When the flashlight is turned on and the lights are turned off, the white paper on the wall will appear bright as it reflects the light from the flashlight. However, when a clear plastic is placed in front of the flashlight, the light hitting the white paper on the wall will be affected.
The clear plastic acts as a lens, which changes the direction and intensity of the light passing through it. As the light passes through the plastic, it refracts or bends, causing the beam of light to spread out or focus. This results in a change in the shape and size of the light beam hitting the white paper on the wall.
The effect of the plastic on the light hitting the paper will depend on the shape and thickness of the plastic, as well as its distance from the flashlight. In general, the plastic will cause the light beam to spread out or focus differently, resulting in a change in the appearance of the light hitting the paper on the wall.
To learn more about intensity refer to:
brainly.com/question/29735130
#SPJ4
Select all of the following lab techniques that you will utilize in the Recystallization experiment is called
The correct answer is that the recrystallization is a common technique used to purify solid compounds in organic chemistry.
The following are some of the lab techniques that may be utilized in a recrystallization experiment: Dissolving the impure compound in a suitable solvent. Filtering the solution to remove insoluble impurities. Heating the solution to dissolve the compound completely. Allowing the solution to cool slowly to allow the compound to crystallize out. Filtering the crystallized product using a Buchner funnel or filter paper. Washing the product with a suitable solvent to remove any remaining impurities. Drying the product using a desiccator or oven. Other techniques that may be used in conjunction with recrystallization include melting point determination, thin-layer chromatography, and spectroscopic analysis to confirm the purity and identity of the compound.
To learn more about recrystallization click the link below
brainly.com/question/29215760
#SPJ4
What are the ang and In the actua molecule of which this Lewis structure? Note for advanced students: give the ideal angles; and don't worry about small differences from the ideal that might be caused by the fact that different electron groups may have slightly different sizes
The actual molecule for this Lewis structure is BeF2 (Beryllium Fluoride). The ideal angle of the molecule is 180°. This is because the two Fluorine atoms have single bonds to the Beryllium atom, and two single bonds always form a linear shape. The bond angle is 180° in linear molecules.
The angles in the actual molecule of which the given Lewis structure is for can be determined by looking at the VSEPR theory. According to VSEPR theory, the shapes of the molecules are determined by the number of electron groups surrounding the central atom. The electron groups can be either bonding or non-bonding, and they repel each other, which results in the formation of a particular shape or geometry.
The ideal angles of the molecules are as follows:Linear shape: 180 degrees Trigonal planar shape: 120 degrees Tetrahedral shape: 109.5 degrees Trigonal bipyramidal shape: 120 degrees (equatorial) and 90 degrees (axial)Octahedral shape: 90 degrees.The actual angles may deviate slightly from the ideal angles due to the fact that different electron groups may have slightly different sizes. This is known as the lone pair-bond pair repulsion. It is important to note that the actual angles of the molecule depend on the type of bonding that takes place between the atoms of the molecule.
More on Lewis structure: https://brainly.com/question/12476602
#SPJ11
What would you see when titrating if an indicator was not added? no color change would occur; it would not be clear when the equivalence point was reached a color change would still occur; it would not be clear when the equivalence point was reached a color change would still occur, the equivalence point would still be identifiable no color change would occur; the equivalence point would still be identifiable
A color change would still occur at the equivalence point if an indicator had not been introduced during titration, but it would not be obvious when it had been reached.
Even though the pH of the solution would still vary dramatically at the equivalency point, it would be challenging to determine when this point has been achieved without an indicator. By include an indication in the formula, the endpoint may be identified by a distinct and perceptible color shift. This makes it easier for the researcher to calculate the volume of titrant needed to achieve the equivalence point. So, it would not be possible to determine when the indicator was added if one was not used during titration. a distinct and perceptible color shift.
learn more about indicator here:
https://brainly.com/question/20264817
#SPJ4
For the precipitation reaction occurring between iron (II) chloride, FeCl2 and potassium carbonate K2CO3, show the Molecular, Complete Ionic and Net Ionic Equations
If you take 20 g FeCl2 and 25 g K2CO3, what will be the theoretical yield of the solid product? This calculation depends on the limiting agent.
The theoretical yield of the solid product FeCO₃ in the reaction here is 18.18 grams. This is because, FeCl₂ is a limiting agent.
What is the theoretical yield?The precipitation reaction occurring between iron (II) chloride, FeCl₂ and potassium carbonate K₂CO₃
The Molecular equation is given below: FeCl₂ + K₂CO₃ → FeCO₃ + 2KCl
The Complete Ionic equation is given below: Fe₂⁺ + 2Cl⁻ + 2K⁺ + CO₃²⁻ → FeCO₃ + 2K⁺ + 2Cl⁻
The Net Ionic equation is given below: Fe²⁺ + CO₃²⁻→ FeCO₃
Molar mass of FeCl₂ = 126.75 g/mol
Molar mass of K₂CO₃ = 138.21 g/mol
n(FeCl₂) = mass/Mr = 20/126.75 = 0.1578 m
n(K₂CO₃) = mass/Mr = 25/138.21 = 0.1808 m
Therefore, FeCl₂ is the limiting agent. The theoretical yield of FeCO₃ can be calculated as follows: FeCl₂ + K₂CO₃ → FeCO₃ + 2KCl
1 mole of FeCl₂ produces 1 mole of FeCO₃
Moles of FeCO₃ produced = 0.1578 mol
FeCO₃ molar mass = 115.86 g/mol
Mass of FeCO₃ produced = 0.1578 mol × 115.86 g/mol = 18.18 g
Thus, the theoretical yield of the solid product FeCO₃ is 18.18 g.
