Answer:
Direct labor cost= $396,000
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Production:
May, 13,500 units
June, 16,500 units
July, 21,500 units.
Each unit requires 2 labor hours at $12 per hour.
First, we need to calculate the number of hours required for June:
Number of direct labor hours= 16,500*2= 33,000 hours
Now, the direct labor cost:
Direct labor cost= 33,000*12= $396,000
Hudson Co. reports the contribution margin income statement for 2019. HUDSON CO. Contribution Margin Income Statement For Year Ended December 31, 2019 Sales (10,100 units at $300 each) $ 3,030,000 Variable costs (10,100 units at $240 each) 2,424,000 Contribution margin 606,000 Fixed costs 468,000 Pretax income $ 138,000 Exercise 18-17 Target income and margin of safety (in dollars) LO C2 1. Assume Hudson Co. has a target pretax income of $167,000 for 2020. What amount of sales (in dollars) is needed to produce this target income
Answer: $3,175,000
Explanation:
Sales in dollars needed to produce the target income is calculated by the formula:
= (Fixed assets + Target pretax income) / Contribution margin per unit * Selling price
Contribution margin per unit = Contribution margin / Units sold
= 606,000 / 10,100
= 60 units sold
Sales in dollars needed are:
= (468,000 + 167,000) /60 * 300
= $3,175,000
Summit Apparel has the following accounts at December 31: Common Stock, $1 par value, 1,800,000 shares issued; Additional Paid-in Capital, $17.80 million; Retained Earnings, $10.80 million; and Treasury Stock, 58,000 shares, $1.276 million. Prepare the stockholders’ equity section of the balance sheet. (Amounts to be deducted should be indicated by a min
Answer:
$29,124,000
Explanation:
Preparation of the stockholders’ equity section of the balance sheet.
SUMMIT APPAREL Balance Sheet
(Stockholder's Equity Section)Dec-31
Stockholder's equity:
Common stock $1,800,000
Additional paid-in capital $17,800,000
Total paid-in capital $19,600,000
($1,800,000+$17,800,000)
Retained earnings $10,800,000
Less Treasury stock ($1,276,000)
Total stockholder's equity $29,124,000
($19,600,000+$10,800,000-$1,276,000)
Therefore the stockholders’ equity section of the balance sheet is $29,124,000.
AutoEdge hires a new economic analyst who decides to compute marginal profit for each product line. What might cause AutoEdge to stop producing a certain auto part erroneously?
Answer:
AutoEdge will stop producing a certain auto part when its marginal profit becomes zero.
Explanation:
Marginal profit is the difference between the marginal cost of production and marginal revenue earned from the sale of the same. Marginal profit is supposed to occur when an additional unit of product or auto part is sold.
When these increment in profit stops, then the economic analyst at AutoEdge knows that it is time to stop producing additional units of the auto part. This is because increasing output no longer tends towards profit.
The new economic analyst at AutoEdge will advise management to stop increasing production when its marginal cost is equal to its marginal revenue because at that point the profit is maximized. This point where MC=MR is also the point where Marginal Profit equals zero.
This is called Shut Down point. Beyond this point, the marginal profit of the firm becomes negative. Hence any production activity carried out at this point will be termed erroneous.
Cheers
Suppose that at 500 units of output marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost. The firm is selling its output at $5 per unit and average total cost at the 500 units of output is $6. Its total fixed cost id $2000. On the basis of this information we:
A) can say that the firm should close down in the short run
B) can say that the firm is maximizing profit in the short run
C) cannot determine whether the firm should produce or shut down in the short run
D) can assume the firm is not using the most efficient technology
Answer: D) can assume the firm is not using the most efficient technology
Explanation:
The profit maximizing point of production for a company is the point where the marginal cost of production equals the marginal revenue. At this point, resources are being fully utilized efficiently to produce goods and any increase in production quantity would result in a loss.
In this case however, the company is at the profit maximizing quantity and still making a loss (selling price is less than average total cost). This can only mean that the company is not utilizing resources efficiently and this can be due to a lack of efficient technology.
