Answer:
False
Explanation:
Which of these does NOT describe a friction that might prevent firms from choosing the optimal level of capital? A. Making too big of a change can be more expensive than making a few smaller changes. B. A firm might not be able to borrow enough to pay for the investments it wants to make. C. The firm likes its workers and doesn’t want to replace some jobs with machinery. D. Some capital is very specialized and cannot be re-sold in cases of economic downturns.
Answer:
C. The firm likes its workers and doesn’t want to replace some jobs with machinery.
Explanation:
Optimal level of capital simply refers to an ideal strategy used by a firm to raise capital. For example, a firm may decide between debt financing or equity financing, depending on the company's desired level of capital.
So, an already operational firm with that likes its workers and doesn’t want to replace some jobs with machinery has no direct relationship with its level of capital.
XARA is a newly emerging wine company. After extensive market research, XARA divides its market into wine enthusiasts, casual drinkers and restaurants. Each category has its own needs, traits and marketing goals. In this scenario, XARA has engaged in market _________.
Answer: segmentation
Explanation:
Market segmentation is when a business market that is made up of different customers is being divided, into smaller groups or segments based on some characteristics.
From the question, we are informed that XARA is a newly emerging wine company. After extensive market research, XARA divides its market into wine enthusiasts, casual drinkers and restaurants. Each category has its own needs, traits and marketing goals. In this scenario, XARA is using market segmentation.
Market research is a systematic attempt to acquire data about target markets and customers: learn everything you can about them, starting with their names. It is considered as the crucial part of business strategy.
XARA is a newly emerging wine company. After extensive market research, XARA divides its market into wine enthusiasts, casual drinkers and restaurants. Each category has its own needs, traits and marketing goals. In this scenario, XARA is using market segmentation.
Market segmentation is when a business market that is made up of different customers is being divided, into smaller groups or segments based on some characteristics.
To know more about Market, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/13959285
A German firm that manufactures precision scientific instruments has built a new factory in Nebraska on property that it has leased. It has hired German scientists and engineers as well as German technicians to work at the plant. The firm received tax benefits and other economic incentives from Nebraska in order to build this new plant. This is an example of a/an franchising venture. turnkey project. greenfield venture. international acquisition.
Answer:
greenfield venture.
Explanation:
The greenfield venture is the venture is a type of foreign direct investment i.e. FDI in which the investment is made either by an individual, firm or company in the other country. In this the business is developed from the initial stage also it has the highest controlling power. Also to set up the business in other countries, various benefits are provided that are in terms of discount, commission, subsidies, tax benefits
Therefore the given situation represents the green field venture example
Barron, Inc. sold goods for on account. The company operates in a state that imposes a % sales tax. What is the amount of the sales tax payable to the state
Answer: A. $96,855
Explanation:
Sales taxes are a form of revenue for Government and are paid on certain goods and services.
The formula is;
Sales tax payable = Goods sold * Sales Tax rate
= 880,500 * 0.11
= $96,855
Which of the following terms pertains to registration with the Administrator of a mutual fund, closed-end investment company, or unit investment trust that is registered under the Securities Act of 1933 and also registered as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940?
a. Qualification
b. Prevarication
c. Coordination
d. Notice filing
Answer: Notice filing
Explanation:
The term that pertains to registration with the Administrator of a mutual fund, closed-end investment company, or unit investment trust that is registered under the Securities Act of 1933 and also registered as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940 is the notice filing.
It should be noted that federal covered securities are exempted from State registration and thereby a notice filing may be required.
Wilson Tech’s production cost data for the current period is: Beginning work in process inventory: 19,000 units Units transferred out: 9,800 units Ending work in process inventory: 6,200 units All materials are entered at the beginning of the process and conversion costs are incurred uniformly throughout the process. The ending work in process units are 40% complete as to conversion costs. What are the equivalent units of production for conversion costs?
Answer:
the equivalent units of production for conversion costs is 12,280.
Explanation:
Calculation of the equivalent units of production for conversion costs.
Units transferred out (9,800 × 100 %) = 9,800
Units of ending work in process (6,200 × 40%) = 2,480
Equivalent units of production for conversion costs =12,280
A ________ pay plan pays for individual performance based on performance appraisal ratings.
