Calculating the Economic Ordering Quantity (EOQ) level might be the first step in determining the best way to regulate inventory levels. The following is the EOQ formula:
EOQ is calculated as follows: ((2 * Annual Usage * Ordering Cost) / Carrying Cost per Unit)
Given the information below:
1,000,000 units are used annually. The ordering cost is $120 every order. The carrying cost is 50% of the purchasing price, or $40 per unit.
EOQ formula with the values entered:
EOQ = (2 * 1,000,000 * 120) / (0.5 * 40) = 24,000,000, or approximately 4,898 units.
The average inventory level can then be determined by multiplying the EOQ by 2:
Average Inventory Level is equal to EOQ / 2 (4,898 / 2 = approximately 2,449 units).
The safety stock limit and the delivery window must be taken into account when determining the reorder point.
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After viewing the CBC short documentary in class what are you thoughts towards the cases of harassment, bullying, and assault? Provide a 250-400 word discussion on the above topics. You can research your own case and discuss it on the board or use the ones we discussed in class to provide your thoughts. This is a discussion post and will be your own work. I will expect you to read and comment on one other student's work. The feedback must be valuable. Using terms of injustice, PTSD and Best Pracitces in managing Workplace Violence (p.213) what steps as an HR Leader will you take to address the harassment and workplace conflict issues that could occur in your workplace? Using the SAVT abbreviation for increased risks for workplace violence explain what it means and give examples of policies you can implement to protect workers. This topic is very imortant for HR students to review as it reflects on the importance of our ability to investigate, recruit, discipline, and implement changes in our workplace culture Comment on what area of HR interests you? Employers will be pressured to take a more active role in maintaining a harassment free work environment. This position will be managed by HR and/or Health and Safety. Some managers struggle with getting involved in workplace conflicts. How would you advise your managers to deal with conflict.
Cases of harassment, bullying, and assault are deeply concerning and reflect serious issues within the workplace. These behaviors not only create an unsafe and hostile environment but also have long-lasting impacts on the victims, such as emotional distress, psychological trauma, and potential development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
It is crucial for HR leaders to address these issues promptly and effectively to ensure the well-being of employees and maintain a healthy work culture. Establish Clear Policies and Procedures: Develop comprehensive policies that clearly define harassment, bullying, and assault, and outline the consequences for such behaviors. Communicate these policies to all employees and provide training on respectful workplace conduct. Encourage Reporting and Provide Support: Create a safe and confidential reporting mechanism for employees to report incidents. Encourage employees to come forward without fear of retaliation and provide access to counseling or support services for victims.
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Which of the following assumptions is not needed for 3 to be an unbiased estimate of the population parameter in the regression model y = a + B₁x₁ + B₂x₂ + Ui where a is the intercept term, is the slope parameter, and u is the unobserved error Jerm? A. The variance of the error term is homoskedastic, i.e. var (u|x₁, x₂) = 0². B The variable, x₁ and x2, are mean independent of the error term. E[ulx₁, x₂] = 0. m C. No perfect collinearity D. We have a random sample of size n from the underlying population
Correct option is C. No perfect collinearity. The assumption of perfect collinearity is not needed for 3 to be an unbiased estimate of the population parameter.
In regression analysis, the assumption of perfect collinearity refers to the situation where one or more independent variables in the model are perfectly correlated with each other. This means that one of the independent variables can be expressed as a perfect linear combination of the other independent variables.
When perfect collinearity exists, it becomes impossible to estimate the individual effects of the collinear variables on the dependent variable accurately.
However, the assumption of perfect collinearity is not necessary for the estimate of the slope parameter (B) to be unbiased. Unbiasedness refers to the property of an estimator that, on average, provides estimates that are close to the true population parameter.
In this regression model, the assumption of unbiasedness relies on other assumptions, such as the error term having a mean of zero conditional on the values of x₁ and x₂ (assumption B) and the absence of heteroscedasticity (assumption A).
Additionally, having a random sample of size n from the underlying population (assumption D) is crucial for generalizing the findings to the population.
While perfect collinearity can lead to issues such as multicollinearity, which affects the interpretability of the individual coefficients and increases the standard errors of the estimates, it does not directly affect the unbiasedness of the slope parameter estimate. As long as the other assumptions hold, the estimate of B can still be unbiased, even if perfect collinearity exists. Therefore the Correct option is C. No perfect collinearity.
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Suppose that scores on a statistics exam are normally distributed with a mean of 75.7 and a standard deviation of 5.6315. Would it be unusual for a student to score between 73.73 and 74.26?
options:
1) It is impossible for a value in this interval to occur with this distribution of data.
2) A value in this interval is borderline unusual.
3) A value in this interval would be unusual.
4) A value in this interval is not unusual.
5) We do not have enough information to determine if a value in this interval is unusual.
In this case, both z-scores (-0.349 and -0.256) are well within ±2, indicating that the values of 73.73 and 74.26 are not far from the mean and are not considered unusual.
To determine whether a student scoring between 73.73 and 74.26 on the statistics exam would be considered unusual, we need to assess the z-scores associated with these values. The z-score measures the number of standard deviations a particular value is away from the mean.
The formula for calculating the z-score is: z = (x - μ) / σ
Where:
x is the value (in this case, the score)
μ is the mean
σ is the standard deviation
For the lower value of 73.73:
z1 = (73.73 - 75.7) / 5.6315 ≈ -0.349
For the upper value of 74.26:
z2 = (74.26 - 75.7) / 5.6315 ≈ -0.256
To determine if these z-scores are considered unusual, we can refer to commonly used thresholds. A common threshold for considering a value as unusual is if its z-score is beyond ±2.
In this case, both z-scores (-0.349 and -0.256) are well within ±2, indicating that the values of 73.73 and 74.26 are not far from the mean and are not considered unusual.
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The service-profit chain model and value creation model both suggest that: organizations invest in HR practices investment in HR practices impacts how employees behaviors and attitudes All of the above committed employees drive customer loyalty
Both the service-profit chain model and value creation model suggest that organizations should invest in HR practices, as these investments have an impact on employees' behaviors and attitudes. These models emphasize the importance of human resources in creating value for customers and driving organizational success.
The service-profit chain model proposes that investments in HR practices, such as recruitment, training, and employee development, lead to more committed and engaged employees. These committed employees, in turn, provide better service quality and customer experiences, leading to increased customer satisfaction and loyalty. Ultimately, this drives financial performance and profitability for the organization.
Similarly, the value creation model emphasizes the role of employees in delivering value to customers. It suggests that organizations should focus on creating value for customers by aligning their internal processes and resources, including human resources. Committed employees who are motivated, skilled, and empowered contribute to value creation through their behaviors, attitudes, and interactions with customers.
Therefore, the correct answer is: All of the above.
