Explanation:
A. Environmental Sources of Stress:
It is the stressors arising from environmental factors that can threaten the employee's work in some way.
2- Economic uncertalinty
5- Technological change
B. Organizational Sources of Stress:
This stress derives from internal or external conflicts that can occur at work, such as personal charges and poor relationships with other employees.
1. Task demands
4. Interpersonal demands
C. Personal Sources of Stress:
These are the stressors arising from the employee's personal life, which can directly impact the quality with which the employee performs his work.
3. Economic problems
6. Family problems
Winnwbagel corp. currently sells 25,200 motor homes per year at 37,800 each, and 10,080 luxury motor coaches per year at $71,400 each. The company wants to introduce a new portable camper to fill out its product line., it hopes to sell 15,960 of these campers per year at $10,080 each. An independent consultant has determined that if the company introduces the new campers, it should boost the sales of its existing motor homes by 3,780 units per year, and reduce the sales of its motor coaches by 756 units per year. What is the amount to use as the annual sales figure when evaluating this project?
a. $237,293,280.
b. $262,271,520.
c. $357,739,200.
d. $95739200.
e. $160,876,800.
f. $249,782,400.
Answer:
Option C is correct
Annual sales figure =$ 357,739,200
Explanation:
Annual sales figure for Winnebago corp after the introduction f the new portable campers would be the sum of the annual sales figure for motor homes, luxury homes (after the introduction of new product) and the camper.
Note that the only the impact of the introduction of the new product would be considered on sales would . The existing sales figures are not not relevant because they are not incremental.
Also,any reduction in sales figure as result of the introduction of a new product would be deducted.
These explanations are incorporated into the analysis below:
Product type Quantity Price Sales figure ($'000)
Motor homes 3780 37,800 142,884
Luxury homes 756 71,400 (53,978.4)
Camper 15,969 (10,080 ) 160,967.52
Total sales 357,739.20
Annual sales figure =$ 357,739,200
During 2021, Deluxe Leather Goods issued 707,000 coupons which entitles the customer to a $5.00 cash refund when the coupon is submitted at the time of any future purchase. Deluxe estimates that 71% of the coupons will be redeemed. 261,000 coupons had been processed during 2021. Deluxe recognizes coupon expense in the period coupons are issued. At December 31, 2021, Deluxe should report a liability for unredeemed coupons of:
Answer:
Deluxe should report a liability for unredeemed coupons of $1,204,850
Explanation:
Estimated coupons to be redeemed $501,970
(707,000 * 71%)
Less: Coupons redeemed $261,000
Coupons unredeemed $240,970
X Cost per Coupon 5.00
Liability for unredeemed Coupons $1,204,850
Assuming a bottom-up process of budget development, which of the following should be initially responsible for developing sales estimates?
a. The budget committee.
b. The accounting department.
c. The sales department.
d. Top management.
e. The marketing department.
Answer: The Sales Department
Explanation:
In budgeting, a bottom-up approach simply means that each head of department in the organization create a budget that'll be sent upwards for approval.
Assuming a bottom-up process of budget development, the sales department should be initially responsible for developing sales estimate.
Consider the case of Purple Panda Pharmaceuticals: Next year, Purple Panda is expected to earn an EBIT of $2,000,000, and to pay a federal-plus-state tax rate of 30%. It also expects to make $500,000 in new capital expenditures to support this level of business activity, as well as $35,000 in additional net operating working capital (NOWC). Given these expectations, it is reasonable to conclude that next year Purple Panda will generate an annual free cash flow (FCF) of (rounded to the nearest whole dollar).
Answer:
Purple Panda Pharmaceuticals
Annual Free Cash Flow (FCF):
FCF = Sales Revenue - (Operating costs + Taxes) - Required investments in operating capital or net operating profit after taxes - net investment in operating capital =
Net Income = $1,400,000
additional NOWC = 35,000
Capital expenditures = 500,000
FCF = $865,000
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
EBIT = $2,000,000
Tax = 30% or $600,000
Net Income = $1,400,000
additional NOWC = 35,000
Capital expenditures = 500,000
FCF = $865,000
Purple Panda Pharmaceuticals' Free Cash Flow shows what is available for distribution to security holders after the payment of taxes. Purple Panda will use the information from its Free Cash Flow to judge if a project will pay off and generate enough cash flow so that shareholders' value will be enhanced.