Learn more about Theoretical yield here:
https://brainly.com/question/14966377
#SPJ11
you are given the following information at 1000 K.CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) K1 = 0.039C(s) + CO2(g) 2 CO(g) K2 = 1.9Determine the equilibrium constant at 1000 K for the following.CaCO3(s) + C(s) CaO(s) + 2 CO(g)
The equilibrium constant at 1000K for the reaction CaCO3(s) + C(s) --> CaO(s) + 2CO(g) is K = K1.K2 = 0,039 . 1,9 = 0,074.
The equilibrium constant at 1000 K for the given chemical reaction, CaCO3(s) + C(s) CaO(s) + 2 CO(g), can be determined as follows:
[tex]K1 = 0,039\\K2 = 1,9[/tex]
We know that the equilibrium constant of a reaction is the product of the equilibrium constants of its individual steps (if the reaction is made up of more than one step) under the given conditions. Therefore, we can use the following equations to calculate the equilibrium constant of the given reaction: [tex]Kc = \frac{K1. K2}{Keq}[/tex] (where Keq is the equilibrium constant of the desired reaction) [tex]Kc = [(P(CO))^2/(P(CaCO3).P(C))] . 0,039 . 1,9[/tex].
Now, we have to express the pressure of all the species involved in terms of the equilibrium constant of the reaction we need to find. For this, we use the following relation:
Keq = [tex](P(CaO).P(CO)^2)/(P(CaCO3).P(C))[/tex]. On substituting the above expression for Keq in the expression for Kc, we get:
Kc = [tex][(P(CO))^2/(P(CaCO3).P(C))] . 0,039 . 1,9[/tex]
Keq = [tex](P(CaO).P(CO)^2)/(P(CaCO3).P(C))[/tex]
On comparing the expressions for Kc and Keq, we get:
[tex]Kc = K1 . K2/Keq\\Kc = [(P(CO))^2/(P(CaCO3).P(C))] . 0.039 . 1.9\\Kc = (P(CaO).P(CO)^2)/(P(CaCO3).P(C))[/tex]
Therefore, we can write: [tex](P(CaO).P(CO)^2)/(P(CaCO3).P(C))[/tex]
Kc =[tex][(P(CO))^2/(P(CaCO3).P(C))] . 0,039 . 1,9(P(CaO).P(CO)^2)/(P(CaCO3))^2[/tex]
[tex]Kc = 0,039. 1,9P(CO)^2/P(CaCO3) \\Kc = 0,074251/P(CaO) \\Kc = (P(CaCO3).P(C) )/P(CO)^2.[/tex]
Now, using the expression for Keq, we can write:
[tex]Keq = (P(CaO).P(CO)^2)/(P(CaCO3).P(C))\\Keq = (P(CaCO3).P(C).P(CO)^2)/(P(CaCO3).P(C))\\Keq = P(CO)^2/P(C)\\Keq = 0.07425[/tex]
Learn more about equilibrium constant: brainly.com/question/3159758
#SPJ11
A certain half-reaction has a standard reduction potential EPod=-0.75 V. An engineer proposes using this half-reaction at the cathode of a galvanic cell that must provide at least 0.90 V of electrical power. The cell will operate under standard conditions. Note for advanced students: assume the engineer requires this half-reaction to happen at the cathode of the cell. Is there a minimum standard reduction potential that the half-reaction used at the anode of this cell can have? Is there a maximum standard reduction potential that the half-reaction used at the anode of this cell can have? By using the information in the ALEKS Data tab, write a balanced equation describing a half reaction that could be used at the anode of this cell. Note: write the half reaction as it would actually occur at the anode.
Using the following formula, the total cell potential, Ecell, may be calculated: Ecathode + anode equals Ecell. where Ecathode is the cathode half-reduction reaction's potential and Eanode.
We can determine the minimal Eanode needed to create a cell potential of 0.90 V since the engineer suggests employing a half-reaction with EPod = -0.75 V at the cathode:
Ecathode + anode equals Ecell.
Eanode: 0.90 V = -0.75 V
Eanode = 0.75 0.90 volts
Eanode equals 1.65 V.
The half-reaction employed at the anode must thus have a standard reduction potential of -1.65 V or less.
The typical reduction potential of the half-reaction utilised at the anode, on the other hand, has no upper limit. Yet, a higher Ecell and a more effective galvanic cell would be produced by a larger reduction potential at the anode.