Pikes Peak is a ski resort in upstate New York. The company sells lift tickets, ski lessons, and ski equipment. It operates several restaurants and rents townhouses to vacationing skiers. The following hypothetical December transactions are typical of those that occur at the resort.
Borrowed $745,000 from the bank on December 1, signing a note payable, due in six months.
1. Purchased a new snowplow for $27,500 cash on December 31.
2. Purchased ski supplies for $14,300 on account.
3. Incurred $31,800 in routine maintenance expenses for the chairlifts; paid cash.
4. Received $74,500 for season passes (beginning in the new year).
5. Daily lift passes were sold this month for a total of $84,200 cash.
6. Received a $520 deposit on a townhouse to be rented for five days in January.
7. Paid half the charges incurred on account in (c).
8. Incurred and paid $22,300 in wages to employees for the month of December.
Required:
1. Prepare accrual basis journal entries for each transaction.
2. Calculate the company’s preliminary net income.
Answer:
1. a. Dr Cash $745,000
Cr Note payable $745,000
b. Dr Equipment $27,500
Cr Cash $27,500
c Dr Supplies $14,300
Cr Accounts payable $14,300
d. Dr Repairs and maintenance expense $31,800
Cr Cash $31,800
e. Dr Cash $74,500
Cr Unearned revenue $74,500
f. Dr Cash $84,200
Cr Service revenue $84,200
g. Dr Cash $520
Cr Unearned revenue $520
h. Dr Accounts payable (14300*1/2] $7,150
Cr Cash $7,150
i. Dr Salaries and wage expense $22,300
Cr Cash $22,300
2. Net income $30,100
Explanation:
1. Preparation of the accrual basis journal entries for each transaction
a. Dr Cash $745,000
Cr Note payable $745,000
b. Dr Equipment $27,500
Cr Cash $27,500
c Dr Supplies $14,300
Cr Accounts payable $14,300
d. Dr Repairs and maintenance expense $31,800
Cr Cash $31,800
e. Dr Cash $74,500
Cr Unearned revenue $74,500
f. Dr Cash $84,200
Cr Service revenue $84,200
g. Dr Cash $520
Cr Unearned revenue $520
h. Dr Accounts payable (14300*1/2] $7,150
Cr Cash $7,150
i. Dr Salaries and wage expense $22,300
Cr Cash $22,300
2. Calculation to determine the company’s preliminary net income.
Service revenue $84,200
Less Expense :
Repairs and maintenance expense
($31,800)
Salaries and wage expense ($22,300)
Total expense (54100)
Net income $30,100
Therefore the company’s preliminary net income is $30,100
Explain AHIMA's data quality management model, including the domains it covers and the data characteristics
Answer:
Data Quality management: AHIMA created this model for quality data management to support the need for true and accurate data. Patient care, patient outcomes, reimbursement, process...
Hope this helped :)
Explanation:
Answer: it’s a data quality management model
Explanation:
All of the following are examples of qualitative information that should be collected by the financial planner EXCEPT: Group of answer choices General attitudes towards spending. Risk tolerance. Client age and number of children. Education goals.
Answer:
Client age and number of children.
Explanation:
A budget is a financial plan used for the estimation of revenue and expenditures of an individual, organization or government for a specified period of time, often one year. Budgets are usually compiled, analyzed and re-evaluated on a periodic basis.
A financial planner refers to an individual who is an expert in the planning of a financial budget for another.
A client age and number of children aren't examples of qualitative information that should be collected by the financial planner.