O'Mally Department Stores is considering two possible expansion plans. One proposal involves opening 5 stores in Indiana at the cost of $1,810,000. Under the other proposal, the company would focus on Kentucky and open 6 stores at a cost of $2,000,000. The following information is available: Indiana proposal Kentucky proposal Required investment $1,810,000 $2,000,000 Estimated life 6 years 6 years Estimated residual value $80,000 $40,000 Estimated annual cash inflows over the next 10 years $700,000 $800,000 Required rate of return 13% 13% The accounting rate of return for the Indiana proposal is closest to (Round any intermediary calculations to the nearest dollar, and round your final answer to the nearest hundredth of a percent, X.XX%.)
Answer:
O'Mally Department Stores
The accounting rate of return for the Indiana proposal is closest to 24.28%
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Indiana proposal Kentucky proposal
Required investment $1,810,000 $2,000,000
Estimated life 6 years 6 years
Estimated residual value $80,000 $40,000
Estimated depreciable cost $1,730,000 $1,960,000
Average depreciable cost $288,333 $326,667
Estimated annual cash inflows
over the next 10 years $700,000 $800,000
Average cash inflows $70,000 $80,000
Required rate of return 13% 13%
Accounting rate of return = Average cash inflows/Average depreciable cost x 100 = $70,000/$288,333 x 100 = 24.28%
The Indiana proposal of O'Mally Department Stores' accounting rate of return is the ratio of estimated accounting profit to the average investment cost. The estimated accounting profit is equivalent to the average cash inflow and the average investment cost is equivalent to the average depreciable cost.
On January 1, a company issued 5%, 15-year bonds with a face amount of $80 million for $59,249,660 to yield 8%. Interest is paid semiannually. What was the interest expense at the effective interest rate on the December 31 annual income statement
Answer:
$3,565,174.18
Explanation:
Firstly, we need to calculate discount on the bond
Discount = $80,000,000 - $59,249,660
= $20,750,340
Since interest is paid semi-annually,
= 15 × 2
= 30 periods
Finding the amortized discount per period, we have;
= $20,750,340 ÷ 30
= $691,678
Therefore, interest expense on June 31;
Interest expense = Interest paid + discount amortized per period
= $80,000,000 × 0.05 × 6/22 + $691,678
= $1,090,909.09 + $691,678
= $1,782,587.09
Interest expense on December 31;
= $80,000 × 0.05 × 6/12 + $691,678
= $1,090,909.09 + $691,678
=$1,782,587.09
Total expense on December 31 = Interest expense on June 30 + Interest expense on December 31
= $1,782,587.09 + $1,782,587.09
= $3,565,174.18
If government spends $80 billion at each level of GDP, and imposes a lump-sum tax of $100 then equilibrium GDP will be:_________
Answer: $350
Explanation: The equilibrium GDP or output of an economy is such that an economy output is level or equal to the total amount of planned spending. it is usually equal to the amount produced, or GDP. which is, equilibrium GDP = ( C + Ig ). Consumption expenditures usually rise with GDP while planned gross investment expenditures are independent of whatever level the GDP gets to.
Your client is 40 years old; and she wants to begin saving for retirement, with the first payment to come one year from now. She can save $5,000 per year; and you advise her to invest it in the stock market, which you expect to provide an average return of 9% in the future.
Answer:
14,000
Explanation:
im smart
At January 1, 2019, the Accrued Warranty Payable is . During 2019, the company recorded Warranty Expense of . During 2019, the company replaced defective products in accordance with product warranties at a cost of . What is the Accrued Warranty Payable at December 31, 2019?