We can utilise the half-reaction to create a balanced equation for the anode half-reaction:
Cu(s) becomes Cu2+(aq) plus 2e-
learn more about half-oxidation reaction's potential.here:
https://brainly.com/question/23302600
#SPJ4
n-octane gas (c8h18) is burned with 95 % excess air in a constant pressure burner. the air and fuel enter this burner steadily at standard conditions and the products of combustion leave at 265 0c. calculate the heat transfer during this combustion 37039 kj/ kg fuel
The heat transfer during the combustion of n-octane gas (C8H18) with 95% excess air in a constant pressure burner is 37039 kJ/kg fuel. This is calculated using the enthalpy of the formation of the products and reactants. The air and fuel enter the burner steadily at standard conditions, and the products of combustion leave at 265°C.
The enthalpy of combustion of the fuel is determined by subtracting the enthalpy of formation of the reactants from the enthalpy of formation of the products. The enthalpy of formation of the reactants is determined by multiplying the standard enthalpy of formation for each compound in the reaction by the number of moles of each compound and adding the result.
The enthalpy of formation of the products is determined by multiplying the standard enthalpy of formation for each compound in the reaction by the number of moles of each compound and adding the result. The heat transfer during combustion is then determined by subtracting the enthalpy of formation of the reactants from the enthalpy of formation of the products, resulting in 37039 kJ/kg fuel.
The heat transfer during the combustion of n-octane gas (C8H18) can be calculated using the formula Q = m × Cp × ΔT. Here, m is the mass of the fuel burnt, Cp is the specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the change in temperature. Let's substitute the given values: Mass of fuel burnt = 1 kg (since 37039 kJ/kg fuel is given)Cp of n-octane gas = 2.22 kJ/kg/K (given)ΔT = (265 - 25) = 240 K (since the temperature of products is given as 265°C = 538 K and standard temperature is 25°C = 298 K)Therefore, the heat transfer during combustion of n-octane gas is: Q = m × Cp × ΔT = 1 × 2.22 × 240 = 532.8 kJAnswer: The heat transfer during this combustion is 532.8 kJ.
For more information follow the link: https://brainly.com/question/14754029
#SPJ11
Identify the compounds that should rearrange following the same mechanism as the pinacol rearrangement?
The pinacol rearrangement is a well-known organic reaction that involves the rearrangement of vicinal diols, which are compounds that have two hydroxyl groups (-OH) attached to adjacent carbon atoms.
The reaction typically occurs under acidic conditions and results in the formation of ketones or aldehydes.
The mechanism of the pinacol rearrangement begins with protonation of one of the hydroxyl groups, usually the more acidic one, by an acid catalyst.
This protonation leads to the formation of a carbocation intermediate, which is a carbon atom with a positive charge due to the loss of a proton.
The adjacent hydroxyl group then attacks the carbocation, forming a carbon-oxygen bond and leading to the formation of a cyclic intermediate.
This cyclic intermediate is unstable and rearranges through migration of the alkyl group or hydrogen atom from the carbocation to the adjacent carbon atom, forming a new carbocation intermediate.
This rearrangement is typically facilitated by the presence of neighboring electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups that stabilize the intermediate carbocation through resonance or inductive effects.
The rearranged carbocation intermediate is then deprotonated, leading to the formation of a ketone or an aldehyde, depending on the conditions and the specific structure of the starting compound.
The final product of the pinacol rearrangement is typically a ketone or an aldehyde with a carbonyl group (C=O) in the position where the original hydroxyl group was attached.
To learn more about carbonyl group, refer below:
https://brainly.com/question/13564853
#SPJ11
what product is finally formed when the initial compound formed from cyclohexanone and morpholine is mixed with methyl iodide and that product is heated and then hydrolyzed
When the initial compound formed from cyclohexanone and morpholine is mixed with methyl iodide and heated and then hydrolyzed, the product that is finally formed is N-Methylaminoethylcyclohexanone.
The reaction between cyclohexanone and morpholine in the presence of an acid catalyst produces a cyclic imine named N-morpholino-cyclohexanone, which is an intermediate in the synthesis of several drugs. It reacts with methyl iodide and potassium carbonate in methanol to form N-methylaminoethylcyclohexanone, which upon hydrolysis produces the final product, N-methylaminoethylcyclohexanone. This reaction is an example of the Mannich reaction.N-methylaminoethylcyclohexanone is a synthetic intermediate and a building block for the synthesis of various drugs. It's commonly used as an intermediate in the synthesis of sedatives and analgesics. It's also used in the synthesis of ephedrine analogs and the anticancer agent 2-[2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)ethyl]aminoethylcyclohexanone.
