Extinction of the Ordovician: This extinction was responsible for the disappearance of about 60-70% of the species of oceanic life, This is because in that period most of the life on Earth was in the ocean. This extinction is believed to have been caused by an intense glacial period, although short that froze most of the planet's water. It is believed that the species most affected were sponges, algae, jawless fish, molluscs and cephalopods.
Devonian Extinction: Responsible for the disappearance of about 75% of marine species. This extinction was caused by the depletion of oxygen in the ocean, making life impossible for all aerobic marine organisms. This depletion of oxygen was caused mainly by the variation in the level of the ocean and climatic changes that may have been caused by asteroids.
Permian Extinction: Responsible for the death of 95% of life on earth. This extinction is known as the "mother of all extinctions" due to its destructive character, which devastated life on land and in the ocean. It is believed that this extinction was caused by volcanic activities triggered by the impact of asteroids. Almost all living species on earth were affected, such as insects, trilobites, sharks, boneless fish, reptiles, among others.
Extinction of the Triassic: It is not known exactly what caused this extinction, but it is estimated that it had the power to decimate 70-80% of terrestrial life, mainly arcosaurs and amphibians. The most accepted theory today is that the extinction was caused by recurrent volcanic activities that influenced huge volumes of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, generating intense heating.
Cretaceous extinction: It was caused by the impact of an asteroid with the earth. The impact had the power to exterminate 75% of terrestrial life. This is the most well-known extinction, since it was responsible for decimating dinosaurs, however, some animals survived this impact, such as most marine species, frogs, birds, reptile and mammals.
The authors constructed a phylogenetic tree using nucleotide substitutions as well as a tree built using indel information. What relationships did each support; do they agree completely with each other
Answer:
Both types of genetic data can be used to generate evolutionary trees, but indels increase phylogenetic resolution
Explanation:
Nucleotide substitutions, also known as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), are genetic changes at specific positions in the genome that can be used to compare two or more sequences through a local alignment. SNPs enable to estimate the evolutionary distances among sequences and they are the most common type of genetic variation used to draw phylogenetic trees. On the there hand, sequence insertions and deletions, collectively referred to as indels, can increase the resolution of an evolutionary tree because this type of variation is less frequent in the population (i..e., indels generally have higher deleterious effects than SNPs). However, it is important to note that, in the case of indels, it is imperative to include more complex alignment algorithms in order to analyze data derived from this type of genetic variation.
characteristics of euglena
Answer:
Euglena is a large genus of unicellular protists: they have both plant and animal characteristics. All live in water, and move by means of a flagellum. This is an animal characteristic. Most have chloroplasts, which are characteristic of algae and plants.
Which best defines the term matter?
Anything that can be seen
Anything that takes up space and has mass
All the living things on earth
O Anything in the atmosphere
Answer:
Anything that takes up space and has mass
Explanation:
A purebred tall pea plant is cross-pollinated with a tall, can you please help
heterozygous pea plant. Use a Punnett square to determine the probability the offspring inherita
recessive short allele. (I point)
75%
25%
0%
50%
Answer:
50%
Explanation:
because if you use the box method you see that half receive a short alele
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Flowers may be solitary, as in a zinnia or dahlia, or appear in clusters or a/an _______________, as in a/an _______________. g
Answer:
The answer is "inflorescence, oak"
Explanation:
An inflorescence is a flower group, which are clustered nearby in a stalk, which is also known as the peduncle. In lily, the individual flower was found, not quite as groups. However, the flowers are set as an inflorescence in the oak tree. It refers to a group or community of a flower cluster borne on a flower, which is traditional flowers of oak are called catkins, that's why 'inflorescence, oak' is the reaction.Characteristics of Living Things
7. The basic unit of organization of living things is a(n)
A. atom B. organism
C. cell
D. organ
8. Storing energy obtained from food is an example of
A. evolution B. homeostasis
C. response
D. growth
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9. The passing of genes from one generation to another is