Answer: A.$8,800
Explanation:
The Accrued Warranty Payable Balance for the year ending December 2019 will take into account the Warranty expenses that were old less the warranty expenses that have been paid for already with the formula;
= Opening Accrued Warranty payable + Warranty Expense recorded for the Year - Warranty Expenses Paid in the year
= 1,800 + 19,400 - 12,400
= $8,800
Answer:
jus 2 ez pz lemon squeezey ppppppp
Explanation:
Under a contract with Bucolic Farms, Agro Excavation, Inc., begins digging an agricultural pond. In mid-project, Agro asks for $15,000 over the contract price, claiming an increase in the "cost of doing business." Bucolic agrees but later refuses to pay. Their agreement is
Answer:
unenforceable because Agro's performance was preexisting duty.
Explanation:
In the situation being described, it can be said that their agreement is unenforceable because Agro's performance was preexisting duty. This refers to the party's offer of a performance that was already required of them under the existing contract making a modification null. In this scenario, this is exactly what is happening, Agro Excavations has already signed a contract to dig the pond and has no enforceable reason to add $15,000 to the contract price mid-project and must finish digging the pond for the agreed-upon price of the first contract.
Which clause in a mortgage allows a lender to increase the interest rate? A.) Defeasance B.) Escalation C.) Acceleration D.) Exculpatory
Answer:
A
Explanation:
A project will reduce costs by $37,000 but increase depreciation by $17,300. What is the operating cash flow if the tax rate is 40 percent?
Answer:
The operating cash flow is $29,120.
Explanation:
Operating cash flow (OCF) can be described as the amount of cash that is generated by a firm from its regular operating activities during a specified period of time.
Operating cash flow (OCF) can be calculated using the following formula:
OCF = ATCS + DTS .......................... (1)
Where;
OCF = Operating cash flow = ?
ATCS = After Tax Cost Savings = Reduce costs * (1-tax rate) = $37,000 * (1 - 40%) = $22,200
DTS = Depreciation Tax Shield = Depreciation * Tax rate = $17,300 * 40% = $6,920
Substituting the values into equation (1), we have:
OCF = $22,200 + $6,920 = $29,120
Therefore, the operating cash flow is $29,120.
An investor with a balanced domestic portfolio who is looking for diversification and returns in the event that U.S. markets do not continue to expand, would be most interested in investing in which of the following?
a. Equities in Emerging Markets
b. Equities in U. S. companies with international appeal
c. Equities in U. S. companies involved in exports of their products
d. Equities in Italian wine exporting companies
Answer:
Option A, Equities in Emerging Markets, is the right answer.
Explanation:
A person who is not interested to invest in the U.S market or company then will not prefer the U.S companies for their diversification because the economic contraction in the U.S will affect these companies. He will be willing to invest in the equities in the emerging market. Moreover, he will not invest only in the foreign company because it will not provide him with the diversification. Therefore, the option “a” is correct.
The Golden Company issues of %, 10year bonds at on March 31, 2019. The bonds pay interest on March 31 and September 30. Assume that the company uses the straightline method for amortization. The journal entry to record the issuance includes a
Answer:
Debit to Cash for $560,560
Explanation:
Based on the information given we were told that the Company issues the amount of $539,000 at 104 on March 31 2019 this means that the journal entry to record the issuance will includes a:
Debit to Cash for $560,560.
Calculated as :
Cash received = $539,000 × 104%
Cash received = $560,560
Braxton's Cleaning Company stock is selling for $33.25 per share based on a required return of 11.7 percent. What is the the next annual dividend if the growth rate in dividends is expected to be 4.5 percent indefinitely?