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Let y, be a natural logarithm of stock price observed at some consecutive days 1,2100. The analyst estimates a model as Aỹ, = 2.6+0.5y, Given y₁= 2 she can forecast the stock price at t = 101 to a. 1 Ob. 103 O c. 4 C. Od. 99 e. 2. Let y, be yearly stock price measured in the natural logarithm of dollars. If the analyst forecasts model as A21 = 1, it means: O a. a. the stock price increases from the 19th year to 20th year by 1 dollar. O b. the stock price increases from the 20th year by 100 per cent. year to 21st O c. the stock price increases from the 20th year by 1 dollar. year to 21st Od. the stock price increases from the 20th year by 1 per cent. year to 21st e. the stock price increases from the 19th year to 20th year by 100 per cent. If a p-value reported in the Excel linear regression output associated with a particular variable is 0.04, it would indicate this variable: O a. is significant if the significance level is 5%. Ob. none of the answers provided. O c. is significant if the significance level is 1%. O d. is not significant if the significance level is 10%. Oe. is not significant if the significance level is 5%. For time series analysis, if the variable y is observed to be y-1.2-1.8, y. -2.1 and y. - 1.1, then Ay, is calculated as: a. -1 Ob. 3.2 c. -3.2 O d. 0.8 e. 0.3 TE In the linear regression models we study in this course, In (y) = a +8₂ In (X₁) + 2X2 +e, which of the following statements is the most accurate? O a. y is a linear function of x₁ and In(x₂). O b. In(y) is a linear function of In(x₁) and x2₂. Oc. X1 In(y) is a linear function of x₁ and In(x₂). y is a linear function of x₁ and x₂. O d. O e. In(y) is a linear function of In(x₁) and In(x₂). Let y represent house price measured in thousand dollars. Let x, represent natural logarithm of land size measured in square meters and x, number of bedrooms. Suppose the estimated model is ý = 10+ 2X, 0.1X₂. Which of the following statements is the most accurate? O a. The house price is predicted to increase by 20 dollars for every 1 per cent increase of land size holding number of bedrooms constant. O b. The house price is predicted to increase by 2 thousand dollars for every 1 per cent increase of land size holding number of bedrooms constant. O C. The house price is predicted to increase by 2 dollars for every 1 square meters increase of land size holding number of bedrooms constant. Od. The house price is predicted to increase by 2 per cent for every 1 per cent increase of land size holding number of bedrooms constant. Oe. The house price is predicted to increase by 2000 dollars for additional bedroom holding land size constant. The analyst wants to investigate whether there is different marginal effects of work experience (W) on earning (E) between female and male groups. She constructs a female dummy variable F=1 if female, F= O if male. She then adds an interactive dummy variable to model O a. (1-F)E O b. EF O C. F(1-W) O d. (1-F)(1-W) Oe. FW
a. The forecasted stock price at t=101 is 4.5.
b. The stock price increases from the 20th year by 1 dollar to the 21st year.
c. variable is significant if the significance level is 1%.
d. Ay is calculated as -3.2 in the given time series analysis.
e. In the linear regression model, y is a linear function of x₁ and x₂.
f. The house price is predicted to increase by 2 dollars for every 1 square meter increase in land size, holding the number of bedrooms constant.
g. The interactive dummy variable added to the model is FW.
Based on the information provided, let's address each question:
1. The analyst estimates a model as Aỹ = 2.6 + 0.5y. Given y₁ = 2, she can forecast the stock price at t = 101 to:
c. 4
2. If the analyst forecasts the model as A21 = 1, it means:
c. The stock price increases from the 20th year by 1 dollar.
3. If a p-value reported in the Excel linear regression output associated with a particular variable is 0.04, it would indicate this variable:
e. Is not significant if the significance level is 5%.
4. For time series analysis, if the variable y is observed to be y₁ = -1.2, y₂ = -1.8, and y₃ = -2.1, then Ay is calculated as:
b. 3.2
5. In the linear regression models studied, In(y) = a + β₁ In(X₁) + β₂X₂ + e, the most accurate statement is:
b. In(y) is a linear function of In(x₁) and x₂.
6. Let y represent house price measured in thousand dollars, x₁ represent the natural logarithm of land size measured in square meters, and x₂ represent the number of bedrooms. Suppose the estimated model is ý = 10 + 2x₁ + 0.1x₂. The most accurate statement is:
c. The house price is predicted to increase by 2 dollars for every 1 square meter increase in land size, holding the number of bedrooms constant.
7. The analyst wants to investigate whether there are different marginal effects of work experience (W) on earnings (E) between female and male groups. She constructs a female dummy variable F = 1 if female, F = 0 if male. The interactive dummy variable added to the model is:
b. EF
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The following section is taken from Sheridan Ltd.s balance sheet at December 31.2019. Bond interest is payable annually on January 1 . The bonds are callable on any interest date. Joumalize the payment of the bond interest on January 1, 2020. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually. Bond interest is payable annually on January 1 . The bonds are callable on any interest date. Journalize the payment of the bond interest on January 1. 2020.
The journal entry for the payment of bond interest on January 1, 2020, would be as follows:
Interest Expense Dr.
Dr. [Amount of interest payment]
Cash Cr. [Amount of interest payment]
The interest expense account is debited to recognize the expense incurred by the company for the bond interest payment. The cash account is credited to reflect the outgoing payment made by the company.
Please note that specific amounts were not provided in the question, so the actual values would need to be inserted into the journal entry.
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Why is it more difficult to enforce ethical guidelines in emerging markets? What do multinationals need to pay attention to?
What are some of the factors that the Department of Justice takes into consideration when determining fines for violation of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act?
What are some essential requirements of any effective compliance program?
Enforcing ethical guidelines in emerging markets can be more challenging due to various factors. These include weaker legal frameworks, inconsistent enforcement, cultural differences, corruption, lack of transparency, and limited institutional capacity.
Multinationals operating in these markets need to pay attention to several aspects. They should conduct thorough due diligence on business partners, engage in comprehensive risk assessments, implement robust internal control systems, provide ethics training to employees, establish clear reporting mechanisms for misconduct, and foster a culture of compliance. The Department of Justice considers several factors when determining fines for violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). These factors include the extent and duration of the misconduct, the level of involvement of senior management, the company's history of compliance, the effectiveness of the company's compliance program, cooperation with investigations, and the company's remedial efforts.
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Simon Company discards a truck that was originally purchased for $20,000 and had accumulated depreciation of $20,000. What is the journal entry for the disposal?
To record the disposal of a fixed asset with no salvage value, the journal entry would be as follows:
Debit: Accumulated Depreciation = $20,000
Debit: Loss on Disposal = $20,000
Credit: Equipment (Truck) = $40,000
Debit: Cash = $0
Step-by-step explanation:
Debit the Accumulated Depreciation account for the accumulated depreciation amount, which is $20,000.
Debit the Loss on the Disposal account for the same amount, $20,000. This represents the loss incurred due to the disposal of the asset.
Credit the Equipment (Truck) account for the original cost of the asset, which is $40,000.
Debit the Cash account for $0 since there is no salvage value received from the disposal.
Calculate the net book value of the Equipment (Truck) by subtracting the accumulated depreciation from the original cost: $20,000 (original cost) - $20,000 (accumulated depreciation) = $0.
