The empirical formula, CH2O9(menthol) is multiplied by 5 to get the molecular formula, C10H20O.The empirical and molecular formula for menthol are CH2O and C10H20O, respectively.
The molecular formula for menthol is C5H10O.
This can be determined by dividing the molar mass of the empirical formula (156.26 g/mol) by the molar mass of CO2 (44.01 g/mol). This gives a ratio of 3.55, which is equal to the ratio of C atoms in the empirical formula, C10H20O.
Therefore, the molecular formula is C5H10O.
Given:
Menthol is composed of C, H, and O0.1005g sample of menthol is combusted and produces0.2829g of CO2 0.1159g H2O
1. Find: Empirical and molecular formula for menthol.
Let's first calculate the number of moles of CO2 produced. The balanced equation for combustion of menthol is:
C10H20O(s) + 12O2(g) → 10CO2(g) + 10H2O(l)
From the above equation, we can see that for 10 moles of CO2 produced 1 mole of menthol is required.
2. By taking the number of moles of CO2 produced, we can calculate the number of moles of menthol burned.
Moles of CO2 = 0.2829g / 44.01g/mol= 0.00643 mol
C10H20O(s) + 12O2(g) → 10CO2(g) + 10H2O(l)
From the balanced equation,1 mole of C10H20O requires 10 moles of CO2
Moles of C10H20O burned = 10 * 0.00643= 0.0643 mol
Next, we can calculate the number of moles of H2O produced.
Moles of H2O = 0.1159g / 18.015g/mol= 0.00643 mol
C10H20O(s) + 12O2(g) → 10CO2(g) + 10H2O(l)
From the balanced equation,1 mole of C10H20O requires 10 moles of H2O
Moles of C10H20O burned = 10 * 0.00643= 0.0643 mol
3. Now we can calculate the empirical formula of menthol. The empirical formula can be calculated as follows:
Empirical formula = CH2O (Divide all moles by smallest moles) The molecular weight of CH2O = 30 g/mol
The empirical formula mass of the compound is:
mass = (12.011 + 2*1.008 + 15.999) = 30.026
Empirical formula mass of CH2O is 30.026g/mol, and the given sample weighs 0.1005 g.
The number of empirical formula units in the sample is 0.1005 g / 30.026 g/mol = 0.003348Units.
Empirical formula = CH2OThe empirical formula weight of menthol is CH2O, which is equal to 30.026g/mol.
4. To find the molecular formula, we need to know the molecular weight of the menthol. We can calculate it as follows:
Molecular formula mass = Empirical formula mass x n
Where n = integer Molecular formula mass of menthol is 156 g/mol, and the empirical formula mass is 30.026 g/mol.
So, n = 156 g/mol ÷ 30.026 g/mol = 5.192
Thus the empirical formula, CH2O is multiplied by 5 to get the molecular formula, C10H20O.The empirical and molecular formula for menthol are CH2O and C10H20O, respectively.
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THEORY 1. illustrate the formation of the Compound AIC 13 Electron dot representation.
The electron representation shows the electrons in the atoms as dots as in the image attached.
What is electron dot representation?An electron dot representation, also known as a Lewis dot structure or electron dot diagram, is a way of representing the valence electrons of an atom using dots around the symbol of the element.
Valence electrons are the outermost electrons of an atom, and they play an important role in chemical bonding. The electron dot representation shows the valence electrons as dots around the symbol of the element, with each dot representing one valence electron.
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Predict the principal organic product of the following reaction. Specify stereochemistry where appropriate.
The major organic product of an SN2 substitution reaction is an alkene, which may be either in retention or inversion of configuration relative to the original substrate.
The reaction you are asking about is an SN2 substitution reaction, in which a nucleophile (Nu) displaces a leaving group (LG) from a molecule with an alkyl halide substrate. The major organic product of this reaction will be an alkene, which has the same carbon chain as the alkyl halide substrate. Depending on the relative configuration of the substrate, the alkene product may be the same as the original substrate (retention) or have its configuration inverted (inversion). If stereochemistry is relevant to the question, then it should be specified in the answer.
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or the substituted cyclohexane compound shown, identify the atoms that are cis to the hydroxyl (oh) substituent.
The atoms that are cis to the hydroxyl (OH) substituent are the two carbon atoms in the ring that are directly adjacent to the OH group.
Cis-trans isomerism is a word used in chemistry that refers to the spatial arrangement of atoms within molecules. It is also known as geometric isomerism or configurational isomerism. The Latin prefixes "cis" and "trans" mean, respectively, "this side of" and "the other side of." Trans conveys that the functional groups (substituents) are on the opposite (transverse) sides of some plane, whereas cis implies that they are on the same side of some plane in the context of chemistry.
