Electrophoresis is a technique commonly used in the lab to separate charged molecules, like DNA, according to size.
Gel electrophoresis is a technique commonly used in laboratories to separate charged molecules like DNA?, RNA? and proteins? according to their size.
Charged molecules move through a gel when an electric current is passed across it.
An electric current is applied across the gel so that one end of the gel has a positive charge and the other end has a negative charge.
The movement of charged molecules is called migration. Molecules migrate towards the opposite charge. A molecule with a negative charge will therefore be pulled towards the positive end (opposites attract!).
The gel consists of a permeable matrix, a bit like a sieve, through which molecules can travel when an electric current is passed across it.
Smaller molecules migrate through the gel more quickly and therefore travel further than larger fragments that migrate more slowly and therefore will travel a shorter distance. As a result the molecules are separated by size.
Gel electrophoresis and DNA
Electrophoresis enables you to distinguish DNA fragments of different lengths.
DNA is negatively charged, therefore, when an electric current is applied to the gel, DNA will migrate towards the positively charged electrode.
Shorter strands of DNA move more quickly through the gel than longer strands resulting in the fragments being arranged in order of size.
The use of dyes, fluorescent? tags or radioactive? labels enables the DNA on the gel to be seen after they have been separated. They will appear as bands on the gel.
A DNA marker with fragments of known lengths is usually run through the gel at the same time as the samples.
By comparing the bands of the DNA samples with those from the DNA marker, you can work out the approximate length of the DNA fragments in the samples.
How is gel electrophoresis carried out?
Preparing the gel
Agarose gels? are typically used to visualise fragments of DNA. The concentration of agarose used to make the gel depends on the size of the DNA fragments you are working with.
The higher the agarose concentration, the denser the matrix and vice versa. Smaller fragments of DNA are separated on higher concentrations of agarose whilst larger molecules require a lower concentration of agarose.
To make a gel, agarose powder is mixed with an electrophoresis buffer and heated to a high temperature until all of the agarose powder has melted.
The molten gel is then poured into a gel casting tray and a “comb” is placed at one end to make wells for the sample to be pipetted into.
Once the gel has cooled and solidified (it will now be opaque rather than clear) the comb is removed.
Many people now use pre-made gels.
The gel is then placed into an electrophoresis tank and electrophoresis buffer is poured into the tank until the surface of the gel is covered. The buffer conducts the electric current. The type of buffer used depends on the approximate size of the DNA fragments in the sample.
Preparing the DNA for electrophoresis
A dye is added to the sample of DNA prior to electrophoresis to increase the viscosity of the sample which will prevent it from floating out of the wells and so that the migration of the sample through the gel can be seen.
A DNA marker (also known as a size standard or a DNA ladder) is loaded into the first well of the gel. The fragments in the marker are of a known length so can be used to help approximate the size of the fragments in the samples.
The prepared DNA samples are then pipetted into the remaining wells of the gel.
When this is done the lid is placed on the electrophoresis tank making sure that the orientation of the gel and positive and negative electrodes is correct (we want the DNA to migrate across the gel to the positive end).
Separating the fragments
The electrical current is then turned on so that the negatively charged DNA moves through the gel towards the positive side of the gel.
Shorter lengths of DNA move faster than longer lengths so move further in the time the current is run.
The distance the DNA has migrated in the gel can be judged visually by monitoring the migration of the loading buffer dye.
The electrical current is left on long enough to ensure that the DNA fragments move far enough across the gel to separate them, but not so long that they run off the end of the gel.
Illustration of DNA electrophoresis equipment used to separate DNA fragments by size. A gel sits within a tank of buffer. The DNA samples are placed in wells at one end of the gel and an electrical current passed across the gel. The negatively-charged DNA moves towards the postive electrode. Image credit: Genome Research Limited
tank.
saliva contains relatively few microbes compared to other body sites, because __________.
Saliva contains relatively few microbes compared to other body sites, because the concentration of antimicrobial enzymes limits their growth.
What is the citric acid cycle.
Answer:
Citric acid cycle also known as the Krebs cycle, is the second stage of the three-stage process by which living cells break down organic fuel molecules in the presence of oxygen to harvest the energy they need to grow and divide.
Complete this sentence. The increased ________ in ocean waters has decreased its pH, making it more acidic.
nitrogen
carbon
salt
heat
Answer:
Carbon?
Explanation:
I remember that carbon can be toxic if it's increased
Answer:
carbon
Explanation:
All of the components in the list below exist in either the mitochondria, the chloroplast or they can be found in either. Match up the components to the organelle in which they exist.
Answer:
the answer is that there is no liat
I need help with one paragraph.
Answer:
I miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rageI miss the rage
Explanation:
What is an allele? View Available Hint(s)for Part A a variety of pea plant used by Mendel an alternative version of a gene the recessive form of a gene the dominant form of a gene a type of chromosome
Answer:
An allele is one of two (or more) versions of a gene. Each individual inherits one allele from each parent. Alleles code for different trait an individual has, such as eye color, skin color, hair type, etc.