Liz Chapa manages a portfolio of 250 common stocks. Her staff compiled the following rate of return performance statistics for two new stocks: Stock Mean Standard Deviation Salas Products, Inc. 15% 5% Hot Boards, Inc. 20% 5% What is the coefficient of variations for both stocks
Answer: See explanation
Explanation:
The coefficient of variations for both stocks will be calculated thus:
For Salas Product
Coefficient of Variation = Standard deviation / Mean × 100
= 5/15 × 100
= 1/3 × 100
= 33.33%
Hot boards:
Coefficient of Variation = Standard deviation / Mean × 100
= 5/20 × 100
= 1/4 × 100
= 25%
short term finance is required for 5 years true or false
Answer:
yeah, its true
Explanation:
Q2. Why can the distinction between fixed costs and variable costs be made in the short run? Classify
the following as fixed or variable costs: advertising expenditures, fuel, interest on company-issued
bonds, shipping charges, payments for raw materials, real estate taxes, executive salaries, insurance
premiums, wage payments, sales taxes, and rental payments on leased office machinery. “There are
no fixed costs in the long run; all costs are variable.” Explain
Answer:
Fixed costs cannot be changed in the short run and are the same regardless of the volume of production. Variable costs vary with production but can b changed in the short run.
Fixed costs:
Interest on company issued bonds Real estate taxesExecutive salaries Insurance premiums Rental payments on leased office machinery.Variable costs:
Advertising expendituresFuelShipping chargesPayments for raw materialsWage paymentsSales taxesAll costs are variable in the long run because all costs can be changed by investment and planning. For instance, over the long term, the company could buy the leased office machinery and not have to pay rent on it thereby stopping that fixed cost.
True or false:
SOX compliance law now holds CEOs and CFOs of publicly traded companies accountable for their actions as officers in a publicly traded company.
The following units of an inventory item were available for sale during the year. Beginning inventory 10 units at $55 First purchase 25 units at $60 Second purchase 30 units at $65 Third purchase 15 units at $70 The firm uses the periodic inventory system. During the year, 60 units of the item were sold. The ending inventory cost using FIFO is
Answer:
$1,375
Explanation:
Given the information above, the Ending inventory = Units available - Units sold
Units available = 10 + 25 + 30 + 70 = 80
Units sold = 60
Ending inventory = 80 - 60
Ending inventory = 20
Cost of ending inventory under FIFO
= (15 × $70) + (20 - 15) × $65
= $1,050 + $325
= $1,375
Therefore, the ending inventory cost using FIFO is $1,375
Consolidated Freightways is financing a new truck with a loan of $60,000 to be repaid in six annual end-of-year installments of $13,375. What annual interest rate is Consolidated Freightways paying
Answer:
9%
Explanation:
Calculation to determine What annual interest rate is Consolidated Freightways paying
Based on the information given we would be using Financial calculator to determine the ANNUAL INTEREST RATE
PV= $60,000
PMT= -$13,375
N= 6
I/Y=?
Hence:
I/Y = 9%
Therefore annual interest rate that Consolidated Freightways is paying will be 9%
Bond J has a coupon rate of 3 percent and Bond K has a coupon rate of 9 percent. Both bonds have 13 years to maturity, make semiannual payments, and have a YTM of 6 percent. a. If interest rates suddenly rise by 2 percent, what is the percentage price change of these bonds
Solution :
Given :
Coupon rate for Bond J = 3%
Coupon rate for Bond K = 9%
YTM = 6 %
Therefore,
The current price for Bond J = $ 718.54 =PV(6%/2,13x2,30/2,1000)x -1
The current price for Bond K = $ 1281.46 =PV(6%/2,13x2,90/2,1000)x -1
If the interest rate by 2%,
Bond J = $ 583.42 = -18.80% (change in bond price)
Bond K = $ 1083.32 = -15.46% (change in bond price)
Your firm has the responsibility to review transactions and activities occurring after the year-end to determine whether anything occurred that might affect the statements being audited. The procedures required to verify these transactions are commonly referred to as the review for _______ Group of answer choices contingent liabilities. subsequent events. late unusual occurrences. subsequent year's transactions.
Answer: Subsequent events
Explanation:
Reviewing transactions is what gives accountability in organization, without this organizations would not know when they are running at a loss or making gains. The best time to do this is at the end of yearly transactions, the procedure required to verify this transactions are referred to as subsequent events, meaning events that happened as time went on.