Cis-trans isomers are examples of stereoisomers, which are pairs of molecules with the same formula but distinct functional groups oriented in three dimensions. The absolute stereochemical explanation of E-Z isomerism does not necessarily equate to cis-trans notation.
The hydroxyl group (-OH) is attached to carbon number 1. The cis atoms are those that are attached to the same side of the ring. There are two atoms that are cis to the hydroxyl (OH) substituent, and these are atoms number 2 and 3. Therefore, the atoms that are cis to the hydroxyl (OH) substituent are atoms number 2 and 3 .
Thus, the cis to the hydroxyl (OH) is (B) 2 and 3.
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How many atoms of lithium are in 18.7 g?
The atoms of lithium that are in 18.7 g is 16 × 10²³ atoms . This is taken out by mole concept .
What is mole concept ?The mole is a unit of measurement similar to the pair, dozen, gross, and so on. It provides a precise count of the atoms or molecules in a bulk sample of matter. A mole is the amount of substance that contains the same number of discrete entities (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.)
if 7 grams of lithium contain 6 × 10²³ atoms
then 18.7 will contain 16 × 10²³ atoms
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1. Choose the atom with the larger first ionization energy.
Select one:
a. Titanium
b. Manganese
2. Choose the atom with the larger first ionization energy.
Select one:
a. Silicon
b. Tin
The atom with the larger first ionization energy is Titanium. Option a.
The atom with the larger first ionization energy is Tin. Option b.
Ionization and ionization energyIonization is the process of removing one or more electrons from an atom or molecule, resulting in the formation of an ion. This can be achieved through a variety of methods, such as exposure to high-energy radiation or contact with other charged particles.
Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom or molecule, resulting in the formation of a positively charged ion. This energy is typically measured in electron volts (eV) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol), and varies depending on the identity of the atom or molecule and the electronic configuration of its valence shell. Ionization energy is an important property of atoms and molecules, as it can provide insight into their reactivity and chemical behavior.
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Chemistry Help Please! It's worth a lot of points
1.Write the equilibrium expression for the following reactions
a. H2SO4(aq) + H2O(L) ⇆ HSO4-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
b. 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) ⇆ 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
c. NH4Cl(s) ⇆ NH3(g) + HCl(g)
d. N2O4(g) ⇆ 2NO2(g)
2. The following reaction has a K value of 0.050. What does that mean about the concentrations of the reactants as compared to the products? Be specific in your answer.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇆ 2NH3(g)
3. The following reaction has a K value of 6.8 x 103. What does that mean about the concentrations of the reactants as compared to the products? Be specific in your answer.
2SO3(g) ⇆ 2SO2(g) + O2(g)
4. When dissolving substances in water, the degree of solubility of a substance is often represented as the solubility product constant (Ksp). The solubility product constant is the same thing as the equilibrium constant for the dissolving reaction. Two substances that dissociate in water are shown below alone with the Ksp.
NaCl(s) ⇆ Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Ksp = 36
BaSO4(s) ⇆ Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) Ksp = 1.1 x 10-16
5. Identify and label the Brønsted-Lowry acid, its conjugate base, the Brønsted-Lowry base, and its conjugate acid in each of the following equations:
a. HNO3 + H2O ⟶ H3O+ + NO3−
b. CN− + H2O ⟶ HCN + OH−
c. H2SO4 + Cl− ⟶ HCl + HSO4−
d. HSO4− + OH− ⟶ SO42− + H2O
e. O2− + H2O ⟶2OH−
6. What is the conjugate acid of each of the following? What is the conjugate base of each of the following?
a. OH-
b. H2O
c. HCO3-
d. NH3
e. HSO4-
7. The following acids are shown with their equilibrium constants (also known as the acid dissociation constant). Rank these acids from strongest to weakest. Explain your ranking.
HCN(aq) + H2O(L) ⇆ H3O+(aq) + CN-(aq) K = 6.2 x 10-10
HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(L) ⇆ H3O+(aq) + C2H3O-(aq) K = 1.75 x 10-5
H2CO3(aq) + H2O(L) ⇆ H3O+(aq) + HCO3-(aq) K = 4.5 x 10-7
HIO4(aq) + H2O(L) ⇆ H3O+(aq) + IO4-(aq) K = 2.3 x 10-2
8. Calculate the pH and the pOH of each of the following solutions.
a. 0.200 M HCl
b. 0.0143 M NaOH
c. 3.0 M HNO3
d. 0.0031 M Ca(OH)2
9. Wine has a pH of 3.6. What are the hydronium and hydroxide ion concentrations?
10. The hydroxide ion concentration in household ammonia is 3.2 x 10-3 M. What is the concentration of hydronium ions?
Answer:
1. Equilibrium expressions:
a. K = [HSO4-][H3O+]/[H2SO4][H2O]
b. K = [NO]^4[H2O]^6/[NH3]^4[O2]^5
c. K = [NH3][HCl]/[NH4Cl]
d. K = [NO2]^2/[N2O4]
2. Since K = 0.050, the concentrations of the reactants (N2 and H2) are larger than the concentrations of the products (NH3).
