyme to be destroyed in the reaction
go keilani
A protein that speeds up a biological and chemical reaction to build and split any molecule is called an enzyme. They are produced naturally in the body.
The correct answer is:
Option C. have a complementary shape to the substrate.
This can be explained as:
If the active site on the enzyme is occupied by an inhibitor then the substrate will not be able to bind and the reaction will not occur.Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for the reaction.If the enzyme is destroyed then no reaction will occur as the active site is present on the enzyme surfaces.Therefore, the active site should have a complementary shape to the substrate.
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Answer:
have a complementary shape to the substrate
Explanation:
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Answer:
What is this ???
Explanation:
The size of a food Web is límited by the Number of
Answer:
The amount of carbon and energy entering it.
Explanation:
The food chain is limited because " only 10% of the energy from producers get transferred to the level of primary consumer"
Hope this Helps
suggest what caused this increase of species of mayfly
Answer:
Mayflies are often seen as a sign of healthy water ecosystems because they are very sensitive to pollutants., Because mayflies are an indicator of water quality. Mayflies are highly sensitive to algal blooms, increased nutrient concentrations, and pesticides.
Removal of waste products in the body is called _____.
It's called excretion.
two glass tubes are placed in water one of them has very concentrated sucrose solution while the other has a concentrated sucrose solution after an hour what will happen to the liquid levels in the glass
Answer:
The liquid levels in the solution will become more dilute (have more water) due to Osmosis.
Explanation:
This is because Osmosis moves down a concentration gradient so the water outside the solution will become more concentrated and the solution will become more dilute.
In the example, no RNA is made during the process. What would need to occur for lacZ to be expressed in mRNA?
Binding the RNA polymerase to the promoter sequence
Transcribing the regulatory gene
Translating the lacl sequence into protein
Unbinding the active repressor from the operator
Answer:
Binding the rna polymerase to the promoter sequence
Why do cells become specialized in the human body?
Answer:
They can become any type of cell in the body.
Explanation:
They can transport molecules, metabolize nutrients, and reproduce within this one cell. ... Cell differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized in order to perform different functions. Specialized Cells in the Human Body. Multicellular organisms begin as just one single cell—a fertilized egg.
What does the narrator notice outside the house before he goes in?
a fissure or crack in the wall
a dead bird in a tree
curtains twitching
an alligator in the moat