Learn more about hydrolysis here: https://brainly.com/question/30578484
#SPJ11
In Part A of this Experiment, which direction did the equilibrium shift when water was added? Explain what caused this shift. Keep in mind that water is not included in the K expression. It may be helpful to examine the hydrolysis of the SbCl3 in your lab manual. K is the equilibrium constant Q Is the reaction quotient Equilibrium shifts remains the same; Q=K Equilibrium shifts in the reverse direction; Q K. The equilibrium shifts in the direction with more moles of aqueous products O Equilibrium shifts in the forward direction; Q< K. The equilibrium shifts in the direction with more moles of aqueous products o Equilibrium shifts in the reverse direction; Q > K. The equilibrium shifts in the direction with less moles of aqueous products
Equilibrium shifts in the forward direction; Q< K. The equilibrium shifts in the direction with more moles of aqueous products.
How do you know the direction of equilibrium shift?The direction of an equilibrium shift can be predicted by applying Le Chatelier's principle, which states that when a system at equilibrium is subjected to a stress, the system will shift in a direction that counteracts the stress.
The direction of an equilibrium shift depends on the nature of the stress and the equilibrium constant of the reaction. The equilibrium constant can be used to determine the relative concentrations of the reactants and products at equilibrium, and can also be used to calculate the equilibrium concentrations of the species at a given set of conditions.
Learn more about reaction equilibrium:https://brainly.com/question/15118952
#SPJ1
Preparations of lead compounds and percentage yield
A chemical substance or natural product known as a lead compound has biological action against a pharmacological target.
A critical phase of the drug discovery program is lead identification and optimization.
There are two main oxidation states for compounds containing lead: +2 and +4. The first is more typical. Strong oxidants or only occurring in extremely acidic conditions are typical characteristics of inorganic lead(IV) compounds.
The percent yield equation is:
percent yield = actual yield/theoretical yield x 100%
The ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield multiplied by 100 is the percent yield.
Characterizing natural products, using combinatorial chemistry, or using molecular modeling as in rational drug design are methods for finding lead compounds. Lead compounds can also be made from substances that high-throughput screening identified as hits.
To know about yield
https://brainly.com/question/2506978
#SPJ4
etermine whether each of the molecules below is polar or nonpolar. linear c o 2 c o 2 choose... tetrahedral c h 4 c h 4 choose... linear n 2 n 2 choose... bent h 2 o h 2 o choose...
CO₂ is nonpolar molecule, CH₄ is a nonpolar molecule, N₂ is a nonpolar molecule, and H₂O is a polar molecule.
What are Polar and non-polar molecules?Non polar molecules are the molecules which are symmetric with no unshared electrons in the structure. Polar molecules are the asymmetric molecules, which are either containing lone pairs of electrons on a central atom or having atoms with different electronegativities bonded to each other.
The linear CO₂ molecule is polar molecule due to the difference in electronegativity between the Carbon and Oxygen atoms. The tetrahedral CH₄ molecule is nonpolar since all the atoms have the same electronegativities. The linear N₂ molecule is nonpolar since it has a symmetrical linear shape. Finally, the bent H₂O molecule is polar due to the difference in electronegativity between the Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms.
Learn more about Molecules here:
https://brainly.com/question/15173422
#SPJ11
0.5 l of 1.0 m hcl solution was titrated by 0.5 l of 1.0 m naoh. what is the ph after this titration?
The pH of the HCl solution which is titrated by 0.5L of 1.0m NaOH is 7.
What is pH?The pH after the titration of 0.5 L of 1.0 M HCl solution with 0.5 L of 1.0 M NaOH can be calculated as follows:
To start, we must write down the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide: HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
The moles of HCl and NaOH involved in the reaction can be calculated as follows: 0.5 L of 1.0 M HCl = 0.5 mol HCl
0.5 L of 1.0 M NaOH = 0.5 mol NaOH
Since NaOH is in excess, it reacts completely with HCl, which means that 0.5 mol NaOH will react with 0.5 mol HCl. The balanced chemical equation shows that one mole of HCl reacts with one mole of NaOH to produce one mole of water, so all of the HCl has been neutralized, leaving only NaCl and water behind.
The concentration of the NaCl solution that results can be calculated as follows:
Concentration of NaCl = 0.5 mol NaCl / 1.0 L = 0.5 M NaCl
The pH of the resulting solution of NaCl can be calculated using the following equation:
pH = - log [H⁺]
where [H⁺] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution. Since NaCl is a salt and completely dissociates in water, it does not contribute any hydrogen ions to the solution, which means that the concentration of hydrogen ions is zero. As a result, the pH of the solution is equal to 7, which is neutral.
Learn more about pH here:
https://brainly.com/question/491373
#SPJ11
phosphorylation of either of the terminal hydroxyl groups of glycerol will create: (a) (r)-glycerol-3-phosphate (b) l-glycerol-1-phosphate (c) d-glycerol-3-phosphate (d) a pair of enantiomers (e) none of the above
Phosphorylation of either of the terminal hydroxyl groups of glycerol will create b. L-glycerol-1-phosphate.
Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway in which glucose is broken down into two pyruvates in the presence of oxygen. Glycerol is a molecule that serves as a precursor to triacylglycerols and phospholipids. Glycerol, which is a 3-carbon molecule, is broken down into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in the glycolysis pathway.