3. Since K = 6.8 x 10^3, the concentrations of the products (SO2 and O2) are larger than the concentrations of the reactant (SO3).
4. The Ksp expression for each of the reactions is:
a. Ksp = [Na+][Cl-]
b. Ksp = [Ba2+][SO42-]
5. Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases:
a. Acid: HNO3; Conjugate base: NO3-; Base: H2O; Conjugate acid: H3O+
b. Acid: HCN; Conjugate base: CN-; Base: H2O; Conjugate acid: HCN
c. Acid: H2SO4; Conjugate base: HSO4-; Base: Cl-; Conjugate acid: HCl
d. Acid: NH3; Conjugate base: NH2-; Base: H2O; Conjugate acid: NH4+
e. Acid: H2O; Conjugate base: OH-; Base: O2-; Conjugate acid: OH-
6. Conjugate acids and bases:
a. Acid: H2O; Conjugate base: OH-
b. Acid: H3O+; Conjugate base: H2O
c. Acid: H2CO3; Conjugate base: HCO3-
d. Acid: NH4+; Conjugate base: NH3
e. Acid: HSO4-; Conjugate base: SO42-
7. The strongest acid is HIO4 (highest K value), followed by HCN, HC2H3O2, and H2CO3 (lowest K value). The K values represent the degree to which the acids dissociate in solution. HIO4 is a strong acid, meaning it dissociates almost completely in solution, while H2CO3 is a weak acid, meaning it only dissociates partially.
8. pH and pOH calculations:
a. pH = -log[H3O+] = -log(0.200) = 0.699; pOH = -log[OH-] = -log(1.0 x 10^-14/0.200) = 12.301
b. pOH = -log[OH-] = -log(0.0143) = 1.844; pH = 14.000 - pOH = 12.156
c. pH = -log[H3O+] = -log(3.0) = 0.522; pOH = 13.478
d. pOH = -log[OH-] = -log(0.0062) = 2.206; pH = 14.000 - pOH = 11.794
9. Hydronium and hydroxide ion concentrations:
pH = 3.6; hydronium ion concentration = 10^-pH = 3.98 x 10^-4 M; hydro
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which of the following statements may be true regarding a biochemical oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction?
A few statements may be true regarding a biochemical oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction. The statements are as follows: A redox reaction occurs when there is a transfer of electrons between molecules or atoms.
The electron donor becomes oxidized, and the electron acceptor is reduced, causing a transfer of energy. A redox reaction produces ATP, which is the primary energy currency of the cell. Oxidation and reduction are complementary reactions that occur simultaneously in the same reaction, resulting in the release of energy. Redox reactions are vital in metabolic pathways, and the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD+ are essential in these reactions. Oxygen is frequently used as a final electron acceptor in redox reactions. Redox reactions can also occur in non-cellular environments, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and combustion. The significance of redox reactions is enormous, and they play an essential role in sustaining life on earth. They help in generating energy, breaking down complex molecules, synthesizing molecules, and many other cellular processes.
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1. Use the bond enthalpies to calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction. Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic?
C2H6O + 3 O2 = 2 CO2 + 3 H2O
The enthalpy change of the reaction is 7,227 kJ/mol and the reaction is endothermic.
What is the enthalpy change of the reaction?To calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction using bond enthalpies, we need to find the total energy required to break the bonds in the reactants and the energy released when new bonds are formed in the products.
The enthalpy change of the reaction can be calculated as follows:
Reactants:
1 mole of C2H6O requires breaking 2 C-H bonds and 1 C-O bond.
3 moles of O2 requires breaking 3 O=O bonds.
Products:
2 moles of CO2 releases forming 4 C=O bonds.
3 moles of H2O releases forming 6 O-H bonds.
The bond enthalpies for the relevant bonds are:
C-H = 413 kJ/molC-O = 358 kJ/molO=O = 495 kJ/molC=O = 745 kJ/molO-H = 467 kJ/molThe enthalpy change for the reaction is:
(2 × 745 kJ/mol) + (3 × 6 × 467 kJ/mol) - (2 × 413 kJ/mol) - (1 × 358 kJ/mol) - (3 × 495 kJ/mol) = 7,227 kJ/mol
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which of the following describes an experimental technology being used to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from coal?
Carbon capture and storage is one experimental method being utilised to lower carbon dioxide emissions from coal (CCS).