This act is carried out most times by auditors
Pepsi had accounts receivable turnover ratio of 9.9 this year and 11.0 last year. Coke had a turnover ratio of 9.3 this year and 9.9 last year. This implies:______.
1. Coke has the better turnover for both years
2. Pepsi has the better turnover for both years
3. Coke's turnover is improving
4. Coke's credit policies are too loose
5. Coke is collecting its receivables more quickly than Pepsi in both years
Montana Industries has computed the following unit costs for the year just ended:
Variable manufacturing overhead $85
Fixed manufacturing overhead 20
Variable selling and administrative cost 18
Fixed selling and administrative cost 11
Which of the following choices correctly depict amounts included in the per-unit cost of inventory under variable costing and absorption costing?
a. Variable, $85; absorption, $105.
b. Variable, $85; absorption, $116.
c. Variable, $103; absorption, $116.
d. Variable, $103; absorption, $105.
e. None of the answers is correct.
Answer:
a. Variable, $85; absorption, $105.
Explanation:
The options that correctly depict amounts included in the per-unit cost of inventory under variable costing and absorption costing is:
i. Variable costing = Variable manufacturing overhead
Variable costing = $85
ii. Absorption costing = Variable manufacturing overhead + Fixed manufacturing overhead
Absorption costing = $85 + $20
Absorption costing = $105
In the market for tomatoes, assume the market demand is perfectly inelastic and the market supply is inelastic. If a tax is placed on the suppliers in this market, how will the tax burden be distributed
Answer:
Consumers will bear all the tax
Explanation:
O Consumers will bear a greater burden of the tax, but not all the tax. O Consumers and producers will bear the tax burden equally O Producers will bear all the tax Consumers will bear all the tax O Producers will bear a greater burden of the tax, but not all of the tax.
Price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to changes in price of the good.
Price elasticity of demand = percentage change in quantity demanded / percentage change in price
If the absolute value of price elasticity is greater than one, it means demand is elastic. Elastic demand means that quantity demanded is sensitive to price changes.
Demand is inelastic if a small change in price has little or no effect on quantity demanded. The absolute value of elasticity would be less than one
Demand is unit elastic if a small change in price has an equal and proportionate effect on quantity demanded.
Infinitely elastic demand is perfectly elastic demand. Demand falls to zero when price increases
Perfectly inelastic demand is demand where there is no change in the quantity demanded regardless of changes in price.
The party with the less elastic demand bears the tax burden
Donuts or Doughnuts: Homer's bakery in Brooklyn has the following short run production function for donuts: where q measures the amount of donuts per hour and L measures the quantity of labor hours. In the short run over what range of labor hours will diminishing marginal returns occur with each labor hours hired
Answer:
do you have a picture of a graph
Explanation:
If a firm buys a building so as to have office space for its workers, the monthly opportunity cost of the building is best measured as
Answer:
A. the rent the firm could earn if it rented the building to another firm
Explanation:
O A. the rent the firm could earn if it rented the building to another firm O B. the price the firm paid divided by twelve O C. the monthly mortgage payment the firm must pay O D. zero. Click to select your ans e here to search
There are two types of costs
1. Implicit cost or opportunity cost : Implicit cost is the cost of the next best option forgone when one alternative is chosen over other alternatives. It is used in calculating economic profit
By using the office space for workers, the firm is forgoing the opportunity to rent out the space to another firm. The rent the firm could have earned is the opportunity cost
2. Explicit cost : It includes the amount expended in running the business. It is used in calculating accounting profit
They are : the monthly mortgage payment the firm
total amount expended in building
1. Suppose that 10 years ago you bought a home for $150,000, paying 10% as a down payment, and financing the rest at 8% interest for 30 years. How much money did you pay as your down payment?
2. How much money was your existing mortgage (loan) for?
3. What is your current monthly payment on your existing mortgage? Note: Carry at least 4 decimal places during calculations, but round your final answer to the nearest cent.