A homeostasis
B. response
C. growth D. heredity
10. The main function of reproduction is to
A. have enough male and female to reproduce
B. overpopulate
D. to be able to replace themselves.
C. grow
11. The milkweed plant feeding the caterpillar is an example of
A. interdependency.
C. preparing to die after a long life.
B. reproduction
D. heredity
12. Adaptation is very important to species because it allows them to
A. grow and become successful
C. Die
B. produce offspring better equipped to survive.
D. produce many offspring.
Answer:
bbbc
Explanation:
all of these were to long so
AZT is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor. How does this drug prevent the replication of a retrovirus
Answer:
AZT is a thymidine analog
Explanation:
Azidothymidine (AZT) is an antiviral drug used for the treatment of the Human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV/AIDS) by preventing the transmission of HIV from infected cells. AZT is capable of suppressing the activity of the enzyme reverse transcriptase of the retroviral HIV genome, which enables it to copy RNA into DNA. In infected cells, this double-stranded DNA is integrated into the host genome which is then instructed to produce identical HIV copies. AZT is a thymidine analog that is incorporated into DNA and thus interferes with DNA synthesis, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation.
7.Which of the following factors does not cause weathering of rocks.
A. light
B. temperature
C. water
D. wind
Answer:
Light I believe.
Explanation:
What type of transmission occurs when a pathogen is spread though sneezing or coughing
Answer:
air transmission
Espero que te sirva
What does the hydrosphere include? fish dust plants rivers
Answer:
La hidrosfera incluye océanos, mares, ríos, lagos, agua subterránea, el hielo y la nieve. ... El agua dulce representa 3 % del total y de esta cantidad aproximadamente 98,2 % está congelada, de ahí que solo se tenga acceso al 0,08 % de toda el agua del planeta
Explanation:
Answer:
the answer is rivers
Explanation:
The hydrosphere is the combined mass of water found on, under, and above the surface of a planet, minor planet, or natural satellite. Although Earth's hydrosphere has been around for about 4 billion years, it continues to change in shape. And i got this answer right on the test, hope this helps!
¿Qué características crees que deben tener los métodos anticonceptivos para ser eficaces en el control de la natalidad?
Answer:
Los métodos anticonceptivos para ser eficaces en el control de la natalidad deben ser seguros para las personas que los utilizan, es decir, no tener efectos adversos, o al menos, la menor cantidad posible. Ser reversibles, es decir, que no generen infertilidad de por vida. Deben ser además fáciles de usar, cómodos y fáciles de conseguir, esto es, económicos. Además deben ser eficientes en su objetivo de evitar la concepción, que es para lo que fueron creados.
Explanation:
La tasa de eficacia de un método anticonceptivo se mide por la cantidad de embarazos que se producen cada 100. Esta parece ser la característica más importante, y si bien es una de las más importantes, hay que tener en cuenta todos los otros factores mencionados, es decir que la gente pueda acceder a ellos, sean cómodos, seguros y a un precio coherente.
Identfy the incorrect statement about active transport. a)It doesn't require the use of a cell's energy b)None of the choices. c)It moves substances across the cell membrane against their concentration gradients d)Sometimes active transport involves the use of carrier proteins to transport substances in much the same way as passive transport.
Answer:
can you please answer jahmarlon adu
Explanation:
please i will fail if you dont
The incorrect statement according to the question is “Active transport requires a cell's energy” option (a) is correct.
Active transport is a cellular process that moves substances against their concentration gradients, from areas of lower to higher concentration. This movement of solutes against the concentration gradient necessitates energy expenditure by the cell. Active transport often involves the use of carrier proteins or pumps embedded in the cell membrane, which undergo conformational changes to transport substances across the membrane.
This energy is primarily provided by ATP hydrolysis, a process that releases energy from ATP molecules. In contrast, passive transport processes, like diffusion and facilitated diffusion, do not require energy expenditure and move substances along their concentration gradients. Thus, active transport distinctly relies on the cell's energy to function, option (a) is correct.
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cytoplasm and nucleus together constitute which part
Answer:
Cytoplasm and nucleus together constitute Protoplasm .
what is the key to the recognition of a trait whose expression is determined by the effects of two or more genes
Answer:
Explanation:
Polygenic inheritance occurs when many loci of a gene contributes to it genetic make up.
No particular allele can be selected for contributing to a particular traits all the allele are equally expressed.
Over expressitivity example is pleiotrophy effect have more than 5 fingers or toes
The offspring express more dominant traits that the normal mendelian principle
This signs indicate polygenic inheritance.