Explanation:
THIS IS THE PICTURE
Answer:
looks yummy
Explanation:
What is that btw hahaha
Match the vitamin deficiencies and their symptoms.
depression
dry skin and nails
excessive bleeding
A
B6
K
Answer:
depression: B6
dry skin and nails: A
excessive bleeding: K
when the lac repressor protein binds to lactose, why does it fall off its binding site at the operator?
Answer:
English is not my native language so sry if there's any grammaticaly mistake
Explanation:
cuz it changes its shape and forme u got that?!
Lactose falls off its binding site at the operator because the allolactose binds to the repressor causing it to fall off the operator side.
What do you mean by Lac repressor?Lac repressor prevents the transcription of genes involved in lactose utilization in E. coli, such as lac genes.
When lactose becomes available a small amount of it is taken up by lactose permease and converted to allolactose by the enzyme beta-galactosidase.
Therefore, Lactose falls off its binding site at the operator because the allolactose binds to the repressor causing it to fall off the operator side.
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what is the function of circuit breakers and fuses?
Answer:
Fuses and Circuit Breakers both serve the same purpose – which is to protect electrical circuits by preventing overloads that can cause fires. They both interrupt the flow of electricity, but in very different ways from each other. While a fuse is made of a piece of metal that melts when overheated, circuit breakers on the other hand, have internal switch mechanisms that can be tripped by an unsafe surge of electricity.
Fuses can be quicker for interrupting the flow of power, but when they melt they must be replaced; circuit breakers on the other hand just need to be reset. When comparing the two, we’ll take a look at some of the major advantages and disadvantages between fuses and circuit breakers to distinguish between them.
Answer:
Fuses and Circuit Breakers both serve the same purpose – which is to protect electrical circuits by preventing overloads that can cause fires. They both interrupt the flow of electricity, but in very different ways from each other
Explanation:
Hope I could help
Please mark as brailiest
please help me ill give brainliest <3
Answer:
1.O=1 H=2
2.C=1 O=2
3.O=2
4.C=6 H=12 O=6
Explanation:
Not sure what the 6 in front of the first 3 mean,maybe you multiple them six times for the question? not sure if it even means something though.
Item 3
Which statement is true of chloroplasts?
They transport glucose into the cell.
They are present in animal cells, but not in plant cells.
They convert light energy into chemical energy.
They convert the energy in glucose into a more usable form.
Answer:
They convert light energy into chemical energy.
Explanation:
enzymes are specific they will only fit with certain substrates explain why lactase can digest lactose but cannot digest other sugars like maltose and sucrose
Explanation:
your small your small intestines can't absorb either lactose or maltoseyou use different enzymes to digest the two sugars lactase break down lactose why an enzyme called sucrase-isomaltase breaks down maltose because enzyme are so specific with regard to function you can't break down maltose with lactose or vice versa
Lactase breaks down only lactose in food in our body can absorb it not maltose and sucrose as enzymes are specific in nature.
what are the properties of an enzyme ?Enzymes are protein which act as a catalysts and speed up the rate of biochemical reactions with out changing the structure of the final product.
Enzymes can control the speed and specificity of the chemical reaction, and the rate of biochemical reaction often influences enzymes and they can take place at a relatively low temperature; it lower the activation energy.
The enzyme activity pH specific, that is at a particular pH, each catalyst is most active for example at PH 2 for pepsin, pH 8.5 for trypsin, for example.
Both enzymes have active sites which can activate biochemical reactions. It is soluble in water, dilute glycerol, NaCl, and dilute alcohol.
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type of cells that do not have a nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelles.
Prokaryotes are organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles. Prokaryotes are divided into two distinct groups: the bacteria and the archaea, which scientists believe have unique evolutionary lineages. Most prokaryotes are small, single-celled organisms that have a relatively simple structure.
Plants undergo both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Which statement correctly compares photosynthesis and respiration
Answer:
what where compare please put a picture to yur question next time so we can answer it properly
Explanation:
i hope you will brainliest me
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Newly hatched birds that lack down and are nest-bound, unable to feed on their own, as with baby wrens or robins, are Group of answer choices carinate. altricial. derived. ratites. precocial.
Newly hatched birds that lack down and are nest-bound, unable to feed on their own, as with baby wrens or robins, are ALTRICIAL. These species include hummingbirds, swallows, passerine birds, woodpeckers, etc.
In altricial species, young individuals are underdeveloped at birth, thereby needing the help of parents to mature and develop into adult individuals.
Conversely, precocial species are species in which young individuals are mature and mobile from the moment of birth.
Most domestic species of birds (i.e., ducks, turkeys, chickens, etc) have a precocial type of development.
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what are the characteristics of a visceral reflex?
Answer:
Visceral reflexes involve a glandular or non-skeletal muscular response carried out in internal organs such as the heart, blood vessels.