4. How much total interest will you pay over the life of the existing loan?
5. This year (10 years after you first took out the loan), you check your loan balance. Only part of your payments have been going to pay down the loan; the rest has been going towards interest. You see that you still have $112,681 left to pay on your loan. Your house is now valued at $180,000.
6. How much of the original loan have you paid off (i.e, how much have you reduced the loan balance by?
7. How much money have you paid to the loan company so far (over the last 10 years)?
8. How much interest have you paid so far (over the last 10 years)?
9. How much equity do you have in your home (equity is value minus remaining debt)?
10. Since interest rates have dropped, you consider refinancing your mortgage at a lower 6% rate. If you took out a new 30 year mortgage at 6% for your remaining loan balance, what would your new monthly payments be?
11. Notice that if you refinance, you are going to be making payments on your home for another 30 years. In addition to the 10 years you’ve already been paying, that’s 40 years total. How much will you save each month because of the lower monthly payment?
12. How much total interest will you be paying (consider the interest you paid over the first 10 years of your original loan as well as interest on your refinanced loan)?
13. Now the non-computational question: Does it make sense to refinance?
Answer:
1. Down payment = $15,000
2. The existing mortgage (loan) was for $135,000
3. The current monthly payment on the existing mortgage is $990.58
4. The total interest over the life of the existing loan = $221,609.58
6. The amount of the original loan paid off is $22,319.
7. Total amount paid to the loan company over the last 10 years is $258,928.58 ($243,928.58 + $15,000)
8. Total interest paid over the last 10 years is $221,609.58
9. The equity in the home is $67,319 ($180,000 - $112,681)
10. The new monthly payments will be $675.58
11. Saving each month because of the lower monthly payment is $315 ($990.58 - $675.58)
12. Total Interest = $352,137.21 ($221,609.58 + $130,527.63)
13. It does not make sense to refinance because what is saved per month cannot compare with the additional interest expense to be incurred for prolonging the payments.
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
1. Cost of a home = $150,000
10% down payment = $15,000
Existing Mortgage = $135,000 ($150,000 - $15,000)
Home Price 150000
Down Payment 10 %
Loan Term 30 years
Interest Rate 8%
House Price $150,000.00
Loan Amount $135,000.00
Down Payment $15,000.00
Total of 360 (30 years * 12)
Mortgage Payments $356,609.58
Total Interest $221,609.58
Ten years after, the loan balance has been reduced by $22,319 ($135,000 - $112,682)
Refinancing calculations:
Home Price 112681
Down Payment 0 %
Loan Term 30 years
Interest Rate 6
Monthly Pay: $675.58 Monthly
Total Mortgage Payment $243,208.63
Total Out-of-Pocket $243,208.63
Total of 360 Mortgage Payments $243,208.63
Total Interest $130,527.63
A company decides to introduce a line of crackers made with organically grown grains and vegetables. What environmental trend is the company responding to?
Suppose that city leaders want to prevent the price of AA batteries from rising when tornadoes threaten Tulsa, Oklahoma. They impose a price ceiling of $8 for packages of AA batteries. c. This price ceiling of $8 per pack will impact the AA battery market during a typical week. d. What are quantity demanded and quantity supplied with the price ceiling in effect during the weeks when tornadoes threaten Tulsa
I have attached the word document below, it includesall the necessary information. I hope it will be helpful.