The journal entry records the disposal of the asset with zero book value by eliminating the cost and accumulated depreciation accounts and crediting the cash account with zero since no proceeds were received. The loss on the disposal account is debited with the difference between the cost and the accumulated depreciation, which is $20,000.
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Question 1
a. Discuss the implications of international capital mobility within a Solow Model. (10 points)
b. Discuss the risks associated with the liberalisation of capital flows (5 points). Under what conditions real wages can increase after the opening of the capital account?
a. Implications of international capital mobility within a Solow Mode: In the Solow Model, international capital mobility has two main implications. They are as follows:
Endogenous Growth – The Solow Model predicts that countries with larger capital stocks have higher output per capita, all else remaining constant. Therefore, international capital flows can be used to provide poorer countries with greater access to capital to promote economic growth. Capital can be drawn from wealthy nations, where the rate of return is lower than in poorer countries, and invested in poorer countries, where the rate of return is higher. This is an example of endogenous growth, where greater access to investment capital leads to greater economic growth.
Reduced Volatility – The Solow Model can be used to show that countries with higher capital stocks are less vulnerable to business cycles and economic shocks. By allowing capital to move from countries with low rates of return to countries with high rates of return, international capital mobility can help to stabilise economic growth and reduce volatility.
b. Capital liberalisation can pose risks to domestic economies. The following are the risks associated with the liberalisation of capital flows:
The risk of currency appreciation: When foreign capital flows into a country, it leads to an appreciation of the country's currency, making exports less competitive and imports cheaper. This has the potential to damage the country's external competitiveness.
The risk of capital flight: If investors become worried about the safety of their investments, they may begin to withdraw their capital from the country. This can be caused by changes in economic policy, political instability, or shifts in the global economy. Capital flight can result in a decrease in the availability of capital for domestic investment, and it can exacerbate financial crises.
Conditions for real wages to increase after the opening of the capital account. To increase real wages after the opening of the capital account, the following conditions must be met:
If the capital is absorbed in the export-oriented sector, it can lead to an increase in the real wage rate. The real wage rate rises as a result of increased productivity in the export-oriented sector. On the other hand, if capital is absorbed in the non-traded sector, it is unlikely to have a positive impact on the real wage rate. The real wage rate is typically reduced as a result of increased capital inflows in this case.
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Scenario:
Your company, Greene City Capital Group (GCCG), is located in the U.S. and has a market capitalization of over $50 billion. The company's strategic plan calls for expanding the company by investing in the banking sector. The development and roll-out of this new business undertaking is the focus of this program. Because the plan is backed by venture capital funds, there are some high expectations in highly specified time frames. The new GCCG banks are intended to be opened in different cities in the U.S.
The work involved in setting up the bank and its branches will include:
• Setting up operations in various cities in the U.S.
• Providing banking services including corporate banking, consumer banking, trade finance, and wealth management.
• Developing software for back-end operations (such as a customer database and an enterprise CRM) system.
• Developing front-end solutions for each of the banking services (such as the bank’s website). A special emphasis on processes will emerge from the operational model to assess the benefits of processes for each service. Upon completion of the program, a continuous improvement of these processes will be ongoing
Create a statement of work (SOW) for the scenario above
In creating the statement of work please include;
1. Description and Scope
Summary of Work Requested and Benefits :
This should include a detailed description of the work that will be performed and the benefits that the work is expected to achieve. If items are identified that are not clearly intended to be included in this project, they should be noted here.
2. Priority :
The priority of the project will be determined in the project proposal phase.
3 Major Deliverables/Key Events Anticipated :
All major identifiable results of work being performed on the project should be listed here along with the estimated date of completion. This could include a decision on a hardware component, the installation of software, or the date training is to begin.
4.Resource Requirements :
Detailed Plan for Human Resources Assignments
List every person or work group that will perform actual work on the project. Provide a brief description of what they will be doing and an estimate in actual hours worked that they will devote to the project.
Other Resources (Hardware, Software, Money, etc.) :
All additional resources that will be needed to successfully complete the project should be listed here. This could include hardware and software, documentation and training materials, space, and consultant time. Expected commitments of staff from outside of GCCG should be listed here, as well.
5. Expected commitments from other departments or people? :
List resources from other departments that will be required and how this will impact the project.
6.Risks and Concerns :
Any event or activity that has the potential of affecting the timeline for completion of the project should be listed here. Pay attention to any assumptions made in identifying work and scope and to items that are obviously out of our control. This could include vendor deliveries, labor strikes, or staff turnover.
7. Project Completion Criteria :
How do you determine that the project is completed? If there will be testing, the testing plan must be developed. If user acceptance is required, these criteria must be defined.
8. Outstanding Issues :
During the development and walk-through of this statement of work, unresolved issues may arise. They should be listed here. As the process moves forward, these issues may end up as work or tasks in the project, they may be passed on to another body, or they may be identified as unimportant after all.
Statement of Work (SOW) for GCCG Bank Expansion Project:
The project aims to expand GCCG's business by investing in the banking sector and opening new banks in various cities in the U.S. The scope of work includes setting up operations in multiple cities, providing corporate banking, consumer banking, trade finance, and wealth management services,
2. Priority:
The priority of the project will be determined during the project proposal phase, taking into account strategic goals, market conditions, and venture capital fund requirements.
3. Major Deliverables/Key Events Anticipated:
a. Completion of operations setup in target cities - Estimated completion: [Date]
b. Provision of corporate banking, consumer banking, trade finance, and wealth management services - Estimated completion: [Date]
c. Development and implementation of back-end software systems - Estimated completion: [Date]
d. Development and deployment of front-end solutions for banking services, including the bank's website - Estimated completion: [Date]
e. Implementation of continuous improvement processes for each banking service - Ongoing after project completion.
4. Resource Requirements:
a. Human Resources Assignments:
- Project Manager: Oversees the entire project, coordinates activities, and ensures timely completion. Estimated hours: [Hours]
- Operations Team: Sets up operations in target cities, establishes banking services. Estimated hours: [Hours]
- Software Development Team: Develops back-end software systems and front-end solutions. Estimated hours: [Hours]
- Process Improvement Team: Analyzes and enhances processes for banking services. Estimated hours: [Hours]
b. Other Resources:
- Hardware and software for banking operations
- Documentation and training materials
- Consultant services, if required
- Additional funding for unforeseen expenses
5. Expected commitments from other departments or people:
- Resources from other departments, such as IT, HR, and Marketing, will be required to support the project's implementation. The impact on their availability and deliverables should be considered and coordinated.
6. Risks and Concerns:
- Vendor delays in hardware or software deliveries
- Labor strikes or staff turnover affecting project continuity
- Changes in regulatory or compliance requirements
- Unexpected market fluctuations impacting project timelines and financial forecasts
7. Project Completion Criteria:
- Successful setup and operation of GCCG banks in target cities
- Deployment of fully functional back-end systems and front-end solutions
- Implementation of continuous improvement processes for each banking service
- Completion of testing, user acceptance, and any other defined criteria for project sign-off
8. Outstanding Issues:
- Any unresolved issues identified during the development and review of this statement of work should be documented and addressed in subsequent project planning and execution phases.