A) piece-rate
B) merit-based
C) employee stock ownership
D) profit-sharing
E) gainsharing
Answer:
B) merit-based
Explanation:
The merit based in the plan that depends upon the performance of the employees in an annual year. It could be analyzed by the supervisor or the team leader who motivates him, guides him to accomplish the company objective.
Therefore according to the given situation, option B is correct
And all other options are wrong
Tom Company reports the following data.
Sales $385,187
Variable costs 200,887
Fixed costs 87,300
Required:
Determine Tom Company's operating leverage. Round your answer to one decimal place.
Answer: 1.9
Explanation:
The Operating Leverage is calculated by;
Operating leverage = Contribution margin / Operating income
Contribution Margin
= Sales - Variable Costs
= 385,187 - 200,887
= $184,300
Operating Income
= Contribution Margin - Fixed Costs
= 184,300 - 87,300
= $97,000
Operating Leverage = 184,300/ 97,000
= 1.9
When work activities are too complex to standardize through extensive training for employees, companies need to coordinate work effort through precise job descriptions. Group of answer choices True False
Answer: False
Explanation:
The idea that when work activities are too complex to standardize through extensive training for employees, companies need to coordinate work effort through precise job descriptions is wrong.
Rather, When work activities are too complex to standardize through the goals or the processes, what such companies due to coordinate woke activities is by training their employees or hiring people that have previous knowledge on the work.
Problem 14-15 Finding the WACC [LO3] You are given the following information for Watson Power Co. Assume the company’s tax rate is 21 percent. Debt: 16,000 6.5 percent coupon bonds outstanding, $1,000 par value, 27 years to maturity, selling for 105 percent of par; the bonds make semiannual payments. Common stock: 490,000 shares outstanding, selling for $67 per share; the beta is 1.18. Preferred stock: 21,500 shares of 4.3 percent preferred stock outstanding, currently selling for $88 per share. The par value is $100 per share. Market: 6 percent market risk premium and 5.4 percent risk-free rate. What is the company's WACC? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
Answer:
The company's WACC is 9.71%.
Explanation:
Note: See the attached excel file for the computation of company's Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC).
The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) can be described as the rate that is expected to be paid on average by a company to all holders of its securities to finance the assets of the company.
The following formula are used in the excel file to compute the WACC of the company.
Cost of debt = Type this function that is used in the excel sheet “=Rate(Number of years * 2,((Coupon rate/2)*Par value),-Selling price),Par value)*2*(1 - Tax rate)”. That is, type “=RATE(27*2,((6.5%/2)*1000),-1080,1000)*2*(1-21%)” in the excel file and press enter. This gives 4.83420280657156%
Note: Make sure you note all the commas and signs in the cost of debt function.
Cost of Common stock/equity using CAMP = Risk-free rate + (Beta * Market risk premium) = 5.4% + (1.18 * 6%) = 12.48%
Cost of preferred stock = (Par value * Dividend rate) / Current price = ($100 * 4.3%) / 88 = 0.0488636363636364’ or 4.88636363636364%
Walter Utilities is a dividend-paying company and is expected to pay an annual dividend of $1.45 at the end of the year. Its dividend is expected to grow at a constant rate of 6.50% per year. If Walter's stock currently trades for $15.00 per share, what is the expected rate of return?
Answer:
Expected return in( %) =16.80 %
Explanation:
The Dividend Valuation Model (DVM) is a technique used to value the worth of an asset.
According to this model, the value of an asset is the sum of the present values of the future cash flows would that arise from the asset discounted at the required rate of return.
If dividend is expected to grow at a given rate , the expected return on share can be determined as follows:
Ke=Do (1+g)/P + g
Do - dividend in the following year, Ke- requited rate of return , g- growth rate, P-price
DATA:
Do- 1.45
g- 6.5%
P- price
Ke = (1.45× (1.065)/15) + 0.065= 0.16795
Return in % = 0.16795 × 100 = 16.80 %
Return in( %) =16.80 %
There is a 3 percent defect rate at a specific point in a production process. If an inspector is placed at this point, all the defects can be detected and eliminated. The inspector would cost $8 per hour and could inspect units in the process at the current production rate of 30 per hour. If no inspector is hired and defects are allowed to pass this point, there is a cost of $10 per defective unit to correct the defects later on. Assume that the line will operate at the same rate (i.e., the current production rate) regardless of whether the inspector is hired or not. a. If an inspector is hired, what will be the inspection cost per unit? (Round your answer to 3 decimal places.) Cost per unit $ b. If an inspector is not hired, what will be the defective cost per unit? (Round your answer to 3 decimal places.) Cost per unit $ c. Should an inspector be hired based on costs alone? Yes No
Answer:
1a. $2.67 cost per unit
1b. $0.3 cost per unit
1c. Yes
Explanation:
1a. Calculation for what will be the inspection cost per unit If an inspector is hired
The following details were given in the question.