Answer:
So, the next annual dividend will be $2.394
Explanation:
The constant growth model of DDM is used to calculate the price of a stock today whose dividend growth rate is expected to be constant forever. The price of such a stock is calculated using the formula for price under the constant growth model of DDM,
P0 = D1 / (r - g)
Where,
P0 is price todayD1 is the next annual dividend that will be paid by the stockr is the required rate of return g is the growth rate in dividendsTo calculate the next annual dividend, we will input the available values for P0, r and g in the formula,
33.25 = D1 / (0.117 - 0.045)
33.25 * (0.072) = D1
2.394 = D1
So, the next annual dividend will be $2.394
You own 150 shares of Western Feed Mills stock valued at $41.20 per share. What is the dividend yield if your annual dividend income is $372
Answer:
6.01%
Explanation:
Calculation for the dividend yield
Using this formula
Dividend yield=(Annual dividend income/Numbers of shares)/Amount per shares
Let plug in the formula
Dividend yield =($372/150 shares)/$41.20 per share
Dividend yield =$2.48/$41.20
Dividend yield =0.0601*100
Dividend yield =6.01%
Therefore Dividend yield will be 6.01%
Competitive markets ______ goods with positive externalities and ______ goods with negative externalities. Group of answer choices overprovide; underprovide underprovide; overprovide overprovide; overprovide underprovide; underprovide
Answer:
underprovide; overprovide
Explanation:
A good has positive externality if the benefits to third parties not involved in production is greater than the cost. an example of an activity that generates positive externality is research and development. Due to the high cost of R & D, they are usually under-produced. Government can encourage the production of activities that generate positive externality by granting subsidies.
A good has negative externality if the costs to third parties not involved in production is greater than the benefits. an example of an activity that generates negative externality is pollution. Pollution can be generated at little or no cost, so they are usually overproduced. Government can discourage the production of activities that generate negative externality by taxation
The major components of a time series are all of the following EXCEPT: trend. cycles. random variations. seasonality. inflation.
Answer: Inflation
Explanation:
Time series data are refer to those taken over a period of years with a minimum of four years being satisfactory. The data shown will have variations that fall under four major components being;
Trend - Data that moves in a predictable fashion and so can be used to predict future behavior.Cycles - The variation here follows the business cycle or its own. Random Variables - Cannot be predicted. Seasonal - These follow a chronological pattern.Only Inflation does not fall here.
Tracy Company owns 4,000 of the 10,000 outstanding shares of Penn Corporation common stock. During 2018, Penn earns $450,000 and pays cash dividends of $150,000. If the beginning balance in the investment account was $900,000, the balance at December 31, 2018 should be:_______.
a. $900,000.
b. $1,020,000.
c. $1,080,000.
d. $1,200,000.
Answer:
$1,020,000
Explanation:
Tracy company has 4,000 out of the 10,000 outstanding shares the common stock of Penn corporation
Penn earns $450,000 during 2018
They make a cash dividend payment of $150,000
The beginning balance in the investment is 900,000
Therefore, the balance at December 31, 2018 can be calculated as follows
= $900,000 + ($450,000×0.4)-($150,000×0.4)
= $900,000+$180,000-$60,000
= $1,080,000-$60,000
= $1,020,000
Hence the balance at December 31st, 2018 is $1,020,000
"Your customer has been declared legally incompetent and his daughter has presented the proper legal papers appointing her as the guardian. Which statement is TRUE?"
Answer: B. Trading instructions can be accepted only from the daughter
Explanation:
The customer has been declared legally incompetent which means that he should not be making decisions that have to do with something as serious as trading instructions as he will not be able to comprehend them.
The only person that should therefore take over such roles would be his daughter who is a legal guardian. As she is not his guardian, she is able to take such decisions for him and so the trading instructions should be accepted only from the daughter.
The Sapote Corporation is a manufacturing corporation. The corporation has accumulated earnings of $450,000 and the corporation cannot establish a reasonable business need for any of that amount. What is the amount of the accumulated earnings tax (if any) that will be imposed on the corporation?
Answer: $40,000
Explanation:
As this is a manufacturing company, they are exempt of Accumulated earnings tax of the amount of $250,000. Anything above that will be subject to an Accumulated Earnings tax rate of 20%.