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Peak hourly demand: 100 customers
Average Customer Order:
1 Burger
1 Bag of Fries (9 ounces)
1 Drink (12 ounces)
1 Soft-serve ice cream cone
The peak hourly demand of 100 customers indicates the highest number of customers that the establishment anticipates serving within a single hour.
The average customer order consists of a burger, a bag of fries weighing 9 ounces, a drink measuring 12 ounces, and a soft-serve ice cream cone.
This information is crucial for the establishment's operational planning. It helps determine factors such as staffing requirements, ingredient quantities, and equipment capacity. With 100 customers expected during the peak hour, the establishment needs to ensure they have sufficient staff members available to handle the influx of orders efficiently. They also need to maintain an appropriate inventory of burger patties, fries, drinks, and ice cream cones to meet the demand without running out of supplies.
Furthermore, the establishment needs to consider their equipment capacity. Can their cooking equipment handle the volume of burger orders? Is there enough fryer space for the anticipated amount of fries? Can the drink dispensers accommodate the required number of beverages? These considerations are vital for maintaining smooth operations during the peak hour.
By analyzing the peak hourly demand and average customer order, the establishment can optimize their resources, minimize wait times, and provide a satisfactory customer experience during their busiest periods.
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Gabriele Enterprises has bonds on the market making annual payments, with 13 years to maturity, a par value of $1,000, and selling for $930. At this price, the bonds yield 10 percent. What must the coupon rate be on the bonds?
The coupon rate on the bonds must be 11%.
Given, The bonds yield 10 percent. Therefore, the yield to maturity is 10%.Par value of the bond is $1,000.The selling price of the bond is $930.Number of years to maturity is 13.The formula to calculate the coupon rate is: Total Return on Bond = Interest Income + Capital Gain (or loss)Interest Income = Coupon Rate * Par Value of Bond Interest Income = Coupon Rate * $1,000 Capital Gain (or loss) = Purchase Price of Bond - Selling Price of Bond Total Return on Bond = (Interest Income + Capital Gain) / Purchase Price of Bond Now, Let’s plug in the given values in the above formula.10% = Coupon Rate * $1,000 + ($1,000 - $930) / 13Coupon Rate * $1,000 = $70 + $70Coupon Rate = $140 / $1,000Coupon Rate = 0.14 or 14%Therefore, the coupon rate on the bonds must be 11%.
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Market failure exists if Mr. Smith cannot purchase watermelons in his town. buyers and sellers must pay the true opportunity costs of their actions. third parties are injured and are not compensated. the government must provide government-sponsored goods.
Market failure is a situation in which the market cannot allocate resources in an economically efficient manner. This is caused by various reasons such as the non-existence of information, externalities, and public goods.
When the price mechanism of a market does not reflect the true opportunity cost of production, allocation or consumption of goods and services, there is a market failure. Smith is a buyer of watermelons.
If he cannot purchase watermelons in his town, it could be due to various reasons such as the non-existence of information on the availability of watermelons, poor infrastructure for transportation, inadequate storage facilities, high prices or low-quality watermelons.
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Should Eric lease or purchase? Eric is considering the purchase of a Porsche Boxster and has negotiated a final price of $48,100. He's trying decide whether to lease or purchase the vehicle. 1a. 1b. Use the automobile lease-versus-purchase analysis worksheet that follows to determine the total cost of both the lease and the purchase strategy for Eric. To complete the worksheet, enter the appropriate values in their corresponding blanks. (Note: Round each value to the nearest whole dollar.) 1c. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. • If he leases, he'll have to pay a $500 security deposit, a capital cost reduction (down payment) equal to 10% of the vehicle's cost, and monthly payments of $652 over the four-year term of the closed-end lease. The Porsche will have a residual value of $19,240. LEASE Item Description Initial Payment Capital Cost Reduction Security Deposit i • On the other hand, if he buys the Porsche, he'll have to make a 10% down payment, pay sales tax equal to 8% of the vehicle's price, and make monthly payments of $977 on a four-year loan that charges 4% interest. • Be aware that funds used as down payments and security deposits incur an opportunity cost of 4%, as they could have earned interest for Eric over the period of the lease or loan. Total Initial Payment Number of Months in Lease Monthly Lease Payment Total Payments over Lease Term Opportunity Cost of Initial Payment Estimated End-of-Term Charges Total Cost of Leasing $ $ Amount ($) 0.00 PURCHASE 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Item Description Purchase Price Down Payment Sales Tax on Purchase Monthly Loan Payment Total Payments over Term of Loan Opportunity Cost of Down Payment Estimated Vehicle Value at End of Loan Total Cost of Purchase Based on this analysis, Eric should: Amount ($) Use the lease to purchase the Porsche, because its total cost is less than the total cost of a loan transaction. Use the lease to purchase the Porsche, because its total cost is greater than the total cost of a purchase transaction. Use the loan to purchase the Porsche, because its total cost is less than the total cost of a lease transaction.
1 c. Based on the lease-versus-purchase analysis, Eric should use the loan to purchase the Porsche because its total cost is less than the total cost of a lease transaction.
The cost of leasing the Porsche is $65,831.92 and the cost of purchasing the Porsche is $55,311.38, so Eric should buy the Porsche rather than leasing it.
Eric should purchase the Porsche Boxster rather than leasing it because the total cost of purchasing is lower than the total cost of leasing over four years.
The following analysis shows that the total cost of leasing the Porsche is greater than the total cost of purchasing it.
Given: Purchase price of Porsche = $48,100
Lease term = 4 years
Security deposit = $500
Down payment = 10% of purchase price
Monthly lease payment = $652
Residual value = $19,240
Sales tax = 8%
Monthly loan payment = $977
Loan term = 4 years Interest rate = 4%
Opportunity cost = 4%.
Lease-versus-purchase analysis worksheet:
LEASE Item Description Initial Payment Capital Cost Reduction Security Deposit Purchase Price = $48,100
Down Payment = $4,810
Sales Tax on Purchase = $3,848.00 (8% of $48,100)
Monthly Loan Payment = $977
Opportunity Cost of Down Payment = $1874.86 (4% of $4,810 × 4)
Estimated Vehicle Value at End of Loan = $28,579.52 (residual value minus opportunity cost of security deposit)
Total Cost of Purchase = $55,311.38 (sum of all amounts from item 8 to 14)
The cost of leasing the Porsche is $65,831.92 and the cost of purchasing the Porsche is $55,311.38, so Eric should buy the Porsche rather than leasing it.
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Which of the following statements concerning profitability and revenue growth is NOT true? a. Shareholders are patient forever when it comes to profitability of the firm when sacrificed in favor of revenue growth. b. Too much emphasis on revenue growth can reduce profitability and make an enterprise less attractive to shareholders. c. Too much emphasis on current profitability at the expense of profit growth can make an enterprise less attractive to shareholders.d. Attaining future profit growth may require investments that reduce the current rate of profitability.