The structure of glycerol comprises of two terminal hydroxyl groups, -OH, on carbons 1 and 3 of glycerol are the primary alcohol groups. These groups can be phosphorylated by a kinase enzyme to produce two different phosphates: L-glycerol-1-phosphate or D-glycerol-3-phosphate.
Phosphorylation of either of the terminal hydroxyl groups of glycerol will create L-glycerol-1-phosphate. This molecule is a phosphoric acid ester of glycerol that is classified as a glycerophosphate. Phosphorylation of the 1-hydroxyl group produces L-glycerol-1-phosphate, whereas phosphorylation of the 3-hydroxyl group produces D-glycerol-3-phosphate.
Therefore, the phosphorylation of either of the terminal hydroxyl groups of glycerol will create L-glycerol-1-phosphate.
To know more about phosphorylation click here:
https://brainly.com/question/15585148
#SPJ11
1. Analysis of a 50-g sample of a liquid compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen showed it to contain 9.5 g C, 3.40 g H, and 5.71 g N. What is the percent composition of Hydrogen?
The chemical contains 18.26% hydrogen in terms of percentage.
What is mass?A fundamental physical characteristic of matter is mass, which expresses how much matter is present in an item. It serves as a gauge for an object's resistance to acceleration, therefore the more massive an object, the more force is needed to move it.
How do you determine it?Calculating the total mass of the compound and the mass of the hydrogen in the compound is necessary to determine the percent composition of hydrogen in the compound.
mass of compound = sum of masses of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
mass of the mixture= 9.5 g + 3.40 g + 5.71 g
Mass of the compound= 18.61 g.
The compound's mass of hydrogen is:
mass of hydrogen=3.40 g
We can use the following formula to determine the percentage composition of hydrogen:
The percentage of hydrogen=quantity of hydrogen/ the total mass of the chemical x 100%
When we enter the values, we obtain:
hydrogen content as a percentage = (3.40 g/18.61 g) x 100% = 18.26%
Thus, 18.26% of the compound is hydrogen, according to its percent composition.
To know more about mass, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/19694949
#SPJ1
Balance the equation. H3PO4 → H4P₂O7 +
H₂O
Answer:
2,1,1
Explanation:
What do an engine using gasoline to power a car and
mixing glue and laundry powder to create putty have in commen
An engine using gasoline to power a car and mixing glue and laundry powder to create putty are both examples of chemical reactions.
Gasoline is considered an energy source due to its ability to release stored chemical energy in the form of heat and mechanical work when it is burned in an engine. When gasoline is ignited in an engine, the chemical energy stored in its molecular bonds is released, causing a rapid combustion reaction that generates heat and expanding gases that push the pistons and create mechanical work.
The energy content of gasoline is typically measured in units of joules or British thermal units (BTUs), which are used to quantify the amount of energy released during combustion. Gasoline is a widely used and important energy source, but its combustion also produces harmful emissions that contribute to air pollution and climate change.
To learn more about Gasoline visit here:
brainly.com/question/29991915
#SPJ4
WHAT IS THE MASS OF O2 GIVEN THE EQUATION: 4FE + 3O2 --> 2FE2O3
Answer: I think its 111.6
Explanation:
Consult your laboratory notebook and notes about the color changes you observed during the titration to select the choice that most correctly describes the pH range and color change observed with the phenolphthalein indicator. a. When the indicator was added to the solution, it started out colorless, turned to pink at about pH 9 and was deep purple at the first equivalence point. b. When the indicator was added to the solution, it started out a deep purple, turned to pink at about pH 9 which faded to become colorless at the first equivalence point. c. When the indicator was added to the solution, started out blue, became green during the titration at about pH 5 and turned to yellow at the second equivalence point and beyond. d. When the indicator was added to the solution, it started out yellow, passed through green at about pH 5 and became blue at the second equivalence point and beyond.
Consulting the laboratory notebook and notes about the color changes observed during titration, it is seen that the most accurate option for phenolphthalein is option (a).
When phenolphthalein was added to the solution, it started out colorless, turned to pink at about pH 9, and was deep purple at the first equivalence point.
Phenolphthalein is a pH-sensitive indicator that changes color in the pH range of 8.3 to 10.0. The colorless form of phenolphthalein is present in acidic solutions, whereas the pink form of phenolphthalein is present in basic solutions. The deep purple coloration is representative of the first equivalence point.
The pH of a solution can be determined using an acid-base indicator. Indicators are chemicals that change color in response to changes in acidity. Indicators are typically used to determine the endpoint of an acid-base titration when the pH changes rapidly over a small range of volumes. The color of the indicator corresponds to a specific pH value.
A colorless solution with a low pH will gradually become pink as it approaches the endpoint. As a result, the pH range observed with the phenolphthalein indicator is from about pH 8.3 to 10.0, with a color change from colorless to pink occurring around pH 9.0.
Therefore, "When the indicator was added to the solution, it started out colorless, turned to pink at about pH 9, and was deep purple at the first equivalence point" is the correct answer.