Defective average =3/100= 0.03
inspection rate = 30 per hour
Cost of inspector = 8 per hour
Correction cost = $10 each
Using this formula
Hired inspector =Cost per hour/Current production rate per hour
Let plug in the formula
Hired inspector=8 per hour/30 rate per hour
Hired inspector =0.267×100
Hired inspector=$2.67 cost per unit
1b. Calculation for what will be the defective cost per unit If an inspector is not hired
Using this Formula
No inspector=Defect rate %/Cost per defective
Let plug in the formula
No inspector= 3/100×$10
No inspector= $0.3 cost per unit
1c. Based on the above calculation the inspector should be hired.
Consider the WACC formula, if the required rate of return on preferred stock increases, holding all else equal, the WACC increases.
a) true
b) false
Answer: True
Explanation:
The Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) calculates the cost of capital to a company for the means of capital it uses to finance operations. It is based on the cost and the weight of the various capital types.
Formula is;
= Cost of Equity * %Equity + Cost of debt * %Debt * ( 1 - Tax rate) + Cost of Preferred Stock * %Preferred stock
The required rate of return on preferred stock is the same as the Cost of Preferred Stock. From the formula it is shown that if this rate increases, holding all else equal, total WACC will increase.
Brorsen, Inc., has just designed a new product with a target cost of $64. Brorsen requires new product to have a profit of 20%. What is the target price for the new product
Answer:
$80
Explanation:
Brosen incorporation has just designed a new product.
The target cost of the new product is $64
Let y represent the target price
Broken requires the new product to have a profit of 20%
= 20/100 × y
= 0.2×y
= 0.2y
Therefore, the target price can be calculated as follows
Target cost+ Target profit= Target price
64 + 0.2y= y
64= y-0.2y
64= 0.8y
y= 64/0.8
y= 80
Hence the target price for the new product is $80
the lower the discount rate to the federal funds rate the more likely a commercial bank will brrow from
Answer: the fed rather than borrowing from another commercial bank.
Explanation:
Based on the question, if there is a scenario whereby the discount rate to the federal funds rate is lower, the logical thing to do is to borrow from the fed rather than borrowing from another commercial bank.
This is because borrowing from fed rather than borrowing from another commercial bank mean that there's less risk attached.
If a project has a cost of $10,000, expected net cash flows of $1500 a year for 12 years and you use a discount rate of 6%,
1. What is the following:
a. Payback period (no application of discount rate)
b. Payback period (using discount rate)
c. NPV
d. IRR
2. Should the project be accepted?
3. If another project has a cost of $10,000 and has expected life of 8 years and it will generate $3000 a year should you accept the project if your boss says the cost of capital is 5%?
Answer:
1a, 6.67 years
b. 8.9 years
c. NPV = $2,575.77
d. IRR = 10.45%
2. it should be accepted
3. it should be accepted.
Explanation:
Payback calculates the amount of time it takes to recover the amount invested in a project from it cumulative cash flows
Payback period = $10,000 / $1500 = 6.67 years
Discounted payback calculates the amount of time it takes to recover the amount invested in a project from it cumulative discounted cash flows
discounted cash flow in year 1 = $1500 / 1.06 = $1415.09
discounted cash flow in year 2 = $1500 / 1.06^2 = $1,334.99
discounted cash flow in year 3 = $1500 / 1.06^3 = $1,259.43
discounted cash flow in year 4 = $1500 / 1.06^4 = $1,188.14
discounted cash flow in year 5 = $1500 / 1.06 ^5 = $1,120.89
discounted cash flow in year 6 = $1500 / 1.06^6 = $1,057.44
discounted cash flow in year 7 = $1500 / 1.06^7 = $997.59
discounted cash flow in year 8 = $941.12
please check the attached image on how the discounted payback period was calculated
Net present value is the present value of after tax cash flows from an investment less the amount invested.