Answer:
The market for packs of AA batteries during a typical week in Tulsa, Oklahoma is described in the table below. Price (dollars)
$20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6 AA Battery Market
Quantity of Batteries
Explanation:
I have attached the document in which the answer is explained in quite detail. I hope this will help. Thanks
The initial investment needed is $500,000 and the expected cash flows from this project will be 70,000 for the next 10 years. Will your project be approved, (generates a return higher than 12%). What cash flow would be required to get your project approved
Answer:
first part
Initial outlay = -$500,000
10 future cash flows = $70,000
PV of 10 future cash flows = $70,000 x 5.6502 (PVIFA, 12%, 10 periods) = $395,514
NPV = -$500,000 + $395,514 = -$104,486
the project will be rejected
second part
in order to have an NPV ≥ 0
annual cash flow = $500,000 / 5.6502 = $88,492.45 or higher
A firm has an equity multiplier of 1.57, an unlevered cost of equity of 14 percent, a levered cost of equity of 15.6 percent, and a tax rate of 21 percent. What is the cost of debt
Answer:
10.45%
Explanation:
Calculation to determine the cost of debt
B/S = 1.57 − 1
B/S = .57
.156 = .14 + .57(1 −.21)(.14 − RB)
.156 = .14 + .57(.79)(.14 − RB)
RB = .1045*100
RB= 10.45%
Therefore the cost of debt is 10.45%
Priyanka is a branch manager at a bank in town. She hires Hudson, who comes with strong references and several years' experience, as a bank teller. Several months later, Priyanka is surprised to be personally named in a lawsuit alleging that Hudson misrepresented the bank's products by promising new account holders $1,000 for starting a savings account. Is Priyanka, as Hudson's manager, personally liable for the tort
Answer: Yes. because Priyanka is Hudson's manager and so his liability extends to her.
Explanation:
Based on the information given, it should be noted that Priyanka, as Hudson's manager, personally liable for the tort.
In this case, Priyanka is Hudson's manager and so his liability extends to her. Priyanka will be liable based on the employee-employer ground and will be liable since she hired Hudson.
Consider a model in which two products, x and y, are produced. There are 30 pounds of material and 60 hours of labor available. It requires 9 pounds of material and 12 hours of labor to produce a unit of x, and 5 pounds of material and 15 hours of labor to produce a unit of y. The profit for x is $300 per unit, and the profit for y is $250 per unit.
Required:
How many units of x and y to produce to maximize profit, the model is
Answer:
2 units of x and 2 units of y
Explanation:
The model can be represented as:
[tex]\begin{array}{cccc} & {x} & {y} & {} & {Materials} & {9} & {5} & {30} & {Labor} & {12} & {15} & {60} & {} & {300} & {250} \ \end{array}[/tex]
So, we have:
Max [tex]z = 300x + 250y[/tex] --- the objective function
Subject to:
[tex]9x + 5y \le 30[/tex]
[tex]12x + 15y \le 60[/tex]
[tex]x,y > 0[/tex]
Multiply the first equation by 3
[tex]9x + 5y \le 30[/tex] becomes
[tex]27x + 15y \le 90[/tex]
Subtract [tex]12x + 15y \le 60[/tex] from [tex]27x + 15y \le 90[/tex]
[tex]27x - 12x + 15y - 15y \le 90 - 60[/tex]
[tex]15x \le 30[/tex]
Divide by 15
[tex]x \le 2[/tex]
Substitute 2 for x in [tex]9x + 5y \le 30[/tex]
[tex]9 * 2 + 5y \le 30[/tex]
[tex]18 + 5y \le 30[/tex]
Collect like terms
[tex]5y \le 30 - 18[/tex]
[tex]5y \le 12[/tex]
Divide by 5
[tex]y \le 2.4[/tex]
y must be an integer;
So:
[tex]y \le 2[/tex]
So, we have:
[tex](x,y) \le (2,2)[/tex]
Hence, the company must product 2 units of x and 2 units of y
Carver Packing Company reports total contribution margin of $49,200 and pretax net income of $24,600 for the current month. In the next month, the company expects sales volume to increase by 8%. The degree of operating leverage and the expected percent change in income, respectively, are:
Answer: 2.0 and 16%
Explanation:
The degree of operating leverage and the expected percent change in income, will be calculated thus:
Operating leverage will be:
= Contribution margin / Net operating income
= 49200 / 24600
= 2
Then, percentage change in income will be:
= %change in sale × operating leverage
= 8% × 2
= 16%
The PC Works assembles custom computers from components supplied by various manufacturers. The company is very small and its assembly shop and retail sales store are housed in a single facility in a Redmond, Washington, industrial park. Listed below are some of the costs that are incurred at the company.