In which of the following ways is DNA replication different from DNA transcription?
Answer:
Thymine is used in replication while uracil is used in transcription.
Explanation:
New cells can only be created after transcription has taken place. Replication results in mRNA strands while transcription creates new DNA. Transcription happens outside the nucleus and replication happens inside the nucleus. Thymine is used in replication while uracil is used in transcription.
DNA replication is a process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself while DNA transcription is a process whereby a messenger RNA is synthesized from a DNA strand.
Both processes involve the building-up of nucleotides or purine.pyrimidine bases. Replication involves building up of cytosine, guanines, adenine, and thymine bases while in transcription, the thymine base is replaced by uracil base.
Hence, the correct answer is that Thymine is used in replication while uracil is used in transcription.
Design a controlled experiment to test the effect of water temperature on goldfish. be sure to include your hypothesis, independent variable, dependent variable as well as experimental group and control group.
Answer:
In this experiment, indepedent variable will be temperature and dependent variable will be the respiratory rate of goldfish. Temperature affects the respiratory rate of goldfish, as it's respiratory rate decreases with decrease in temperature of water, the experiment is as follows:
Take two glass containers filled with water A and B and put one goldfish in each container.Measure the temperature of the water using a thermometer.Count mouth movement of both the fishes in certain time.Now put some ice in container B that will decrease the temperature of water and measure the temperature again.Now count the mouth movement of both the fishes for the same time it was counted earlier.The result will be that respiratory rate of goldfish decreases with the decrease in temperature in container B in comparison to container A goldfish.
An experiment meant to determine the cause of an effect, the effect is the independent variable, while the cause is the dependent variable
A controlled experiment to test the effect of water temperature on goldfish is designed as follows:
The experimental group are: The gold fish in a glass Jar X filled with fresh water and with the lid left open (the treatment of temperature reduction is applied to the experimental group)
The control group are: A second gold fish (selected at random) of the same size, in another glass jar Y filled to the same level with fresh water collected from the same source of the first gold fish
Independent variable: The independent variable is the temperature of the water which will be varied by placing ice cube gradually into the glass jar B
Dependent variable: The number times the gold fish gulp air by rising to the surface, and or the number of time goldfish opens its mouth, which indicates that the goldfish is breathing
The hypothesis: The breath rate of goldfish decreases with decrease in temperature because the goldfish metabolic rate decreases and the water holds more dissolved air and therefore oxygen at a reduced temperature
The Experiment Design:
The experiment is conducted by measuring the initial temperature and breathing rate of both fishes
The temperature of the fresh water in jar X is decreased gradually by adding ice cubes and recording the temperature and breathing rate of the goldfish
A similar experiment from an online source (Maryland School improvement website) the following results where obtained
[tex]\begin{array}{|c|cc|} \underline {Breathing \ rate}&&\underline {Water \ Temperature } \\&&\\ (Dependent \ Variable)&&(Independent \ Variable)\ \\&&\\103&&78.8 ^{\circ}F\\78&&68^{\circ}F\\55&&57.2^{\circ}F\\28&&46.4^{\circ}F\\4&&35.6^{\circ}F\end{array}\right][/tex]
From the experiment, it can be seen that the in the experimental group dependent variable, which is the breathing rate of the goldfish reduces as the temperature which is the dependent variable is reduced
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what is a radical a group of ions
Answer:
A radical is a group of atoms of elements carrying a charge. radicals or ions are formed by gaining or loosing ions. positive radical ions are called radical cations whereas negative radical ions are called radical anions.
hope this helps you u :)
You will be the expert: Imagine you are teaching a class on controlling microbial growth in the environment. To test your students, you will present them with a scenario including a site and some probably microbes present. They must design a strategy to eliminate harmful microbes from the area.
1A. Come up with a scenario/situation including a site and some probable microbes present.
1B. Come up with possible solution/analysis to that scenario/situation in order to eleminate harmful microbes.
Answer:
A possible scenario would be many rusty pipes with abundant soil in an abandoned area or house.
The probable microorganism would be clostritium tetani, which causes tetanus disease.
This clostridium is eliminated once the oxidized surfaces are exterilized, eliminated and cleaned with disinfectants.