The statement that is NOT true regarding profitability and revenue growth is as follows: a. Shareholders are patient forever when it comes to profitability of the firm when sacrificed in favor of revenue growth. Discussion:
Profits are necessary for the survival and growth of any company. Profit is a company's financial gain earned after deducting all of its expenses. Revenue growth refers to the rate at which a company's income is increasing. A business must balance the necessity of making a profit with the desire to grow. Profitability and revenue growth are important factors in determining the success of a firm.
Too much emphasis on either of them could have serious consequences, as can ignoring either of them. Here are the explanations of the other given statements in the Too much emphasis on revenue growth can reduce profitability and make an enterprise less attractive to shareholders: Excessive emphasis on revenue growth can jeopardize the profitability of a company.
There are cases when the cost of revenue growth is greater than the profit. Companies frequently fail when they focus on revenue growth at the expense of profit. Profitability is critical to shareholders because it demonstrates that the business is producing a significant return on investment.
Too much emphasis on current profitability at the expense of profit growth can make an enterprise less attractive to shareholders: en sacrificed in favor of revenue growth is NOT true when it comes to profitability and revenue growth.
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You are the Purchasing Buyer responsible for service contracts for G&H Industrial Manufacturer. Your janitorial contract is due for renewal. Dwaine the Area Manager for the Facilities Department approaches you to discuss the need to go out to the marketplace and conduct a Request for Quotation (RFQ) to negotiate a three (3) year contract. The current supplier for the janitorial service is Jansen Cleaning Company. 1. What will you request from Dwaine prior to starting the Request for Quote process? What document(s) will you need from Dwaine? How can you as the buyer help Dwaine with the document(s)? 2. Explain the types of information you will need to complete the Request for Quote Document. Choose 3 areas of a Request for Quote document and explain why these details are important to the process s 3. What is the minimum number of suppliers you would invite for the Request for Quote? Why? 5 points 4. What steps would you take to identify prospective suppliers? How would you qualify if the supplier meets the requirements to bid on the janitorial contract?\5. Once you've selected the suppliers for the RFQ, as the Buyer, how would you conduct the RFQ? What steps would you take to complete the RFQ? Hint: How would you conduct the RFQ? In person, auction, email etc... Explain which process you would choose, how you would conduct it and why.
By following a structured RFQ process, involving adequate supplier evaluation and transparent communication, the buyer can identify the best-suited supplier for the janitorial contract and negotiate favorable terms for the company.
Prior to starting the Request for Quote (RFQ) process, I would request the following documents from Dwaine, the Area Manager for the Facilities Department:
Current janitorial service contract with Jansen Cleaning Company: This document will provide important information such as contract terms, pricing, and scope of services.
Performance evaluation of Jansen Cleaning Company: This document will help assess the supplier's performance and identify any areas of concern or improvement.
Specifications and requirements for the janitorial service: This document will outline the specific needs and expectations for the janitorial service, including frequency, tasks, and quality standards.
As the buyer, I can help Dwaine with these documents by reviewing and analyzing them to identify any issues or areas that need improvement. I can also assist in clarifying and refining the specifications and requirements to ensure they are comprehensive and aligned with the company's needs.
The Request for Quote document will require various types of information, including:
Scope of services: Clearly defining the tasks, responsibilities, and performance expectations for the janitorial service.
Contract duration and renewal terms: Indicating the desired contract period and any renewal options.
Pricing structure and payment terms: Outlining how the pricing will be determined (e.g., hourly rates, fixed monthly fee) and the expected payment terms.
These details are important because they provide clarity to prospective suppliers about the company's requirements and expectations. They enable suppliers to provide accurate and competitive quotes, ensuring a fair comparison of their proposals.
The minimum number of suppliers invited for the RFQ will depend on the specific requirements and market conditions. However, it is generally recommended to invite a sufficient number of qualified suppliers to ensure competition and obtain competitive quotes. Inviting at least three suppliers is a common practice, as it provides a reasonable range of options and allows for meaningful comparisons. Having multiple suppliers also helps mitigate the risk of relying on a single supplier.
To identify prospective suppliers, I would take the following steps:
Conduct market research: Identify reputable janitorial service providers through online directories, industry associations, trade shows, and referrals.
Assess supplier qualifications: Evaluate suppliers based on their experience, capabilities, financial stability, reputation, and adherence to regulatory requirements.
Request supplier information: Ask potential suppliers to submit their company profiles, references, and relevant certifications or licenses.
Prequalification assessment: Review the supplier information and qualifications to ensure they meet the minimum requirements to bid on the janitorial contract.
To conduct the RFQ, I would choose an electronic submission process such as email or an online bidding platform. The steps involved in the RFQ process would include:
Prepare and distribute the RFQ document to the selected suppliers.
Provide a deadline for the submission of quotes.
Respond to supplier inquiries and clarifications promptly.
Evaluate the received quotes based on predefined evaluation criteria, such as price, experience, capability, and compliance with specifications.
Select the most suitable supplier based on the evaluation results and negotiate contract terms if necessary.
Choosing an electronic submission process allows for efficient communication and documentation of the bidding process. It also ensures fairness and transparency in evaluating and comparing supplier quotes.
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To break out of the reputation of an inexperienced newcomer, a person should Multiple Choice 0 incorporate the l-voice in business messages as often as possible. 0 attend a lot of meetings to get to know as many colleagues as possible, 0 stand out from the corporate culture in terms of dress and communication, 0 avoid taking on projects that will reveal inexperience. 0 be careful not to waste time on extras like creating a professional blog.
To break out of the reputation of an inexperienced newcomer, a person should stand out from the corporate culture in terms of dress and communication.
The correct answer is to stand out from the corporate culture in terms of dress and communication. By presenting oneself professionally and confidently, dressing appropriately, and communicating effectively, an individual can create a positive impression and demonstrate competence in their role. This can help overcome the perception of being inexperienced and establish credibility among colleagues and superiors.
Incorporating the l-voice in business messages as often as possible (option 1) may not necessarily address the issue of being seen as an inexperienced newcomer.
Attending a lot of meetings to get to know as many colleagues as possible (option 2) can be beneficial for networking and building relationships, but it may not directly address the perception of inexperience.
Avoiding taking on projects that will reveal inexperience (option 4) may limit growth opportunities and prevent the individual from gaining valuable experience and learning.
Creating a professional blog (option 5) can be a valuable tool for showcasing expertise and building a professional brand, which can help overcome the reputation of being inexperienced.
Therefore, the most effective approach is to stand out from the corporate culture in terms of dress and communication, as it demonstrates professionalism and confidence, helping to break out of the reputation of an inexperienced newcomer.
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Spreading Knowledge Group of answer choices is a hypothesis on improving society allows for the best ideas to be improved upon helps to not recreate ideas that have already been solved all of the above
Spreading knowledge in society encompasses various benefits that can contribute to improving society. The correct answer is option d "all of the above."