One experimental technique being used to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from coal is carbon capture and storage (CCS). With CCS, carbon dioxide emissions from factories or power plants are captured and either stored underground in geological formations or used to improve oil recovery.
Coal and other fossil fuels have the potential to drastically cut their carbon dioxide emissions, but CCS technology currently in the experimental stage. Unfortunately, because of its expensive cost and technical implementation difficulties, the technology is not yet extensively employed. In order to address the current climate problem, efforts to cut CO2 emissions are essential.
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What experimental technology is being used to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from coal?
Ethanol (C2H5OH) boils at a temperature of 78.3 degrees C. What amount of energy, in joules, is necessary to heat to boiling and then completely vaporize a 13.1 g sample of ethanol initially at a temperature of 11.1 degrees C? The specific heat of ethanol is approximately constant at 2.44 JK−1g−1. The heat of vaporization of ethanol is 38.56 kJ mol−1.
The total amount of energy necessary to heat and vaporize a 13.1 g sample of ethanol initially at a temperature of 11.1 degrees C is 7.15 kJ.
To calculate the amount of energy, in joules, necessary to heat and vaporize a 13.1 g sample of ethanol initially at a temperature of 11.1 degrees C, we must first calculate the heat necessary to heat the sample to the boiling point of ethanol, 78.3 degrees C. The formula to calculate the amount of energy is: Q = mcΔT, where m is the mass of the sample, c is the specific heat of ethanol, and ΔT is the temperature change from 11.1 degrees C to 78.3 degrees C. Thus, the amount of energy necessary to heat the sample is: Q = 13.1 g * 2.44 JK−1g−1 * (78.3-11.1) = 1,623.08 J.
Next, we must calculate the amount of energy necessary to completely vaporize the sample. To do so, we must use the heat of vaporization of ethanol, which is 38.56 kJ mol−1. To convert from moles to grams, we must use the molar mass of ethanol, which is 46 g/mol. Thus, the amount of energy necessary to vaporize the sample is: Q = (13.1 g/46 g/mol) * 38.56 kJ/mol = 7.15 kJ.
Finally, to calculate the total amount of energy necessary to heat and vaporize the sample, we must add the two values together: Q = 1,623.08 J + 7.15 kJ = 7.15 kJ. the total amount of energy necessary to heat and vaporize a 13.1 g sample of ethanol initially at a temperature of 11.1 degrees C is 7.15 kJ.
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How many calories are required to raise the temperature of a 35.0 g sample from 35 °C to 85 °C? The sample has a specific heat of 0.108 cal/g °C.
Answer:
First, we need to calculate the change in temperature:
ΔT = final temperature - initial temperature
ΔT = 85 °C - 35 °C
ΔT = 50 °C
Next, we can use the following formula to calculate the heat energy required:
Q = m·C·ΔT
where Q is the heat energy in calories, m is the mass of the sample in grams, C is the specific heat in cal/g °C, and ΔT is the change in temperature in °C.
Plugging in the given values, we get:
Q = 35.0 g · 0.108 cal/g °C · 50 °C
Q = 189.0 calories
Therefore, 189.0 calories are required to raise the temperature of the sample from 35 °C to 85 °C
1. What volume of hydrogen gas at STP is produced from the
reaction of 50.0g of Mg and 75.0 grams of HCl? How much
of the excess reagent is left over (in grams)?
Answer:
1.03 mol of dihydrogen gas will evolve, with a volume slightly over 22.4 dm3 at ST P. Explanation: Moles of magnesium: 50.0 ⋅ g 24.31 ⋅ g ⋅ mol−1 = 2.06 mol Moles of hydrogen chloride gas: 75.0 ⋅ g 36.2⋅ g ⋅ mol−1 = 2.07 mol
Explanation:
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write a balanced equation for the redox reaction between calcium metal and oxygen gas
a balanced equation for the redox reaction: 2 Ca(s) + O2(g) → 2 CaO(s)
What is a redox reaction?A redox reaction is a type of chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons between species. One species undergoes oxidation (loses electrons) while another species undergoes reduction (gains electrons).
Which species is being oxidized and which species is being reduced in the reaction between calcium metal and oxygen gas?In the reaction between calcium metal and oxygen gas, the calcium metal is being oxidized (loses electrons) and the oxygen gas is being reduced (gains electrons). This can be seen in the balanced equation where the calcium atoms go from having an oxidation state of 0 to +2, while the oxygen atoms go from having an oxidation state of 0 to -2.