Accumulated Earnings tax = 20% * (450,000 - 250,000)
Accumulated Earnings tax = 20% * 200,000
Accumulated Earnings tax = $40,000
According to the FTC's historical guidelines for mergers, would the FTC approve a merger between two firms that would result in an HHI of 1,025 after the merger?A: Maybe. The FTC would scrutinize the merger and make a case-by-case decision.B: Yes, the FTC would ignore the merger and allow it to go through.C: No, the FTC would probably challenge the merger.2. Instead of defining a market and counting up total sales, what are antitrust regulators looking at today when determining whether to allow a merger or not?A: HHIB: industry competitionC: four-firm concentration ratioD: innovation3. Price cap regulations are a market regulatory device governments utilize, where the top price a firm can charge is locked in for a defined period of time. All of the following statements are true, except:_________.A: The government sets a price by looking at the firm's average costs and then adding a normal rate of profit.B: The firm can make high profits by producing a higher quantity than expected.C: The firm can make high profits by producing at lower costs.D: The government sets a price level for a few years.
Answer and Explanation:
1. A: Maybe. The FTC would scrutinize the merger and make a case-by-case decision
the ftc would historically make a case-by-case decision for HHI( Herfindahl-Hirschman Index ) between 1000 and 1800 but nowadays antitrust enforcement agencies dontvdeoend much on ratios such as HHI in measuring competition but would rather perform in depth analysis of each industry under study
2.industry competition
Antitrust regulators look out for the level of competition in an industry in allowing mergers and rely more on case-by-case analysis in making it's evaluations
3.True
price cap regulations are used by government to control prices based on inflation levels or price cap index .price cap regulations set a cap on the price that can be charged by businesses for a product. They are set for a defined period of time.
4.A: The government sets a price by looking at the firm's average costs and then adding a normal rate of profit.
Government doesn't consider costs and normal rate of profit to the firm in setting price ceiling or floor for products
Portage Bay Enterprises has $1 million in excess cash, no debt, and is expected to have free cash flow of $11 million next year. Its FCF is then expected to grow at a rate of 5% per year forever. If Portage Bay's equity cost of capital is 10% and it has 4 million shares outstanding, what should be the price of Portage Bay stock?
Answer:
=$55.25
Explanation:
Value of Equity= FCF / (k - g)
value of equity=$11/(10%-5%)=$220 million
total value of the firm(all equity)=value of equity+cash
value of equity=$220 million+$1 million
share price value=value of total equity/shares outstanding
share price value=$221 million/4 million=$55.25
Alternatively:
Value of equity=$11/(1+10%)^1+$11*(1+5%)/(10%-5%)/(1+10%)^1=$220 million
A firm has a long-term debt-equity ratio of .4. Shareholders’ equity is $1 million. Current assets are $200,000, and the current ratio is 2. The only current liabilities are notes payable. What is the total debt ratio?
Answer:
Total debt ratio is 33.33%
Explanation:
A long term debt to equity ratio of 0.4 tells that the value of long term debt is 0.4 or 40% of the value of the equity. If the value of the equity is $1 million, the value of long term debt is,
Long term debt = 0.4 * 1000000 = $400000
A current ratio is calculated by dividing the current assets by the current liabilities. It tells how many current assets are available to satisfy $1 of current liabilities. A current ratio of 2 means that for every $1 of current liability, $2 of current assets are available. Thus, current liabilities are half of current assets. If the value of current assets is $200000, the value of current liabilities is,
Current liabilities = 200000 * 1/2 = $100000
Total liabilities = 400000 + 100000 = $500000
A debt ratio is calculated by dividing the value of total debt or total liabilities by the value of total assets.
Total assets = total liabilities + total equity
Total assets = 500000 + 1000000
Total assets = $1500000 or $1.5 million
Total debt ratio = 500000 / 1500000
Total debt ratio = 1/3 or 0.3333 or 33.33%
Kohler Corporation reports the following components of stockholders' equity on December 31, 2009.
Common stock—$10 par value. 100,000 shares authorized.
40,000 shares Issued and outstanding $400,000
Paid-ln capital In excess of par value, common stock . 60,000
Reamed earnings 270,000
Total stockholders 730,000
In year 2010, the following transactions affected its stockholders' equity accounts.
Jan. 1 Purchased 5,500 shares of its own stock at $15 cash per share.
Jan. 5 Directors declared a $4 per share cash dividend payable on February 28 to the February 5 stockholders of record.
Feb. 28 Paid the dividend declared on January 5.July 6 Sold 2,063 of its treasury shares at $19 cash per share.