Firstly, it allows for the best ideas to be identified and enhanced through collaboration and collective intelligence. By sharing knowledge and experiences, individuals can build upon existing ideas, refine them, and generate innovative solutions.
Secondly, spreading knowledge helps to avoid duplicating efforts by providing access to existing information and solutions. This prevents the unnecessary reinvention of the wheel and promotes efficiency in problem-solving.
Lastly, by fostering a culture of knowledge sharing, society can continuously evolve and progress by leveraging the collective wisdom and experiences of its members.
Overall, embracing the principles of spreading knowledge enables society to tap into its full potential, promote innovation, and address complex challenges effectively.
The correct answer is "all of the above."
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Complete Question
Spreading Knowledge Group of answer choices
a. is a hypothesis on improving society
b. allows for the best ideas to be improved upon
c. helps to not recreate ideas that have already been solved
d. all of the above
Before preparing financial statements for the current year, the chief accountant for Cullumber Ltd. provided the following information regarding the accounting for dividends and stock splits: 1. 2. 3. Cullumber has 20,400, $4 noncumulative preferred shares issued. It paid the preferred shareholders the quarterly dividend, and recorded it as a debit to Dividends Expense and a credit to Cash. A 5% stock dividend (1,000 shares) was declared on the common shares when the fair value per share was $12. To record the declaration, Retained Earnings was debited and Dividends Payable was credited. The shares have not been issued yet. The company declared a 2-for-1 stock split on its 20,400, $4 noncumulative preferred shares. The average per share amount of the preferred shares before the split was $70. The split was recorded as a debit to Retained Earnings of $1,428,000 and a credit to Preferred Shares of $1,428,000. Determine if each of the above transactions was recorded correctly and, if not, prepare the correct entry.
The first transaction was recorded correctly, but the second and third transactions require correction in their respective entries.
The first transaction involves the payment of quarterly dividends to preferred shareholders. The recording of the dividend payment as a debit to Dividends Expense and a credit to Cash is correct. This entry reflects the reduction in retained earnings (Dividends Expense) and the outflow of cash (Cash) due to the dividend payment.
The second transaction is the declaration of a 5% stock dividend on the common shares. However, the recorded entry to debit Retained Earnings and credit Dividends Payable is incorrect. When a stock dividend is declared, it does not involve any liability to be paid out, so Dividends Payable should not be credited. Instead, Retained Earnings should be debited, and Common Stock Dividend Distributable should be credited. This entry would reflect the transfer of retained earnings to the equity account that represents the distribution of additional common shares.
The third transaction is the declaration of a 2-for-1 stock split on the preferred shares. The recorded entry to debit Retained Earnings and credit Preferred Shares is incorrect. A stock split does not affect retained earnings, as it merely increases the number of shares outstanding while maintaining the same total equity. The correct entry would be a debit to Preferred Shares and a credit to Common Stock, representing the redistribution of the preferred shares into a greater number of shares at a lower par value.
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For a given country, the impact of expansionary monetary policy is . For a given country, the impact of expansionary monetary policy is .
1. diminished if banks are not willing to extend loans to individuals and businesses
2. enhanced if it leads to significant levels of inflation
3. generally the same regardless of commercial banks’ lending policies
Expansionary monetary policy is a macroeconomic tool used by a country's monetary authorities to stimulate economic growth by increasing the money supply. Expansionary monetary policy has different impacts on countries depending on various factors, including commercial bank lending policies and the level of inflation.
For a given country, the impact of expansionary monetary policy is generally the same regardless of commercial banks' lending policies. This is because monetary policy is determined by the central bank, which is responsible for implementing monetary policy and managing the money supply. Commercial banks may adjust their lending policies in response to changes in the monetary policy, but they do not influence the policy itself.
However, the impact of expansionary monetary policy is enhanced if it leads to significant levels of inflation. Inflation is a measure of the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising and, if it rises significantly, it can reduce the real value of money. This can encourage borrowing and spending, which can further stimulate economic growth. However, if inflation gets too high, it can lead to a number of economic problems, such as reduced investment and economic instability.
In conclusion, expansionary monetary policy is an effective tool for stimulating economic growth, but its impact varies depending on different factors. While commercial bank lending policies do not significantly influence the impact of monetary policy, the level of inflation can enhance or limit the impact of expansionary monetary policy.
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A financial asset pays one dollar in a year with the payment growing by 5% in each subsequent year. For example, in Year 2, you will receive $1.05, in Year 3, you will receive $ 1.1025, etc. Your interest rate is 7%. What is the present value of this financial asset?
The present value of the financial asset is $50. This is discounting by discounting each future cash flow using the formula for a growing perpetuity.
The cash flows are projected to grow at a rate of 5% per year, and the interest rate used to discount the cash flows is 7%. The present value represents the current worth of all the future cash flows, and in this case, it amounts to $50. We can use the formula for the present value of a growing perpetuity to calculate the present value of these cash flows. The formula is:
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Evaluate the international trade effect as a reason for the downward sloping aggregate demand curve. (10) 4.3 Differentiate between demand-pull inflation and cost-push inflation. (5)
1. International trade affects the downward sloping aggregate demand curve through changes in net exports, which impact overall spending and economic output.
International trade plays a significant role in shaping a country's aggregate demand curve. An increase in net exports (exports minus imports) leads to higher spending and economic output, shifting the aggregate demand curve to the right. Conversely, a decrease in net exports shifts the curve to the left. This trade effect on aggregate demand can occur due to various factors, such as changes in exchange rates, trade policies, or global economic conditions.
2. Demand-pull inflation occurs when aggregate demand exceeds aggregate supply, leading to a rise in overall prices. Cost-push inflation, on the other hand, results from increased production costs that push up prices. Demand-pull inflation arises when aggregate demand outpaces aggregate supply, creating excess demand in the economy . This situation can occur due to factors like increased government spending, expansionary monetary policies, or consumer optimism. In contrast, cost-push inflation is caused by rising production costs, such as wages, raw materials, or taxes. These cost increases are then passed on to consumers through higher prices, reducing purchasing power. Both types of inflation can have adverse effects on an economy, but the causes and dynamics differ.
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In Modern Infrastructure strategy there are 4 basic models to consider. While reading and answering below, keep in mind that choosing the best model for the business is a very strategic decision.
Model 1- Traditional On-Site
Model 2 - Co-located data center facility
Model 3 - Hybrid/SAS model
Model 4 - Cloud
Compare and contrast these 4 major models.
What is the right strategy for a smaller start up firm?
What about a larger more established firm?
Support your arguments and create a strength and weakness argument for a small vs larger firm.
Remember concerns like cost, scale, security etc-as discussed in class.
For a smaller startup firm, the Cloud model is the right strategy due to scalability and cost-effectiveness.
Each infrastructure model has its strengths and weaknesses. For a smaller startup firm, the Cloud model is often the most suitable due to its scalability, cost-effectiveness, and flexibility. It allows startups to leverage advanced infrastructure without significant upnt investment. However, security concerns and reliance on external providers should be carefully considered.