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AsH3, HBr, KH, H2Se arrange in increasing order of acid strength
Answer:
Transcribed Image Text: Rank the following substances in order of increasing acid strength. (1 as least and 4 as most in acid strength) ✓ H₂Se ✓ HBr HI ✓ AsH3 Expert Solution
Explanation:
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structural change from a myoglobin tertiary structure to the inclusion of quaternary structure for hemoglobin
The quaternary structure of hemoglobin is responsible for the increased oxygen-carrying capacity and stability of the molecule. This structure allows hemoglobin to better transport oxygen throughout the body and is essential to life.
The structural change from myoglobin to hemoglobin includes an additional quaternary structure, which is the arrangement of two or more myoglobin subunits into a single, functional entity. This structural change allows for the cooperative binding of oxygen, meaning that the hemoglobin molecule can carry more oxygen than a single myoglobin molecule can. This is due to the increased surface area of the hemoglobin molecule, which provides more oxygen-binding sites. Additionally, the quaternary structure of hemoglobin increases the stability of the molecule, meaning it can better resist changes in pH or temperature. This is important because it allows hemoglobin to function in the wide range of temperatures and environments that are found within the human body.
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We know that Paz is trying to produce ammonia (NH3) from thin air. From looking at the experimental set-up, what are the reactants? a) NO2 and H20 b) N2 and H2 c) NO2 and H2 d) N2 and H20
To produce ammonia (NH₃) from thin air, the reactants required are N₂ and H₂. So the correct option is b).
Give a brief account on production of ammonia.Ammonia is one of the most abundantly produced inorganic chemicals. In 2016, there are a number of large ammonia plants around the world that produced a total of 144 million tons of nitrogen (equivalent to 175 million tons of ammonia). That number will rise to 235 million tonnes of ammonia in 2021. China produced 31.9% of its global production, followed by Russia at 8.7%, India at 7.5% and the United States at 7.1%. More than 80% of the ammonia produced is used as fertilizer for agricultural crops.
Today, most ammonia is produced on a large scale using the Haber process, with capacities of up to 3,300 tons per day. Gases N₂ and H₂ are reacted at a pressure of 200 bar. A typical modern ammonia production plant first converts natural gas, LPG, or petroleum gas into gaseous hydrogen. The process of producing hydrogen from hydrocarbons is known as steam reforming. Hydrogen then combines with nitrogen to produce ammonia by the Haber-Bosch process.
One way to produce green ammonia is to use hydrogen from the electrolysis of water and nitrogen separated from air. These are fed into the Haber Process (aka Haber-Bosch), all of which produce sustainable power.
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which of the following elements is the most difficult to ionize? select the correct answer below: fr h he xe
The He element is the one that is hardest to ionize.
The correct answer is He.
Why is it called elements?An object is categorised as an element if it cannot be reduced to a simpler form. It is possible to recognise them by their particular atomic number. The elements are organised into groups in the periodic table based on their atomic numbers, and those having related characteristics are underlined.
What components comprise the elements?An element is any substance made entirely of a certain type of atom, which are the building blocks of all matter. We know that each element is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Some of the tiniest components in all of nature are these.
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The activation energy Ea for a particular reaction is 50.0 kJ/mol. How much faster is the reaction at 314 K than at 310.0 K? (R = 8.314 J/mol • K)
In comparison to 310.0 K, the reaction happens 1.28 times faster at 314 K.
A higher K value: what does it mean?A high K value (higher than 1) denotes an equilibrium with more products than reactants, whereas a low K value (less than 1) denotes an equilibrium with more reactants than products.
The Arrhenius equation, which connects the rate constant (k) to the activation energy (Ea) and temperature (T), can be used to determine how much faster the reaction happens at 314 K than it does at 310.0 K. k = A * exp(-Ea / (R * T))
where T is the temperature in Kelvin, R is the gas constant, and A is the preexponential factor.
For this reaction, we can assume that the pre-exponential component is fixed and that the sole variable is temperature.
exp[(Ea / R) * (1/T1 - 1/T2)] = k2 / k1
where Ea is the activation energy, R is the gas constant, k1 is the rate constant at 310.0 K, and k2 is the rate constant at 314 K.
k2 / k1 = exp[(50.0 kJ/mol / (8.314 J/mol•K)) * (1/310.0 K - 1/314 K)] is the result of substituting the provided numbers.
If we condense this phrase, we get:
k2 / k1 = 1.28
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FILL IN THE BLANK. Use the Gizmo to find the freezing, melting, and boiling points of water at 5,000 meters (16,404 feet). Write these values below. Freezing point: _______ Melting point: _______ Boiling point: _______
If we use the Gizmo to find the freezing, melting, and boiling points of water at 5,000 meters (16,404 feet) then,
Freezing point: 32 ºF (0ºC)
Melting point: 32 ºF (0ºC)
Boiling point: 203°F (95°C)
The freezing point is defined as the temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid. Increased pressure usually raises the freezing point with the melting point of the solid. The boiling point of a pure substance is defined as the temperature at which the substance transitions from a liquid to the gaseous phase. At the boiling point the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the applied pressure on the liquid. The melting point of a substance is defined as the temperature at which the substance changes from a solid to a liquid.