Aug. 22 Sold 3,437 of its treasury shares at $12 cash per share.
Sept. 5 Directors declared a $4 per share cash dividend payable on October 28 to the September 25 stockholders of record.
Oct. 28 Paid the dividend declared on September 5.
Dec. 31 Closed the $408,000 credit balance (from net income) in the Income Summary account to Retained Earnings.
Required
a. Prepare journal entries to record each of these transactions for 2010.
b. Prepare a statement of retained earnings for the year ended December 31, 2010.
c. Prepare the stockholders' equity section of the company's balance sheet as of December 31, 2010.
Answer:
Kohler Corporation
a. Journal Entries:
Jan.1:
Debit Treasury Stock $55,000
Debit Paid-in Capital In Excess of par $27,500
Credit Cash Account $82,500
To record the purchase of 5,500 shares of treasury stock at $15 per share.
Jan. 5:
Debit Dividends $138,000
Credit Dividends Payable $138,000
To record the declaration of a $4 per share cash dividend on 34,500 shares.
Feb. 28:
Debit Dividends Payable $138,000
Credit Cash Account $138,000
To record the payment of dividend.
July 6:
Debit Cash Account $39,197
Credit Treasury Stock $20,630
Credit Paid-in Capital In Excess of par $18,567
To record the resale of 2,063 treasury shares at $19 per share.
Aug. 22:
Debit Cash Account $41,244
Credit Treasury Stock $34,370
Credit Paid-in Capital In Excess of par $6,874
To record the resale of 3,437 treasury shares at $12 per share.
Sept. 5:
Debit Dividends $160,000
Credit Dividends Payable $160,000
To record the declaration of a $4 per share cash dividend on 40,000 shares.
Oct. 28:
Debit Dividends Payable $160,000
Credit Cash Account $160,000
To record the payment of the cash dividends.
Dec. 31:
Debit Income Summary $408,000
Credit Retained Earnings $408,000
To close the net income to the Retained Earnings.
b. Statement of Retained Earnings for the year ended December 31, 2010:
December 31, 2009 balance $270,000
Net Income 408,000
Dividends (298,000)
December 31, 2010 balance $380,000
c. Stockholders' Equity Section of the Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2010:
Common stock—$10 par value:
100,000 shares authorized.
40,000 shares Issued and outstanding $400,000
Paid-in capital In excess of par value,
common stock 57,941
Retained earnings 380,000
Total stockholders $837,941
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Stockholders' Equity Section of the Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2009:
Common stock—$10 par value:
100,000 shares authorized.
40,000 shares Issued and outstanding $400,000
Paid-in capital In excess of par value,
common stock 60,000
Retained earnings 270,000
Total stockholders $730,000
b) Paid-in Capital In Excess of par:
December 31, 2009 balance $60,000
Treasury stock:
January 1 (27,500)
July 6 18,567
Aug. 22 6,874
December 31, 2010 balance $57,941
c) Kohler's treasury stock account is a contrary account to the common stock account. It is recorded using any of the two methods: cost method or the par value method. It is assumed that Kohler Corporation uses the par value method with the above and below par values in treasury stock transactions recorded in the Paid-in Capital In Excess of par. This is unlike the cost method that records all the treasury transactions in the Treasury Stock account at their cost effects.
Liability for contracts formed by an agent depends on how the principal is classified and on whether the actions of the agent were authorized or unauthorized.a. Trueb. False
Answer:
True.
Explanation:
An agency can be defined as a mutual relationship existing between two parties, wherein a principal authorizes the agent to act as the principal's representative or on his behalf (fiduciary role) in dealing with third parties.
Liability for contracts formed by an agent depends on how the principal is classified and on whether the actions of the agent were authorized or unauthorized. This simply means that, the principal would be held responsible for the losses, legal claims and damages incurred by the agent, whether or not the agent's actions were authorized or unauthorized by the principal.
Hence, a principal is liable for acts or contracts entered into by an agent when he or she gives an agent either actual authority (power of attorney) or apparent authority.