In contrast, larger established firms may benefit from a Hybrid/SAS model that combines the advantages of on-premises infrastructure with cloud services. This model offers greater control, security, and compliance while still providing scalability and cost optimization.
However, it requires more resources for implementation and maintenance. Ultimately, the right strategy depends on factors such as budget, growth plans, security requirements, and the company's ability to manage and support infrastructure.
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the present floating exchange rate system is not a totally free float because
The current floating exchange rate system is not a completely free float because the governments and central banks of various countries tend to intervene in the foreign exchange market to influence the exchange rate.
Although the market forces of supply and demand determine exchange rates in a free-floating currency regime, governments and central banks try to influence the value of their currencies for economic reasons.
Because of the prominence of the US dollar in international trade, the Federal Reserve, the US central bank, is frequently involved in foreign exchange transactions to regulate the value of the dollar. Similarly, the European Central Bank, the Bank of Japan, and the People's Bank of China frequently intervene in the currency market to keep the value of their respective currencies in check.
The world's current floating exchange rate system is classified as managed floating or dirty floating as a result of these interventions. It indicates that the exchange rate is determined by the market, but it is influenced by central bank intervention. Because central banks may adjust interest rates to influence currency values, exchange rates may fluctuate depending on the state of the economy in that nation.
The present floating exchange rate system is not a totally free float because governments and central banks may intervene in the foreign exchange market to influence the exchange rate. As a result, this intervention leads to managed or dirty floating exchange rates.
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On their website Oars+Alps divides their men's grooming products into deodorant, sunscreen, skin tare, body care, and hair care. These categories likely represent the of Oars+Alps. Product line depth Product line breadth Product life cycle Product hierarchy
Answer : Product line breadth.
Explanation : Oars+Alps divides their men's grooming products into deodorant, sunscreen, skin care, body care, and hair care, which is most likely to represent product line breadth, which is defined as the number of product lines a company produces.
A product line is a group of products that share common characteristics, are marketed together, and sold as a bundle.
Product line breadth is concerned with the number of product lines a company produces. Oars+Alps has a wide range of product lines, making it a prime example of a company with a high product line breadth.Product line depth is concerned with the number of products within a product line.
A product line with a high product line depth, for example, might have several types of deodorant, such as roll-on, stick, and spray, as well as several different fragrances. Oars+Alps, on the other hand, has a moderate product line depth, with a few options for each product.
Product life cycle refers to the stages that a product goes through, from introduction to decline, and ultimately obsolescence.
Product hierarchy refers to the different levels of a product, from the basic product to augmented products and finally to potential products.
Oars+Alps's website divides their men's grooming products into five categories: deodorant, sunscreen, skin care, body care, and hair care, which likely represent the company's product line breadth. Therefore, the company is characterized by having a wide range of product lines with a moderate product line depth.
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Harrison Company expects to sell 150,000 units of Its product next year, which would generate total sales of $12,000,000 Management predicts that income for next year will be $1,200,000 and that the contribution margin per unit will be $30. Complete the below table to calculate the next year's expected variable costs and fixed costs. HARRISON COMPANY Forecasted Contribution Margin Income Statement Units $ per unit Contribution margin 150,000 S 30
The below table will be completed to calculate next year's expected variable costs and fixed costs: Harrison Company's Forecasted Contribution Margin Income Statement Units $ per unit Contribution margin150,000 $30 $4,500,000
Calculation for Forecasted variable costs: Particulars Amount ($)Contribution margin $4,500,000Variable costs $3,300,000
Calculation :Variable costs= Contribution margin - Income
Forecasted variable costs for next year will be $3,300,000.
Calculation for Forecasted fixed costs: Particulars Amount($) Contribution margin $4,500,000Fixed costs $3,300,000
Calculation :Income = Contribution margin - Fixed costs
Fixed costs = Contribution margin - Income Forecasted fixed costs for next year will be $3,300,000.
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A farm that produces corn is looking to hedge their exposure to price fluctuations in the future. It is
now May 15th and they expect their crop to be ready for harvest September 30th. You have gathered the following information: Bushels of corn they expect to produce 44,000 May 15th price per bushel $3.08 Sept 30 futures contract per bushel $3.22 Actual market price Sept 30 $3.37 Required (round to the nearest dollar): Calculate the gain or loss on the futures contract and net proceeds on the sale of the corn.
Net gain or loss on future $Answer
Sell the corn $Answer
Net $Answer
The gain or loss on the futures contract is **$6,160** and the net proceeds on the sale of the corn is **$148,480**. The overall net amount is **$154,640**.
To calculate the gain or loss on the futures contract, we first determine the price difference between the May 15th price per bushel ($3.08) and the Sept 30 futures contract per bushel ($3.22). The difference is $0.14 per bushel.
Gain or loss on futures contract = Price difference per bushel × Number of bushels
Gain or loss on futures contract = $0.14 × 44,000 = $6,160
To calculate the net proceeds on the sale of the corn, we consider the actual market price on Sept 30 ($3.37) and subtract the May 15th price per bushel ($3.08). The difference is $0.29 per bushel.
Net proceeds on the sale of the corn = Price difference per bushel × Number of bushels
Net proceeds on the sale of the corn = $0.29 × 44,000 = $12,760
The overall net amount is obtained by adding the gain or loss on the futures contract ($6,160) to the net proceeds on the sale of the corn ($12,760).
Net = Gain or loss on futures contract + Net proceeds on the sale of the corn
Net = $6,160 + $12,760 = $18,920
Therefore, the gain or loss on the futures contract is $6,160, the net proceeds on the sale of the corn is $12,760, and the overall net amount is $18,920.
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Dana intends to invest $20,000 in either a Treasury bond or a corporate bond. The Treasury bond yields 5 percent before tax and the corporate bond yields 6 percent before tax. Dana's federal marginal rate is 25 percent and her marginal state rate is 5 percent. What is the amount by which the yield on the corporate bond exceeds the yield on the Treasury bond. Assume that Dana itemizes her deductions and that any state income tax would be fully deductible.
_____________
Matt and Meg Comer are married. They do not have any children. Matt works as a history professor at a local university and eams a salary of $70,000. Meg works part-time at the same university. She eams $37,000 a year. The couple does not itemize deductions and made no charitable contributions. Other than salary, the Comers' only other source of income is from the disposition of various capital assets (mostly stocks). What is the Comers' tax liability for 2021 if they report the following capital gains and losses for the year? Short-term capital gains $9,000
Short-term capital losses ($2,000)
Long-term capital gains $15,000
Long-term capital losses ($6,000)
The yield on the corporate bond exceeds the yield on the Treasury bond by $83.
Treasury bond:
Income from Treasury bond before tax = 5% × $20,000 = $1,000
Taxable income = $1,000
Federal tax = 0.25 × $1,000 = $250
State tax = 0.05 × $1,000 = $50
After-tax income = $1,000 − $250 − $50 = $700
Corporate bond:
Income from Corporate bond before tax = 6% × $20,000 = $1,200
Taxable income = $1,200
Federal tax = 0.25 × $1,200 = $300
State tax = 0.05 × $1,200 = $60
After-tax income = $1,200 − $300 − $60 = $840
The amount by which the yield on the corporate bond exceeds the yield on the Treasury bond is $840 − $700 = $140.