Melting occurs at a single temperature for the pure substances. The normal and average melting point and boiling point of water at 1 atmospheric pressure are 0°C and 100°C respectively. Decreasing the pressure under 1 atm. will lower the boiling point since the external pressure will be lower so it will become equal with the vapor pressure at a lower temperature.
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For the following reaction, which of the reactants would be the acid?
HNO2 ( aq ) + HS - ( aq ) → NO2 - ( aq ) + H2S ( aq )
Select one:
a.
HS -
b.
H2O
c.
NO2 -
d.
HNO2
(Chem 2 Quiz 3.1)
The acid in the reaction would donate a proton and that would be HNO2.
How do you know an acid in a reaction?An acid in a chemical reaction can be identified by the presence of hydrogen ions (H+): Acids are compounds that produce hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. In a chemical reaction, an acid may donate a hydrogen ion to another compound or accept a pair of electrons from a base.
When we look at the reaction, we can see that the specie that has given out the replaceable hydrogen ion is HNO2 thus it is the acid in the reaction.
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Molar Volume of Hydrogen continued volume of hydrogenhydrogen gas at STP by the theoretical number of moles of hydrogen to calculate the molar ume of hydrogen fo 4. Divide the volume of r Trials 1 and 2 Results Table Number of moles of H, gas Vapor pressure of water Partial pressure of H2 gas Calculated volume of H2 gas at STP Molar volume of H2 gas Average molar volume 5. What is the average value of the molar volume of hydrogen? Look up the literature value of the molar volume of a gas and calculate the percent error in your experimental determination of the molar volume of hydrogen. l Experimental value - Literature value I Literature value x 100% Percent error 6. One mole of hydrogen gas has a mass of 2.02 g. Use your value of the molar volume of hydrogen to calculate the mass of one liter of hydrogen gas at STP This is the density of hydrogen in g/L. How does this experimental value of the density compare with the literature value? (Consult a chemistry handbook for the density of hydrogen.) Laboratory Experiments for Geทeral, Organic and Biolo Molar Volume of Hydrogen continued 7. In setti e water bath. What effect would this have on the measured volume of hydrogen gas? Would the c r voltume of hydrogen be too high or too low as a result of this error? Explain. invertenx u) this experiment, a student noticed that a bubble of air leaked into the graduated cylinder when it was d in the te 8. A student noticed that the silver and shiny. Wh magnesium ribbon appeared to be oxidized-the metal surface was black and dull rather at effect would this error have on the measured volume of hydrogen gas? Would the cal than culated molar volume of hydrogen be too high or too low as a result of this error? Explain. 9. (Optional) Your instructor wants to scale up this experiment for demonstration purposes and would like to collect the gas in an inverted 50-mL, buret at room temperature. Use the ideal gas law to calculate the maximum amount or length of magnesium ribbon that may be used. Laboratory Experiments for General, Organic and Biological Cbemistry7
The average value of the molar volume of hydrogen is 24.0 liters per mole (L/mol).
To calculate the percent error in the experimental determination of the molar volume of hydrogen, you must subtract the experimental value from the literature value and divide by the literature value.
Then, multiply this result by 100% to obtain the percent error.One liter of hydrogen gas at STP has a mass of 0.090 grams, which is the experimental value of the density of hydrogen. This value is lower than the literature value, which is 0.089 grams per liter (g/L).
In this experiment, if a bubble of air leaked into the graduated cylinder when it was placed in the water bath, the calculated molar volume of hydrogen would be too high as a result of this error.
This is because the presence of the bubble of air would increase the measured volume of hydrogen gas.If the magnesium ribbon appeared to be oxidized, the calculated molar volume of hydrogen would be too low as a result of this error.
This is because the oxidation of the magnesium ribbon would reduce the amount of hydrogen gas produced, resulting in a lower measured volume of hydrogen gas. For demonstration purposes, the ideal gas law may be used to calculate the maximum amount or length of magnesium ribbon that may be used.
The ideal gas law equation is PV = nRT, where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the amount of substance, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature. Knowing the desired volume of the gas, the amount of substance can be calculated.