In addition, it could be sprayed with disinfectant on the ground to kill the presence of possible spores of this bacterium.
Explanation:
Clostridium tetani is a bacterium that affects the central and peripheral nervous systems of humans.
Today there is a vaccine for this bacterium, which is called tetanus and is administered against a possible accident, surgical act or risk of having been inoculated with the bacteria.
The current tetanus vaccine has a longevity of 10 years in the human organism, once this period has passed, the booster should be given.
This bacterium coexists with other microorganisms in this environment with accumulations of soil and rust, which the most dangerous would be fungi (they trigger deep mycosis). An example of these fungi is: histoplasma capsulatum, responsible for generating histoplasmosis.
The scenario or situation including a site and some probable microbes present would be a controlled Laboratory.
The possible solution or analysis to that scenario in order to eliminate harmful microbes is fumigation.
Identification of microbes is critical in determining which microbial removal strategies will be used in a site.
The scenario or situation including a site and some probable microbes present would be a controlled Laboratory where microbes are isolated from the site via cultured methods. When carrying out microbial culture, the culture plates usually support the growth of a wide range of microorganisms. As a result, biochemical approaches may be used to distinguish one microbial population species from another. They may exist in various species of fungi, viruses, bacteria, protozoa, etc.
The elimination of microbes is dependant on the size of the area being analyzed. This is done by the application of formaldehyde to the area. Other methods include alcohol sterilization and heat sterilization for cleaning and sanitizing surfaces of the laboratory and equipment respectively.
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Which of the following statements is true of soluble fibers? a. They are not viscous. b. They retain their tough texture after being cooked. c. They impart gel-like characteristics to foods. d. They always resist fermentation. e. They are tough and stringy.
Answer:
The answer is "Option C".
Explanation:
The soluble fiber was fiber and in the diet which is prescribed to increase metabolism, reduce cardiovascular problems, cure constipation, and is ideal for patient diabetes.
This consumes food water and provides support with gel-like characteristics, which are rich in fiber in foods like rice, fruits, and bovines. They all are essential for fitness, digestion, and preventive medicine. It draws in liquid(water) while absorption and transforms into a gel. It slows it down the digestive cycle.Bile is produced by which organ?
Select one:
a. Small intestine
O
b. Liver
c. Stomach
d. Gall bladder
Explain to your lab mate the health risk associated with consuming a diet low in vitamin K along with the ingestion of antibiotics over multiple days. How would the termination of antibiotic treatment help to remove this health risk?
Answer:
Vitamin K, a fat soluble vitamin is rich in green leafy vegetables,and also produced by bacterial in the intestine.
Its major function is blood clotting or arrest of bleeding to prevent blood loss.
Antibiotics especially with Cephalosporins,reduces Vit. K absorption in the intestine. Intake of these antibiotic kill the targeted bacterial together with the the bacteria which produces Vit. K in the intestine.
Hence when antibiotic is taken with low level of Vit, K the individual is prone to excessive bleeding or haemorrhage,because the concentration of the vitamins is further depleted.
If the medication is stopped,the condition will improve because the bacteria which produces Vt K can resumes the secretions,and its absorption will resume
Explanation:
fur color in mice is affected by a single gene the gene for fur color has two alleles: b that causes dark brown fur and b that causes light brown fur. What is or could be the genotyes of a mouse with dark brown fur
Answer:
(BB) or (Bb)
Explanation:
Given that (B) allele , is responsible for fur that is dark brown, and (b) allele is responsible for fur color that is light brown, the dominant allele is (B) allele for dark brown fur. Dark brown fur allele would always express itself over the recessive allele, (b).
For a mouse that has dark brown fur, the possible genotype it could have is either (BB) => 2 dominant allele, or (Bb) => 1 dominant allele and a recessive allele. The dominant allele would always express itself even in the presence of the recessive allele.
What does ingestion and degradation of extracellular antigens and their subsequent presentation by MHC class II molecules lead to
Answer:
"Activation of CD4+ helper T cells" is the correct choice.