Internal rate of return is the discount rate that equates the after tax cash flows from an investment to the amount invested
NPV and IRR can be calculated using a financial calculator
Cash flow in year 0 = $-10,000
Cash flow each year from year 1 to 12 = $1,500
I = 6%
NPV = $2,575.77
IRR = 10.45%
The project should be accepted because the NPV is positive, this indicates that the project is profitable. Also, the IRR is greater than the discount rate, so the project should be accepted.
to determine if the project should be accepted, the NPV of the project should be determined.
Cash flow in year 0 = $-10,000
Cash flow each year from year 1 to 8 = $3,000
I = 5%
NPV = $13,165.20
the project should be accepted because the NPV is positive
To find the NPV using a financial calculator:
1. Input the cash flow values by pressing the CF button. After inputting the value, press enter and the arrow facing a downward direction.
2. after inputting all the cash flows, press the NPV button, input the value for I, press enter and the arrow facing a downward direction.
3. Press compute
To find the IRR using a financial calculator:
1. Input the cash flow values by pressing the CF button. After inputting the value, press enter and the arrow facing a downward direction.
2. After inputting all the cash flows, press the IRR button and then press the compute button.
We are evaluating a project that costs $874,800, has a nine-year life, and has no salvage value. Assume that depreciation is straight-line to zero over the life of the project. Sales are projected at 85,000 units per year. Price per unit is $55, variable cost per unit is $39, and fixed costs are $765,000 per year. The tax rate is 24 percent, and we require a return of 11 percent on this project. Suppose the projections given for price, quantity, variable costs, and fixed costs are all accurate to within ±10 percent.
Calculate the best-case and worst-case NPV figures
Answer:
best case scenario:
project outlay = $874,800
yearly cash flows:
projected sales = 85,000 x 110% = 93,500sales price = $55 x 110% = $60.50variable costs = $39 x 90% = $35.10fixed costs = $765,000 x 90% = $688,500depreciation costs = $874,800 / 9 = $97,200tax rate = 24%yearly cash flows = {[(93,500 x $60.50) - (93,500 x $35.10) - $688,500 - $97,200] x (1 - 24%)} + $97,200 = $1,304,992
using a financial calculator, NPV = $6,351,002.73
worst case scenario:
project outlay = $874,800
yearly cash flows:
projected sales = 85,000 x 90% = 76,500sales price = $55 x 90% = $49.50variable costs = $39 x 110% = $42.90fixed costs = $765,000 x 110% = $841,500depreciation costs = $874,800 / 9 = $97,200tax rate = 24%yearly cash flows = {[(76,500 x $49.50) - (76,500 x $42.90) - $841,500 - $97,200] x (1 - 24%)} + $97,200 = -$232,488
using a financial calculator, NPV = -$2,071,211.79
e. Assume that the average price of a new home is $132,500. If new homes are increasing at a rate of 8% per year, how much will a new home cost in seven years? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)
Answer:
A new home will cost $227081.72 in seven years.
Explanation:
To calculate the value or price of the new home in seven years, we need to calculate the future value of $132500 increasing at a rate of 8% per year for 7 years. The formula to calculate the future value will be,
Future value = Present value * (1+r)^t
Where,
r is the rate which will be used for compoundingt is the time in number of yearsFuture value = 132500 * (1+0.08)^7
Future value = $227081.7156 rounded off to $227081.72
Too Young, Inc., has a bond outstanding with a coupon rate of 7 percent and semiannual payments. The bond currently sells for $951 and matures in 23 years. The par value is $1,000. What is the company's pretax cost of debt?
Answer:
The company's pretax cost of debt is 7.45 %.
Explanation:
When it comes to bonds, the cost of debt is the required return on the bond known as the Yield to Maturity (YTM) of the bond.
The Yield to Maturity (YTM) of the bond can be determined as follows :
N = 23 × 2 = 46
PV = $951
Pmt = ($1,000 × 7 %) ÷ 2 = - $35
P/YR = 2
FV = - $1,000
YTM = ?
Using a Financial Calculator, the Yield to Maturity (YTM) of the bond is 7.4484 or 7.45 %
Therefore,
The company's pretax cost of debt is 7.45 %.