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The speed of sound in a solid medium is 15 times greater than that in air. If the frequency of a wave in the solid is 87 KHz, then what is the wavelength? ( The speed of sound in air is 344 m/s.) m
The wavelength of the sound in the solid medium, given that the speed of the sound in the solid is 15 times greater than that in air is 0.06 m
How do i determine the wavelength?The wavelength of a wave is defined by the following formular:
Velocity (v) = wavelength (λ) × frequency (f)
v = λf
The following data were obtained from the question:
Speed of sound wave in air (c) of = 344 m/sSpeed of sound in solid medium (v) = 15 × c = 15 × 344 = 5160 m/sFrequency (f) = 87 KHz = 87 × 1000 = 87000 HzWavelength (λ) = ?Velocity (v) = wavelength (λ) × frequency (f)
5160 = wavelength × 87000
Divide both sides by 87000
Wavelength = 5160 / 87000
Wavelength = 0.06 m
Therefore, we can conclude that the wavelength is 0.06 m
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The SI unit of pressure is the _______.
The boiling point of water is _______ on Mount McKinley than the boiling point of water in NYC.
At lower elevations, atmospheric pressure _______ compared to higher elevations.
Standard atmosphere or standard atmospheric pressure is equal to _______ Pa.
The SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa).
The boiling point of water is lower on Mount McKinley than the boiling point of water in NYC.
What is Pressure?
Pressure is defined as the amount of force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. In other words, it is the force per unit area that an object exerts on another object. Pressure can be measured in various units such as pascal (Pa), bar, pounds per square inch (psi), and atmospheres (atm), among others. It is an important concept in physics and is used to describe many phenomena, including fluid dynamics, weather patterns, and even the behavior of gases in space.
At lower elevations, atmospheric pressure is higher compared to higher elevations.
Standard atmosphere or standard atmospheric pressure is equal to 101325 Pa.
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2. Hydrogen bromide reacts with propene to form either 1-bromopropane or 2-bromopropane. Explain why
2-bromopropane is the major product.
3. Explain how the reaction with bromine can be used to test for an alkene. Include the mechanism for the reaction between hex-1-ene and bromine in your answer.
a) Describe the process of addition polymerisation.
b) Show the repeating unit of the polymer that is formed from the addition polymerisation of chloroethene monomers. Name and give at least one use for this polymer.
Answer:
Explanation:
2-bromopropane is the major product because the reaction mechanism involves the formation of the most stable carbocation intermediate. When hydrogen bromide reacts with propene, the hydrogen atom from HBr adds to the carbon atom of the double bond that has fewer hydrogen atoms attached, resulting in the formation of a carbocation intermediate. The intermediate can either form 1-bromopropane or 2-bromopropane depending on the position of the carbocation. The 2-bromopropane is the major product because the secondary carbocation formed in this case is more stable than the primary carbocation formed in the case of 1-bromopropane.
To test for an alkene, bromine water can be used. When an alkene reacts with bromine water, the bromine molecule adds across the double bond, forming a colorless dibromoalkane product. The mechanism for the reaction between hex-1-ene and bromine involves the formation of a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate, followed by the attack of water on the intermediate, resulting in the formation of the dibromoalkane product.
a) Addition polymerization is a process in which unsaturated monomers are joined together to form a polymer. The process involves breaking the double bond of the monomer and joining the monomers together to form a long-chain polymer. The process requires a catalyst to initiate the reaction.
b) The repeating unit of the polymer formed from the addition polymerization of chloroethene monomers is -CH2-CHCl-. This polymer is called polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and it has a wide range of uses, including pipes, electrical cables, and vinyl flooring.
Look at the picture below
The claim was correct . All elements have same number of particles in one mole and have different number of particles in a mole based on atomic number .
What is mole ?In the International System of Units, the mole (symbol mol) is the unit of substance amount (SI). The amount of substance is a measurement of how many elementary entities of a given substance are present in an object or sample. An elementary entity can be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an ion pair, or a subatomic particle such as an electron, depending on the substance. For example, despite having different volumes and masses, 10 moles of water (a chemical compound) and 10 moles of mercury (a chemical element) contain equal amounts of substance, and the mercury contains exactly one atom for each molecule of water.
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which the following optically active alcohol is treated with hbr, a racemic mixture of alkyl bromides is obtained
(S)-2-butanol will undergo an SN2 reaction with HBr to produce a racemic mixture of alkyl bromides. Here option B is the correct answer.
When optically active alcohol is treated with HBr, the reaction follows an SN1 or SN2 mechanism. In the case of SN1, a carbocation intermediate is formed, and in SN2, a backside attack by the nucleophile occurs. The stereochemistry of the product depends on the configuration of the intermediate and the direction of attack.
In the case of (S)-2-butanol, the hydroxyl group is attached to the second carbon atom, which makes it a primary alcohol. When treated with HBr, it undergoes an SN2 reaction, where the hydroxyl group is replaced by the bromine atom. The nucleophile attacks from the backside of the molecule, leading to an inversion of configuration.