Explanation:
The major complicated of histocompatibility II seems to be the chemical compound for something like the T cells that presets antibodies. Antigens collected from those in the pathogens become transformed as well as inserted into a large histocompatibility system that's also distributed on either the cellular cell surface membrane representing antigen as well as the trigger is perceived by complicated systems of T cells as well as MHC II but rather contained throughout CD4 + support T cells.In which of these stages is mitosis most important? A tiger cub is born. A tiger cub learns to walk. A tiger cub begins to grow. A tiger cub play-fights.
Answer:
A tiger cub begins to grow
Explanation:
because that's when they change the most
Answer:
A tiger club play fights
Explanation:
One main part of mitosis is the replacement of cells, so when the tiger gets hurt fighting, mitosis kicks in to replace the cells.
Describe at least 2 benefits and 2 drawbacks there might be for animal cells (including humans) to make their own food through photosynthesis.
Answer:
here.
Explanation:
Benefits would be that we'd be autotrophs, meaning that we'd be independent of an external source of organic compounds for energy. All we'd need is the sun and carbon dioxide. It's a simpler and less energy-consuming process than having to undergo digestion, absorption and then assimilation.
Cons would include the fact that it provides a very limited amount of energy only for the day. Which means humans will be inactive at the night time because the energy won't be able to support our activities. Since we don't have a surface area as big as leaves, our deep cells (like those of our organs and bones) will suffer most from the lack of energy since sunlight cannot penetrate our fat, muscles and bones. This can cause organ failure if our cells solely depended on diffusion.
Our high metabolic rate and our need for energy makes photosynthesis very very ineffective.
The essential difference between the knowledge level and the comprehension level of Bloom’s Taxonomy is that at the knowledge level one is asked to
Answer:
Explanation:
Knowledge it expected that an individual have the ability to recall some specific terms,facts,methods, processes, pattern, structure, or setting of a thing without necessarily understanding the concept.
Comprehension is the understanding an individual knows or get from what is being communicated and the ability to make use of the idea that is been communicated without seeing the full expression if it.
Comprehension is the explanation and understanding of knowledge i.e what is known and can be recalled.
DIHYBRID CROSSES
In all of the examples we have only been concerned with one trait. It is possible, however, to track the inheritance of more than one trait at a time. When one is investigating the inheritance of two traits at once the cross is called a dihybrid cross. Strictly speaking, a dihybrid cross is one between two individuals that are heterozygous for two traits, meaning that they are hybrids in two senses. For example, in humans eye color is determined by multiple factors, but if we compare only blue eyes to brown eyes, brown is dominant (R) and blue acts as a recessive allele (r). If a man heterozygous for both eye color and bent little finger has a child with a woman who also heterozygous for both traits, this would be a dihybrid cross. Which is/are possible genotypes for a person with bent little finger and blue eyes?
1. bbrr
2. BBRR
3. BBrr
4. Bbrr
Referring to the previous question, which is/are possible genotypes for a person with straight little finger and blue eyes?
1. bbrr
2. BbRr
3. Bbrr
4. bbRr
Answer:
Question 1: bbrr
Question 2: bbRr
Explanation:
To address the first question, the possible genotype for someone with bent little finger and blue eyes would be bbrr.
Since brown eye (B) is dominant over blue eyes (b), in order for the blue eye color to be expressed, it has to be in bb condition. The only option with bb genotype is option 1.
For the second question, the possible genotype for a person with a straight little finger and blue eyes would be bbRr.
Blue eye genotype is bb as explained in the first question while straight little finger would be Rr since the bent little finger has been represented by the genotype rr in the first question.
What term matches the following definition: " ...a fundamental evolutionary process that results in both the adaptation of species to their environments and the generation of biodiversity (new species)"?
Answer:
a.Natural selection
b.Evolution
c.Artificial selection
d.Co-evolution
The correct option is A.
Natural selection.
Explanation:
The correct answer is natural selection because Natural selection is an evolutionary process which was discussed by Charles Darwin in 1859, In one of his theory that it is the ability of organisms to develop traits or characteristics that will help them to adapt and ensure their survival in their environment and then passing or transferring these new traits to new species or offsprings over generations through reproduction.
What is the only source of energy production for RBCs?
Answer:
Anaerobic oxidation of glucose
Activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system:______
a. enhances digestion.
b. causes conversion of glycogen to glucose.
c. triggers release of epinephrine.
d. increases heart rate.
Answer:
A - enhances digestion