For each cost, indicate whether it would most likely be classified as direct labor, direct materials, manufacturing overhead, selling, or an administrative cost.
1. The wages of the assembly shop's supervisor.
a. Direct labor cost
b. Direct materials cost
c. Manufacturing overhead cost
d. Marketing and selling cost
e. Administrative cost
2. The wages of the company's accountant.
a. Direct labor cost
b. Direct materials cost
c. Manufacturing overhead cost
d. Marketing and selling cost
e. Administrative cost
3. Depreciation on equipment used to test assembled computers before release to customers.
a. Direct labor cost
b. Direct materials cost
c. Manufacturing overhead cost
d. Marketing and selling cost
e. Administrative cost
4. Rent on the facility in the industrial park.
a. Direct labor cost
b. Direct materials cost
c. Manufacturing overhead cost
d. Marketing and selling cost
e. Administrative cost
Answer and Explanation:
The classification is as follows;
1. Since the wages are to paid for supervising the assembling process so the same is related to the factory operations therefore considered to be the manufacturing overhead cost
2. The wages paid to the accountant so classified as the administration cost
3. The depreciation is the manufacturing overhead cost as it is the indirect cost.
4. The rent facility should be classified as the manufacturing overhead cost and distributed as per the cost drivers.
COST OF PRODUCTION (5 pts each for a total of 25 pts) a. What is the relationship between the marginal cost of production and average total cost of production? b. What is efficient scale of production? c. Why is the average total cost curve (ATC) U-shaped in the short run? d. Why is the average total cost curve (ATC) U-shaped in the long run? e. What are the shapes of the average variable cost curve (AVC) and the average fixed cost curve (AFC)?
Answer:
a. When marginal cost is above average cost, average cost is rising; but when marginal cost is below average cost, average cost is falling.
b. The lowest point at which a plant or firm can produce such that the long-run average cost of the plant or firm is at the minimum.
c. The average total cost curve (ATC) U-shaped in the short run because of diminishing returns.
d. The average total cost curve (ATC) is U-shaped in the long run because economies of scale and diseconomies of scale.
e. The shape of the average variable cost curve (AVC) is usually U-shaped or upward-sloping; while the shape of the average fixed cost curve (AFC) is a Rectangular Hyperbola.
Explanation:
a. What is the relationship between the marginal cost of production and average total cost of production?
Marginal cost refers to the change in total cost when extra unit of output is produced, while average cost is the total cost divided by the number of units produced.
The relationship between the two is that when marginal cost is above average cost, average cost is rising; but when marginal cost is below average cost, average cost is falling.
b. What is efficient scale of production?
Efficient scale of production can be described as the lowest point at which a plant or firm can produce such that the long-run average cost of the plant or firm is at the minimum.
c. Why is the average total cost curve (ATC) U-shaped in the short run?
The average total cost curve (ATC) U-shaped in the short run because of diminishing returns.
Diminishing returns occur when the amount of a single factor of production is incrementally increased while holding all other factors of production constant, the marginal output of a production process decreases.
d. Why is the average total cost curve (ATC) U-shaped in the long run?
The average total cost curve (ATC) is U-shaped in the long run because economies of scale and diseconomies of scale.
Economies of scale can be described as a situation whereby increasing output leads to lower long-run average total costs.
But, after a given level of output, scale diseconomies may be encountered by a firm.
Diseconomies of scale can be described as a situation whereby increasing output leads to higher long-run average total costs.
e. What are the shapes of the average variable cost curve (AVC) and the average fixed cost curve (AFC)?
Note: See the attached photo for the curves of the AVC and AFC showing their shapes.
The shape of the average variable cost curve (AVC) is usually U-shaped or upward-sloping.
The shape of the average fixed cost curve (AFC) is a Rectangular Hyperbola. This occurs because the same amount of fixed cost is split by increasing output. Therefore, the AFC curve slopes downwards and is a rectangular hyperbola, meaning that the area under the curve is constant at all places.