This results in the formation of a racemic mixture of alkyl bromides, as both enantiomers have an equal chance of being attacked from either side. On the other hand, (R)-2-butanol, being the enantiomer of (S)-2-butanol, will also undergo the same reaction and produce the same racemic mixture of alkyl bromides.
In the case of (R)-1-phenyl ethanol and (S)-1-phenyl ethanol, they are secondary alcohols and can undergo either SN1 or SN2 reactions depending on the reaction conditions. However, the reaction mechanism will lead to the formation of a mixture of diastereomers, rather than a racemic mixture of enantiomers.
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Complete question:
Which of the following optically active alcohols, when treated with HBr, results in a racemic mixture of alkyl bromides?
a) (R)-2-butanol
b) (S)-2-butanol
c) (R)-1-phenyl ethanol
d) (S)-1-phenyl ethanol
Based on the information about the heart, which of these best describes the relationship between tissues and organs?
In the circulatory system, the heart and blood vessels collaborate to move blood and the nutrients it carries around the body. The tissues in the heart include cardiac muscle tissue, connective tissue and so on.
How does the heart relate to tissues?Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform a common function, while organs are collections of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or set of functions. In the context of the heart, the tissues that make up the heart include cardiac muscle tissue, connective tissue, and nerve tissue, among others. These tissues work together to form the various structures of the heart, such as the chambers, valves, and blood vessels.
Therefore, the relationship between tissues and organs can be described as one where tissues form the building blocks of organs. Without the specialized functions of tissues, organs would not be able to perform their essential functions.
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Blood is an example of a basic buffer system. Which of the following could be used to mimic the buffering abilities of blood?
Select the correct answer below:
HF and NaF
CH3NH2 and CH3NH3Cl
KOH and H2O
none of the above
Using CH3NH2 and CH3NH3Cl, one may simulate the blood's buffering properties. A weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid, make up a buffer system.
Which of the following best describes the blood's buffer system?Carbonic acid and sodium bicarbonate. Hint: Human blood has a buffer of bicarbonate anion (HCO3) and carbonic acid (H2CO3) to keep the blood's pH between 7.35 and 7.45. Blood pH values higher or lower than 7.8 or 6.8 can be fatal.
Is blood an illustration of a fundamental buffer system?Bicarbonate anion and hydronium are in equilibrium with carbonic acid in this buffer. A weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid, make up a buffer.
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Answer:
CH3NH2 and CH3NH3Cl
Explanation:
Methylamine (CH3NH2) is an organic base. In order to produce a basic buffer solution similar to blood, we can combine this base with a soluble salt of its conjugate acid, such as CH3NH3Cl. The solution of KOH and H2O would not be a good buffer because KOH is a strong base. The solution of HF and NaF is a buffer, but the pKa of HF is about 3.2, which is far from the pH of blood, 7.4.
Write the electronic configuration and draw the orbital diagram for the element: lead (Z=82) State if it is diamagnetic/paramagnetic. Please decide the diamagnetic/paramagnetic property based on the orbital diagram only! (It is okay to use the noble gas in square brackets here)
Answer:
See below.
Explanation:
The atomic number of lead (Pb) is 82, which means it has 82 electrons. The electronic configuration of lead is
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p²
The orbital diagram for the valence electrons of lead (Pb) is
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
s s p p p p d d
2 1 6 2 6 2 10 10
|||||||||
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
The notation ↑↓ represents a pair of electrons with opposite spins.
To determine if lead (Pb) is diamagnetic or paramagnetic, we need to look at whether there are any unpaired electrons. Based on the orbital diagram, we can see that all the electrons in the valence shell are paired, meaning that lead (Pb) is diamagnetic.
one chemical formula of this element with oxygen is eo2, write the electronic configuration for the ion formed from e in this compound.
The element in question here is E, and its chemical formula with oxygen is EO2. the electronic configuration of the ion formed from E in EO2 is 1s²2s²2p⁶.
Electronic configuration refers to the distribution of electrons among different energy levels and subshells of an atom. When E forms a compound with oxygen, it loses two electrons to form a cation with a 2+ charge. This cation is written as E2+ and has an electronic configuration of 1s²2s²2p⁶. The electronic configuration of E before it forms a compound with oxygen can be found by considering its position in the periodic table. E is in the third row and fourth column of the periodic table, which means that it has three energy levels and four valence electrons.
Therefore, its electronic configuration is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p². When E forms a compound with oxygen, it loses two valence electrons from its outermost energy level, which is the third energy level in this case. This results in the formation of E2+ ions with an electronic configuration of 1s²2s²2p⁶. Thus, the electronic configuration of the ion formed from E in EO2 is 1s²2s²2p⁶.
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