To know more about phenolphthalein, refer here:
https://brainly.com/question/15211751#
#SPJ11
Be sure to answer all parts. One of the compounds used to increase the octane rating of gasoline is toluene (pictured). Suppose 38.4 mL of toluene (d= 0.867 g/mL) is consumed when a sample of gasoline burns in air. (a) How many grams of oxygen are needed for complete combustion of the toluene? (b) How many total moles of gaseous products form? mol (c) How many molecules of water vapor form? ___ x 10 (select) molecules (Enter your answer in scientific notation.)
The amount of oxygen needed for complete combustion of the toluene is 3.249 grams. The total moles of gaseous products formed are 3.971 moles. The molecules of water vapor formed are 8.684 x 10²².
What is the amount of oxygen formed?One of the compounds used to increase the octane rating of gasoline is toluene. Suppose 38.4 mL of toluene (d= 0.867 g/mL) is consumed when a sample of gasoline burns in air. In order to solve the above problem, let us write the chemical equation for the combustion of toluene is as follows:
C₇H₈ + 9O₂ → 7CO₂ + 4H₂O
In the above reaction, we can see that 9 moles of oxygen are needed to completely combust one mole of toluene. Hence, the amount of oxygen needed for complete combustion of toluene can be calculated as follows:
n(C₇H₈) = m(C₇H₈)/M(C₇H₈)
n(C₇H₈) = d × V / M(C₇H₈)
n(C₇H₈) = 0.867 g/mL × 38.4 mL / 92.14 g/mol = 0.361 mol
So, the amount of oxygen needed for complete combustion of toluene = 9 × 0.361 = 3.249 g
In the above reaction, there are 11 moles of gaseous products, i.e., 7 moles of CO₂ and 4 moles of H₂O.
So, the amount of moles of gaseous products formed can be calculated as follows: n(gas) = 11 × n(C₇H₈)
n(gas) = 11 × 0.361 = 3.971 mol.
The amount of moles of H₂O formed can be calculated as follows:
n(H₂O) = 4 × n(C₇H₈)
n(H₂O) = 4 × 0.361 = 1.444 mol
Now, we can calculate the number of molecules of water vapor as follows:
n(H₂O) = N × Na
N = n(H₂O) / Na
N = 1.444 mol / 6.022 x 10²³ mol¯¹ = 8.684 x 10²²
Hence, the number of molecules of water vapor formed is 8.684 x 10²².
Learn more about Complete combustion here:
https://brainly.com/question/31123826
#SPJ11
You observed a phase change of liquid iodine that has a negative ΔH value. Which of the following statements are true? (Assume constant pressure and a flexible container.)(You may select more than one answer. Incorrect answers will be penalised.)Question 4 options:A. It was an exothermic reaction.B. Energy was transferred from the system to the surroundings.C. q is positive.D. The liquid became a gas.
The statements which are true include: it was an exothermic reaction and energy was transferred from the system to the surroundings. Thus, the correct options are A and B.
What is an Exothermic reaction?The reason for this reaction to be an exothermic reaction is that a negative ΔH value represents that the reaction or process was exothermic and as per the first law of thermodynamics, energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it only changes form from one form to another.
In this case, as the reaction is exothermic, it releases energy which was transferred from the system to the surroundings. Hence, the correct options will be A and B. The options C and D are incorrect options. The value of q is negative in this case, and the liquid would have become a solid instead of a gas, considering that there is no change in pressure or flexible container is used.
Learn more about Exothermic reaction here:
https://brainly.com/question/10373907
#SPJ11
Explain the following statement about the rate law equation: The rate constant isn't really
constant. Include the definition of the term rate constant in your answer and give two
specific examples to support this statement.
Answer:
In chemical kinetics, the rate constant (k) is a proportionality constant that relates the rate of a chemical reaction to the concentrations of the reactants. It is often included in the rate law equation, which expresses the relationship between the rate of the reaction and the concentrations of the reactants.
However, the rate constant is not truly constant because it can vary with different experimental conditions. The rate constant is affected by factors such as temperature, pressure, and the presence of catalysts or inhibitors. For example, an increase in temperature usually leads to an increase in the rate constant, while the addition of a catalyst can decrease the activation energy and increase the rate constant.
Two specific examples that support this statement are:
1) The effect of temperature on the rate constant: Consider the reaction A → B, which has a rate law equation of rate = k[A]. If the temperature is increased, the rate constant will increase due to the increase in kinetic energy of the reactant molecules. This means that the reaction will proceed faster at higher temperatures, even if the concentration of A remains the same.
2) The effect of catalysts on the rate constant: Consider the reaction C + D → E, which has a rate law equation of rate = k[C][D]. If a catalyst is added to the reaction, it can increase the rate constant by providing an alternate pathway with a lower activation energy. This means that the reaction will proceed faster at the same concentrations of C and D with the catalyst present than without it.