When the Federal Reserve buys long term MBS and Treasury securities from banks and announces its intention to keep buying these assets in large quantities for a long time the effect on commercial banks is to increase the value of fixed income securities that are not sold and at the same time to lower the interest spread between new loans originated and the cost of financing these loans. True False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Since, Federal reserve purchased long term MBS in order to pay the less market interest rate and this will cause a rise in the amount of income i.e fixed securities. Also, due to less market interest rate, the financing cost is less and at the same time interest spread is narrower as it provides more liquidity
Therefore the given statement is true
"A registered representative ("RR") manages a corporate account. The corporation recently elected a new CEO who contacts the "RR" and gives trade instructions. Which statement is TRUE? The trade should be:"
Answer: D. entered once the "RR" verifies that the CEO is an authorized trader in the account
Explanation:
The registered representative must only trade on a corporate account on orders given by a person that is authorised to do so to avoid any mismanagement.
The people authorized to do so will be listed in a Corporate Resolution issued by the Board of Directors of the company or relevant stakeholders.
The registered representative would need to check this resolution first and if they find the new CEO listed in it as authorized to make trades, the registered representative will then enter the trade.
1. A research project began with the selection of women who had recently had abdominal surgery. The project matched those women with controls and continued with measurements of abdominal muscle strength for both groups every three months for a year. This project was: A. Prospective study B. Retrospective study C. Experimental study D. Cross sectional study
Answer:
Abdominal rectus diastasis is a condition where the abdominal muscles are separated by an abnormal distance due to widening of the linea alba causing the abdominal content to bulge. It is commonly acquired in pregnancies and with larger weight gains. Even though many patients suffer from the condition, treatment options are poorly investigated including the effect of physiotherapy and surgical treatment. The symptoms include pain and discomfort in the abdomen, musculoskeletal and urogynecological problems in addition to negative body image and impaired quality of life. The purpose of this review was to give an overview of treatment options for abdominal rectus diastasis.
Results: The first treatment step is physiotherapy. However, evidence is lacking on which regimen to use and success rates are not stated. The next step is surgery, either open or laparoscopic, and both surgical approaches have high success rates. The surgical approach includes different plication techniques. The recurrence and complication rates are low, complications are minor, and repair improves low back pain, urinary incontinence, and quality of life. Robotic assisted surgery might become a possibility in the near future, but data are still lacking.
Conclusions: Evidence on what conservatory treatment to use is sparse, and more research needs to be done. Both open and laparoscopic surgery have shown positive results. Innovative treatment by robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery has potential, however, more research needs to be done in this area as well. An international guideline for the treatment of rectus diastasis could be beneficial for patients and clinicians.
Keywords: rectus diastasis, treatment options, physiotherapy, surgery, abdominoplasty, laparoscopy, robot assisted surgery
Explain some of the basic principles of cost management, such as profits, life cycle cost, tangible and intangible costs and benefits, direct and indirect costs, and Reserves.
Answer:
Profits - These refer to the revenues accrued from a project less the costs of the project.
Life Cycle Cost - Life Cycle Cost is a concept in Cost management where the cost of a project throughout it's entire life is assessed. Costs assessed therefore include; initial capital costs, maintenance costs and operating costs.
Tangible and Intangible Costs - When costs are tangible, quantifying them.is easy as the cost can be stated and directly attributable to a cost object eg, cost of a fixed asset. Intangible cost on the other hand is not easy to quantify and is not easily attributable. For instance, the experience that a Project Manager leaves with if they resign.
Tangible and Intangible Benefits - Like tangible costs, tangible benefits are easily quantifiable and noticeable such as trade discounts from buying in bulk. Intangible benefits on the other hand are not easily quantifiable. An example would be Employee motivation from a safer working Environment.
Direct and Indirect Costs - Direct costs are costs that can be easily traced to a cost object. In other words, the reason for the cost is known e.g labor cost for assembling a product. Indirect Costs are harder to trace to a cost object even though they are related to production. An example would be the Electricity used for production.
Reserves - Cost reserves are monies held for any emergency expenses that may come up. This way the company can deal with them speedily.