Little Rhody Manufacturing needs to purchase a new central air-conditioning system for a plant. There are two choices. The first system costs $70,000 and is expected to last 6 years, and the second system costs $102,000 and is expected to last 9 years. Assume that the opportunity cost of capital is 12 percent. Which air-conditioning system should you purchase
Answer:
The first option should be considered for purchase as its has a lesser EAC
Explanation:
Option 1 Option 2
Cost $70,000 $102,000
Opportunity cost 12% 12%
of capital
Useful Life 6 years 9 years
PVAF 4.114 5.3282
Equated Annual Cost $17,025.83 $19,143.43
Conclusion: The first option should be considered for purchase as its has a lesser EAC.
Working
PVAF (12%, 6 years) = 4.114
PVAF (12%, 9 years) = 5.3282
Equated annual cost = Cost / PVAF (r%, n years)
The'Great Deregulation Experiment is something that has characterized USA markets for many decades now. It is a response to a period of significant price regulation. But, there was a recognition that markets were stalling and markets need to be deregulated.
Review the selections below and choose the one which does not characterize an effect of the Great Deregulation Experiment.
a) Deregulation had very little impact on entries and exits in the industry market.
b) It involved the airline, railroad, trucking, bus travel, natural gas, and banking industries.
c) The government removed government controls over prices and quantities produced in a variety of industries.
d) Deregulation is the removal of government controls over prices and quantities produced
Answer:
Correct Answer:
a) Deregulation had very little impact on entries and exits in the industry market.
Explanation:
In the 1970's, it became clear to policymakers of all political leanings that the existing price regulation on goods and services in United States of America was not working well. And to solve this problem, The United States carried out a great policy experiment—the deregulation, which is the removal of government controls over prices and quantities produced in airlines, railroads, trucking, intercity bus travel, natural gas, and bank interest rates. One of the effect was its great impact on the entry and exits in industry markets.
Jonas doesn't want to keep his savings in an account because he doesn't want to pay bank fees. Which of the following is an argument against Jonas's thinking? Cash allows people to live in the moment. It is better to have cash for emergencies. Money is safer in the bank. The cost of living is increasing yearly.
The correct answer is C. Money is safer in the bank.
Explanation:
The main point or position of Jonas is that savings should be kept in an account due to the costs associated with this. In this context, the only argument that refutes Jonas' position and it is directly related to the main point of Jonas is "Money is safer in the bank" because even if keeping savings in a bank requires to pay fees this guarantees the money will be safe, which does not occur if Jonas keeps his savings at home. Moreover, the safety factor makes the option of the bank better, which refutes Jonas position.
Answer:
Money is safer in the bank.
Explanation:
The Doha Round of negotiations focuses on industrial and nontariff barriers, agriculture, services, and easing trade rules.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
True.
Explanation:
The Doha Round of negotiations focuses on industrial and non-tariff barriers, agriculture, services, and easing trade rules. It is a trade negotiation which is common among the world trade organizations (WTO) member countries. The main purpose of the Doha Round of negotiations is to enhance the international trading process through the application of revised trade rules and lower trade barriers.
This trade-negotiation round of the World Trade Organization was officially launched in November, 2001 in Doha, Qatar.
If sales are $803,000, variable costs are 66% of sales, and operating income is $262,000, what is the contribution margin ratio
Answer:
34%
Explanation:
The formula to calculate the contribution margin ratio is:
Contribution margin ratio= (Sales – variable expenses)/sales
Sales=$803,000
Variable expenses=$803,000*66%=$529,980
Now, you can replace the values:
Contribution margin ratio=($803,000-$529,980)/$803,000
Contribution margin ratio=0.34
According to this, the answer is that the contribution margin ratio is 34%.
A self-employed client has an annual income of $200,000 and is in a high tax bracket. He is not covered by a retirement plan and would like to make the maximum contribution to one to reduce his taxable income. He believes that he will be in a lower tax bracket once he retires. The BEST recommendation is to contribute to a:
Answer:
Simplified Employee Pension IRA (SEP)
Explanation:
Simplified employee pension IRA is most suitable for this client because it is easy to set up and operate. Most importantly it requires a maximum of 20% of the contributor's income. The amount required is capped at $54,000.
In this case 20% of the employee's income is 0.20 * 200,000 = $40,000
So this is a right fit.