Explanation:
Tucker and Micayla are conducting an experiment about cellular respiration. The purpose of their experiment is to find out if plant cells utilize celluid!
respiration in addition to photosynthesis. They begin by filling one test tube with glass beads, one with dried (non-germinating) peas, and one with
peas that have been soaked and have begun to germinate
Glass beads Dry peas Germinating peas
growth and reproduction pipettes carbon dioxide
eat
make
oxygen
Look at the diagram. A product of cellular respiration is
A reactanto cellular respiration is
energy for
The differences that plants first
respiration, whereas animals must
which can escape from the test tubes through the
which will be used up. Plants, like animals, need
food that later undergoes cellular
food
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Cellular respiration is commonly described as a metabolic pathway that reduces glucose and produces ATP. The answers are in the bullet point below:
The test group will undergo cellular respiration is the germinating peas. This is because they have been placed in an environment/conditions aid or start to grow. This implies hat they are the only test group that can under cellular respiration. They ATP for their growth. A product of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide, which can escape from the test tubes throw the pipettes. A reactant of cellular respiration is oxygen, which will be used up. Plants, like animals, need energy for growth and reproduction. The difference is the plants first make, food, then undergo cellular respiration, whereas animals must eat, food, then undergo cellular respiration to make the energy from food available.In Cellular respiration process, organisms utilizes the oxygen so as to break down food molecules and in turn produce chemical energy for cell functions.
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Tucker and Micayla are conducting an experiment with cellular respiration. The purpose of their experiment is to find out if plant cells utilize cellular respiration in addition to photosynthesis. They begin by filing one test tube with glass beads, one with dried (non-germinating) peas, and one with peas that have been soaked and have begun to germinate. Look at the diagram. Predict which test group will undergo cellular respiration and explain why.
product of cellular respiration is __________, which can escape from the test tubes throw the ________. A reactant of cellular respiration is ________, which will be used up. Plants, like animals, need energy for ______. The difference is the plants first ________, food, then undergo cellular respiration, whereas animals must _______, food, then undergo cellular respiration to make the energy from food available.
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Which is the most practical approach that can be done by anyone to reduce dependence on nonrenewable energy sources
The most practical approach that can be done by anyone to reduce dependence on nonrenewable energy sources are solar panels, electric vehicles, and energy-efficient appliances.
What do you mean by Nonrenewable energy?Non-renewable energy may be defined as that energy that will run out or will not be replenished for thousands or even millions of years.
Increase the use of electric and hybrid vehicles, install solar panels in a large amount, excessive use of energy-efficient appliances in the home, and the three R's are the most practical approach that can be done by anyone to reduce dependence on nonrenewable energy sources.
Therefore, it is well described above.
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Red blood cells do not have a nucleus but the ____ has a lot of haemoglobin to carry more oxygen.
Answer:
Red blood cell has lot of haemoglobin to carry more oxygen
which statement is true regarding the school circular respiration
A. the reactants of circular respiration are similar with the reaction of photosynthesis
B. the products of circular respiration are similar with the products photosynthesis
C. the reactants of circular respiration are obtained from the products of photosynthesis
D. circular respiration occurs on the and autotrophs photosynthesis occurs only in heterotrophs
Answer:
I think A or B, but I really think it's A, you should try it.
Explanation:
Hope it helps you:>
what are the 4 macromolecules found in a cell that you can get from food?
Is there any specialized cells in a white rhino?
Answer:
Neurons and cartilage.
Describe a bacteria cell and what makes it different from eukaryotic cells?
Answer:
Bacteria is like eukaryotic cells they have cytoplasm, ribosomes, and a plasma membrane. Features that make a bacterial cell different from a eukaryotic cell the circular DNA of the nucleoid, the lack of membrane bound organelles, the cell wall of peptidoglycan, and flagella.
Explanation:
What is the largest portion of the brain?
Answer:
c. Cerebrum
Explanation: is correct
how long do monoclonal antibodies stay in your system
Answer:
They are effective for a month and gone after 6 months. not sure if that's an answer choice but that's what I got.
Explanation:
at what point during meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up?
Answer:
Prophase 1
Explanation:
In prophase 1, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange sections of DNA in a process called crossing over.
True or false: Tonic contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels is important in maintaining blood pressure.
What happens when an action potential is produced with a signal that is stronger than threshold?
A)
weaker action potential generated
B)
no action potential generated
C)
action potential has same strength as threshold
D)
stronger action potential generated
Answer:
C) action potential has same strength as threshold
Explanation:
What happens when an action potential is produced with a signal that is stronger than threshold action potential has same strength as threshold
When an action potential is produced with a signal that is stronger than the threshold, the resulting action potential is typically stronger or more intense compared to a standard action potential. The answer is D) Stronger action potential generated.
The threshold is the minimum level of depolarization required to initiate an action potential in a neuron. If the signal surpasses the threshold, it means that the depolarization is greater than what is necessary to trigger the action potential.
When a stronger signal is received by the neuron, it results in a larger influx of ions (such as sodium) into the neuron, leading to a more pronounced depolarization of the cell membrane.
As a result, the action potential generated will have a higher amplitude or voltage compared to a regular action potential. Therefore, the answer is D) Stronger action potential generated.
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First To Answer Correctly, Gets Brainliest!!!! Connective tissue is present in bones, and blank, muscle tissue makes up muscle, nerve tissue transmits blank and forms nerves, and blank tissue lines organs and covers the body.
Answer:
what
Explanation:
Answer: uh I'm going to say B).
Explanation: Hope this helps? .-.