Explanation:
if a sample of the element chemistrium (ch) contain: 100 atoms of ch-12 and 10 atoms of ch-13 (for a total of 110 atoms in the sample), what is the average mass of chemistrium in amu? a 12.1 b 12.3 c 12.5 d 13.1 e 13.3 f 13.5
The average mass of chemistrium (Ch) in amu is: 12.5 amu.
What is chemistrium (Ch)?Chemistrium is an element with the atomic number 106. It is a transactinide synthetic element with an atomic weight of 268 u. Until 2009, this element was known as unnilhexium (Unh). It was named chemistrium in honor of the chemistry in recognition of the Moscow-based Joint Institute for Nuclear Research's contributions to the synthesis of new elements.
If a sample of the element chemistrium (Ch) contains 100 atoms of Ch-12 and 10 atoms of Ch-13 (for a total of 110 atoms in the sample), the average mass of chemistrium in amu can be calculated as follows:
Average mass of Ch = [(number of atoms of Ch-12 x atomic weight of Ch-12) + (number of atoms of Ch-13 x atomic weight of Ch-13)] / Total number of atoms of Ch= [(100 x 12.000000) + (10 x 13.003355)] / 110= [1200.0000 + 130.03355] / 110= 1330.03355 / 110= 12.18212318 amu, which is rounded off to 12.5 amu.
Learn more about element: https://brainly.com/question/25608430
#SPJ11
PLS HELP!! HURRY!!
Match the terms to the appropriate definition and/or descriptions
Absolute dating and relative dating are two methods used by scientists to determine the age of rocks, fossils, and other geological materials.
What are the different types of dating?Relative dating involves comparing the placement of fossils in rock layers. By analysing the sequence of rock layers, scientists can determine the relative ages of fossils and other materials. For example, if a fossil is found in a layer of rock that is below another layer, it is considered to be older than the layer above it.
Absolute dating involves using scientific methods to determine the exact age of a material. This is often done using radiometric dating techniques, which involve measuring the amount of certain isotopes in a sample.
Carbon-14 dating is based on the fact that carbon-14, an isotope of carbon, is created when cosmic rays interact with nitrogen in the atmosphere. Plants and animals take in carbon-14 through photosynthesis and eating, and the carbon-14 decays over time at a known rate. By measuring the amount of carbon-14 in a sample, scientists can determine the age of the material.
Radiometric dating is a technique used to date rocks and other geological materials based on the decay rate of radioactive isotopes. For example, uranium-lead dating can be used to date rocks that are billions of years old, by measuring the amount of uranium and lead in the sample and calculating how long it has been decaying.
To find out more about dating techniques, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/12291163
#SPJ1
A change that is useful for the environment and living things is called
The change that is useful for the environment and living things is called "positive environmental change."
Positive environmental change refers to any alteration or modification in the environment that improves or benefits living organisms' well-being. Examples of positive environmental changes include reducing pollution, conserving water, using renewable energy sources, and recycling waste products. Positive environmental change is essential to ensure a sustainable future and to maintain the planet's biodiversity.
It can be achieved by implementing new policies, practices, and technologies that promote sustainable development and reduce the negative impact on the environment. Positive environmental change can also help to address climate change and other environmental challenges faced by humanity. By taking positive steps to protect the environment, we can ensure that future generations can also enjoy a healthy, prosperous, and sustainable planet.
To learn more about positive environmental change, here
https://brainly.com/question/30033700
#SPJ4
Calcium carbonate, CaCO3, is able to remove sulfur dioxide, SO2, from waste gases by a reaction in which they react in a 1: 1 stoichiometric ratio to form equimolar amounts of CaSO3. When 255 g of CaCO3 reacted with 135 g of SO2, 198 g of CaSO3 were formed. Determine the percentage yield of CaSO3
The percentage yield of CaSO3 is approximately 69%.
CaCO3 + SO2 → CaSO3 + CO2
Number of moles of CaCO3 = 255 g / 100.09 g/mol = 2.549 mol
Number of moles of SO2 = 135 g / 64.06 g/mol = 2.109 mol
Since the reaction is 1:1 stoichiometric, the number of moles of CaSO3 formed is 2.109 mol. We can then calculate the theoretical yield of CaSO3:
Theoretical yield of CaSO3 = 2.109 mol x 136.14 g/mol = 286.9 g
Percentage yield = (Actual yield / Theoretical yield) x 100%
The actual yield is given as 198 g. Plugging in the values, we get:
Percentage yield = (198 g / 286.9 g) x 100% ≈ 69%.
Stoichiometric is the study of the quantitative relationship between reactants and products in a chemical reaction. The stoichiometric ratio is the ratio of the moles of one substance to the moles of another substance in a chemical reaction.
For example, consider the reaction between hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas (O2) to form water (H2O). The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O. The stoichiometric ratio for this reaction is 2:1. This means that for every two moles of hydrogen gas reacted, one mole of oxygen gas is required to completely react with it and form two moles of water.