Roth IRA will not work because maximum contribution is $5,500
Traditional IRA will also not work because it requires a maximum contribution of $5,500 or when it is a 401(k) plan a maximum of $18,000. It is also expensive to set up and operate as it is designed for big companies.
the gross sales for store B were 876500. the custmer returns and allowances were 10%. what was the dollar amount of returns and allowances
Answer:
$87,650
Explanation:
The computation of the dollar amount of returns and allowances is shown below:
= Gross sales for store B × customer returns and allowances percentage
= $876,500 × 10%
= $87,650
By multiplying the gross sales with the customer returns and allowances percentage we can get the dollar amount with respect to the returns and allowances and the same is to be considered
Which of the following enables employees to deliver valuable results more quickly, improve their productivity, and get products and new ideas to market faster?a. Adhering to time-tested methods and conceptsb. Preventing the dissemination of explicit knowledgec. Avoiding collaboration among contractors, suppliers, and other business partnersd. Sharing experience and expertise of employees across an organization
Answer:
d. Sharing experience and expertise of employees across an organization
Explanation:
It is important for an organization to allow its employees to share and build experience and expertise. Workers reap the moment more quickly when there is no office and what it does and when new employees or employees moving to new positions are able to share ideas and experiences. It allows employees to deliver more valuable results faster, improve productivity and deliver market products and new ideas faster.Based on the following information, what is the expected return? State of Probability of State Rate of Return if Economy of Economy State Occurs Recession .29 − 9.70% Normal .40 11.20% Boom .31 21.40% Multiple
Answer:
g
Explanation:
g
A corporation uses the indirect method for preparing the statement of cash flows. A fixed asset has been sold for $24,241 representing a gain of $3,478. The value in the operating activities section regarding this event would be
Answer:
($3,478)
Explanation:
The above means that the amount of gain on sale of fixed asset should be deducted from net income so as to get the cash flow from the operating activities because it is an increase in net income for the period under review.
It is to be noted that where non cash expense such as depreciation is given, such will be added back while non cash revenue is deducted to arrive at the net cash flow from operating activities.
Assume that a purely competitive firm has the following schedule of average and marginal costs:
Output AFC AVC ATC MC
1 $300 $100 $400 $100
2 150 75 225 50
3 100 70 170 60
4 75 73 148 80
5 60 80 140 110
6 50 90 140 140
7 43 103 146 180
8 38 119 156 230
9 33 138 171 290
10 30 160 190 360
Instructions: Enter all values as whole numbers. If any values are negative, please enter them with a (-) sign.
a) At a price $55, the firm would produce ____ units of output. At a price of $120, the firm would produce ____ units of output. At a price of $200, the firm would produce ____ units of output.
b) The per-unit economic profit (or loss) is calculated by subtracting at a particular level of output from the product price. This per-unit economic profit is then multiplied by the number of units of ___ to determine the economic profit for the competitive firm.
i) At the product price of $200, the average total costs are $____, so per-unit economic profit is
$____. Multiplying this amount by the number of units of output results in an economic
profit of $____.
ii) At the product price of $120, the average total costs are $____, so per-unit economic losses are $____. Multiplying this amount by the number of units of output results in an economic loss of $____.
Answer:
a) At a price $55, the firm would produce 3 units of output.
At a price of $120, the firm would produce 6 units of output.
At a price of $200, the firm would produce 7 units of output.
The rule is Price = Marginal Cost for a competitive firm
b) The per-unit economic profit (or loss) is calculated by subtracting ATC at a particular level of output from the product price. This per-unit economic profit is then multiplied by the number of units of output to determine the economic profit for the competitive firm.
i) At the product price of $200, the average total costs are $146 , so per-unit economic profit is $54 . Multiplying this amount by the number of units of output results in an economic profit of $378 .
Explanation:
At P = 200, output produced is 7 units
ATC is $146
Per-unit economic profit = 200 - 146 = $54
Hence, Total economic profit = $54 x 7 = $378
ii) At the product price of $120, the average total costs are $140 , so per-unit economic losses are $ -20. Multiplying this amount by the number of units of output results in an economic loss of $-100.
Explanation: At P = 20, output produced will be 5 units. 6th unit will not be produced as it will result in even greater loss.
Total loss = ($140 - $120) x 5 = $100