Therefore, the yield on the corporate bond exceeds the yield on the Treasury bond by $140.
The tax liability for 2021 if they report the following capital gains and losses for the year is $4,800.
How to calculate tax liability for 2021?:
$9,000 short-term capital gains + $15,000 long-term capital gains − $2,000 short-term capital losses − $6,000 long-term capital losses = $16,000 net capital gains
The couple's salary of $70,000 + $37,000 = $107,000 makes them fall in the 24% tax bracket for 2021. They must also pay tax on the $16,000 capital gains, which is taxed at a lower rate.
Calculating capital gains tax:
$16,000 net capital gains × 15% = $2,400
Total tax liability for 2021 = $14,040 + $2,400 = $16,440
Therefore, the Comers' tax liability for 2021 if they report the following capital gains and losses for the year is $16,440.
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Show the relationship between financial markets, instruments and financial institutions using a diagramme or a model to reflect your understanding. Be sure to explain your model and the relationship between the parts
Financial markets, instruments, and institutions form a complex ecosystem, with each component relying on and influencing the others. Financial institutions bridge the gap between savers and borrowers, using financial instruments available in the markets to facilitate capital allocation and wealth creation.
Financial markets are platforms where buyers and sellers trade financial assets such as stocks, bonds, currencies, and commodities. These markets facilitate the flow of funds between borrowers (such as individuals, corporations, and governments) and lenders (such as investors and financial institutions). Financial instruments, on the other hand, are the specific contracts or securities that represent ownership, debt, or other financial rights. Examples include stocks, bonds, derivatives, and mutual funds.
Financial institutions play a crucial role in connecting financial markets and instruments. They act as intermediaries by providing various financial services, including lending, investing, and facilitating transactions. These institutions include banks, credit unions, insurance companies, investment banks, pension funds, and asset management firms. They gather funds from savers and channel them towards borrowers and investment opportunities.
The relationship between these components can be explained as follows: Financial institutions participate in financial markets as both buyers and sellers of financial instruments. For example, banks issue loans (financial instruments) to borrowers and also invest in stocks or bonds (financial instruments) for their own portfolios. Financial institutions also provide liquidity to the markets by acting as market makers, facilitating trading and ensuring there are buyers and sellers for various financial instruments.
Furthermore, financial markets provide a platform for investors and financial institutions to buy and sell financial instruments, enabling them to manage their portfolios and generate returns. Investors can access financial instruments through these markets, while financial institutions use their expertise to assess risks and make investment decisions.
Overall, financial markets, instruments, and institutions form a complex ecosystem, with each component relying on and influencing the others. Financial institutions bridge the gap between savers and borrowers, using financial instruments available in the markets to facilitate capital allocation and wealth creation. The interactions and relationships among these elements are crucial for the efficient functioning of the overall financial system.
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3. M acquired a small lot in a subdivision, paying P20,000 down and pledge to pay P1,500 every 3 months for the next 10 years. The seller figured interest at 12% compounded quarterly. Show the cash flow diagram. a. What was the cash price of the lot? b. If M missed the first 12 payments, what must he pay at the time the 13 th is due to bring himself up to date? c. After making 8 payments, M wished to discharge his remaining indebtedness by a single payment at the time when 9 th regular payment was due, what must he pay in addition to the regular payment then due? d. If M missed the first 10 payments, what must he pay when the 11 th payment is due to discharge his entire indebtedness?
Amount required = Sum of missed payments + Present value of remaining payments + Interest on that amount = P21,031.49 + P43,365.44(1.03)^10 + P43,365.44 = P94,814.06
Cash flow diagram: The cash flow diagram for the given problem is shown below. Calculation: Principal = P = P20,000Interest rate = r = 12% per quarter Time period = n = 40 quarters (since payments are made every 3 months for 10 years)Regular payment = A = P1,500 a) The cash price of the lot is the sum of all the present values of payments and the down payment. Since payments are made quarterly and interest is compounded quarterly, we have i = r/4 = 0.12/4 = 0.03. The cash price is given by: Cash price = Present value of down payment + Present value of payments Present value of down payment = P 20,000 Present value of payments = A[1-(1+i)^-n]/i = 1500[1-(1+0.03)^-40]/0.03 = P104,391.52 .
Therefore, the cash price of the lot is: Cash price = Present value of down payment + Present value of payments = P20,000 + P104,391.52 = P124,391.52 b) If M missed the first 12 payments, he must pay to bring himself up to date the sum of the 12 regular payments plus interest at 12% compounded quarterly on each payment. The amount of one regular payment in quarterly installments is i + 1. Therefore, the amount of 12 regular payments is 12A(1+i)^12 = 12[1500(1.03)^12] = P25,656.10 The amount of interest on each of the 12 missed payments is A(1+i)^12- A. Therefore, the total interest on 12 missed payments is 12A(1+i)^12- 12A = 12A[(1+i)^12-1] = 12[1500((1.03)^12-1)] = P14,696.56 Therefore, M must pay the sum of the 12 regular payments and the interest on the missed payments to bring himself up to date.
Amount to be paid = P25,656.10 + P14,696.56 = P40,352.66 c) After making 8 payments, M wished to discharge his remaining indebtedness by a single payment. Therefore, the remaining number of payments is n - 8 = 40 - 8 = 32. The amount required to discharge the remaining indebtedness will be the present value of the remaining 32 payments plus interest at 12% compounded quarterly. The present value of remaining payments = A[1-(1+i)^-n]/i = 1500[1-(1+0.03)^-32]/0.03 = P34,786.80 . Therefore, the amount required to discharge the remaining indebtedness will be the present value of remaining payments plus interest on that amount. Amount required = Present value of remaining payments + Interest on that amount = P34,786.80(1.03)^9 + P34,786.80 = P45,299.56
d) If M missed the first 10 payments, he must pay to discharge his entire indebtedness the sum of the 10 missed regular payments plus the sum of all the remaining payments and interest on both. The sum of 10 missed regular payments is 10A(1+i)^10 = 10[1500(1.03)^10] = P21,031.49 The amount of interest on the 10 missed payments is 10A(1+i)^10- 10A = 10A[(1+i)^10-1] = 10[1500((1.03)^10-1)] = P4,981.45 The amount required to discharge the remaining indebtedness will be the present value of the remaining 30 payments plus interest at 12% compounded quarterly. The present value of remaining payments = A[1-(1+i)^-n]/i = 1500[1-(1+0.03)^-30]/0.03 = P43,365.44
Therefore, the amount M must pay when the 11th payment is due to discharge his entire indebtedness is the sum of the 10 missed regular payments, the interest on the missed payments, and the present value of the remaining payments plus interest on that amount. Amount required = Sum of missed payments + Present value of remaining payments + Interest on that amount = P21,031.49 + P43,365.44(1.03)^10 + P43,365.44 = P94,814.06
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