Stoichiometric is important in chemical reactions because it allows us to determine the number of reactants needed to produce a certain amount of product or the amount of product that can be produced from a given amount of reactants. This information is crucial in industrial and laboratory settings where the cost of materials and the desired yield of the product are important factors.
To learn more about Stoichiometric visit here:
brainly.com/question/6907332
#SPJ4
In 1828, Friedrich Wöhler produced urea
when he heated a solution of ammonium
cyanate. This reaction is represented by the
balanced equation below.
H 7+
H-N-H[C=N-O]
I
H
Ammonium
cyanate
H O
\/
N-CIN
H
Urea
Explain why this balanced equation represents a
conservation of atoms.
H
H
This balanced equation represents the principle of conservation of atoms, which is a fundamental principle of chemistry in the sense that the number and type of atoms are the same on both sides which means that no atoms were created or destroyed during the reaction, only rearranged to form new molecule.
What is a balanced equation?A balanced equation is described as an equation for a chemical reaction in which the number of atoms for each element in the reaction and the total charge are the same for both the reactants and the products.
Analyzing the diagram,
On the left-hand side we have :1 nitrogen atom (N)
3 hydrogen atoms (H)
1 carbon atom (C)
2 oxygen atoms (O)
On the right-hand side:1 nitrogen atom (N)
4 hydrogen atoms (H)
1 carbon atom (C)
2 oxygen atoms (O)
This can only mean that no atoms were created or destroyed during the reaction, only rearranged to form new molecules.
Learn more about balanced equation atr:
https://brainly.com/question/11904811
#SPJ1
consider an ideal gas of molecules, with n adsorbing sites. each site can be occupied or unoccupied by one or two of the ideal gas molecules. determine the average number of molcules adsorbed by the table
The average number of molecules adsorbed by the table is the number of different ways of placing a total of r particles on n adsorption sites when two particles can occupy each site given by (r + n-1) C (n-1).
This formula follows from the fact that each placement corresponds to choosing n-1 boundaries that divide the particles into n groups (each group may be empty) and then putting one group into each adsorption site. Thus the required number of ways is(r + n-1) C (n-1). The number of ways of placing r particles on n adsorption sites when one or two particles can occupy each site is the sum of the number of ways in which exactly one particle occupies a site and the number of ways in which two particles occupy a site. Each adsorption site can be either empty, occupied by one molecule, or occupied by two molecules. Therefore, there are three different states that each adsorption site can have. There are n adsorption sites, and therefore there are 3n different states that the table can have. Each state is characterized by the number of molecules adsorbed by the table. Therefore, the average number of molecules adsorbed by the table is given by the sum of the number of molecules adsorbed in each state, divided by the total number of states. The number of molecules adsorbed in each state is the sum of the number of molecules adsorbed by each adsorption site, overall adsorption sites. Therefore, the number of molecules adsorbed in each state is either 0, 1, or 2.
Learn more about ideal gas at brainly.com/question/28257995
#SPJ4
which system provided here, if any, would be best modeled by an ideal solution? if any of the solutions are non-ideal, discuss whether the scatchard-hildebrand approach would be appropriate to model the non-idealities. explain your answer. (i) ethane n-decane (ii) water 1-butanol (iii) benzene toluene
The systems that would be best modeled by an ideal solution are (i) ethane n-decane, (iii) benzene toluene. If any of the solutions are non-ideal, the Scatchard-Hildebrand approach would be appropriate to model the non-idealities. A solution is said to be ideal if the solution behaves like an ideal gas, which means that there are no intermolecular interactions between the molecules of the components. i.e., the solution will obey Raoult's law.
The systems that would be best modeled by an ideal solution are(i) ethane n-decane(ii) water 1-butanol(iii) benzene toluene. An ideal solution occurs when the components of a mixture form a homogeneous mixture that does not exhibit deviations from Raoult's law. Since the ideal mixture is composed of solvent and solute, it is impossible to completely exclude interactions between the two components.
It is best suited for non-polar and small polar solutes. In this way, the non-ideality of the solution can be predicted. Therefore, if any of the solutions are non-ideal, the Scatchard-Hildebrand approach would be appropriate to model the non-idealities.
For more information about Raoult's law refer here
https://brainly.com/question/28304759
#SPJ11
How would poisoning proton pumps impact anion uptake? a. It would decrease the uptake of anions via cotransport with protons.b. It would have no effect; most anions utilize ATP-driven pumps for uptake.c. It would decrease the uptake of anions by passive diffusion.d. It would increase the uptake of anions via cotransport with protons.
Poisoning proton pumps impact anion uptake in such a way that It would decrease the uptake of anions by passive diffusion.
What is passive diffusion ?The process by which molecules diffuse from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration is known as passive diffusion. It is the most important mechanism for drug passage across membrane.
Diffusion is the net movement of material from a high concentration area to a low concentration area. The concentration gradient is the difference in concentration between the two areas, and diffusion will continue until this gradient is eliminated. Because diffusion transports materials from a high concentration area to a low concentration area
to know more about passive diffusion , visit ;
brainly.com/question/1304999
#SPJ1
