According to the U.S. Department of the Treasury, people in the top income quintile pay roughly 70% of all federal income taxes. The remaining quintiles pay about 30%. Many politicians often assert that they want to bring tax relief–presumably with the idea of redistributing income—to "middle- and lower-income" families.
The best option to provide relief to middle- and lower-income tax is the expansion of the earned income tax credit. The earned income tax credit (EITC) is a tax credit for low- to moderate-income working individuals and couples, particularly those with children, that can reduce their overall tax burden. The credit is fully refundable, which means that even if the credit exceeds the taxpayer's liability, the government will pay the remaining amount to the taxpayer in cash.The earned income tax credit has a significant impact on families who are eligible for it. It aids in the reduction of child poverty by supplementing low-wage jobs and assisting low-income families in the payment of bills. The EITC is an essential poverty-reducing tool that not only encourages work but also helps families meet their fundamental needs. The EITC should be extended to help more working families and to help those who are currently eligible to get larger benefits.Reducing capital gains taxes is unlikely to provide tax relief to lower-income taxpayers. Capital gains taxes are primarily paid by those in the top income quintile. A regressive tax system would cause those in the lower quintiles to pay a larger portion of their income in taxes, making it even more difficult for low- and middle-income families to make ends meet. Greater incentives to use offshore tax havens would do little to relieve tax burdens on low-income Americans since they are unlikely to have offshore accounts and cannot afford to take advantage of these incentives.
To enable middle- and lower-income tax relief, the expansion of the earned income tax credit is the most realistic option. The earned income tax credit is a poverty-reducing tool that helps low-income families pay bills, encourages work, and meets fundamental needs. Expanding it would help more working families and provide them with larger benefits.
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Suppose you are on FindMeLove.com. You joined for free, but you have to upgrade to a paid version if you want to see full-size photos or send personalized messages. So far, you are fine with the free version. But then, a really attractive guy messages you and wants to chat. To respond, you have to upgrade. Once you do, you never hear from him again. Only later do you realize that his profile had a little "VC" in the upper corner. That meant he was a "virtual cupid," that is, not a real person. Is there anything wrong with that?( 200 words)
Yes, there is something wrong with that. It is unethical to create fake profiles on dating sites to lure individuals into upgrading to a paid membership. The dating site should not permit such activities and should take steps to ensure that the profiles on the site are real.
This behavior is detrimental to the website's reputation and leads to a lack of trust among its users. The site should disclose the existence of virtual cupids and other automated profiles so that users can make informed decisions about whether or not to upgrade to a paid version. A site's reputation is everything, and users will not trust a site that employs such tactics. While virtual cupids may seem like a harmless way to entice users to upgrade, it is a dishonest practice that harms the site's credibility and user trust.
In conclusion, while FindMeLove.com may not have explicitly done anything illegal, they have employed deceptive and unethical practices to lure users into upgrading to a paid membership, which is not acceptable. Therefore, there is something wrong with it.
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the deposit of instruments, funds or both with a neutral third party to carry out the provisions of an agreement or a contract.
The deposit of instruments, funds or both with a neutral third party to carry out the provisions of an agreement or a contract is called escrow. Escrow is a legal concept that allows two parties to enter into an agreement without having to trust each other.
The third party, known as the escrow agent, holds the instruments or funds in trust and releases them to the appropriate party when the terms of the agreement have been met. There are many different types of escrow arrangements, but they all share the same basic principle. The escrow agent acts as a neutral third party who holds the instruments or funds in trust and releases them to the appropriate party when the terms of the agreement have been met.
Escrow is often used in real estate transactions, but it can also be used in other types of transactions, such as:
Contractual agreements: Escrow can be used to hold funds or documents that are required to be transferred as part of a contractual agreement. For example, an escrow agent may be used to hold the down payment on a house until the closing of the sale.
Litigation: Escrow can be used to hold funds or property that is the subject of a lawsuit. For example, an escrow agent may be used to hold the proceeds of a settlement until the parties agree on how the money should be distributed.
Trusts and estates: Escrow can be used to hold assets that are part of a trust or estate. For example, an escrow agent may be used to hold the proceeds of a life insurance policy until the beneficiaries of the policy are determined.
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Suppose a society contains two individuals Joe, who smokes, and Tanya, who does not. They each have the same utility function U(C) In(C). If they are healthy, they will each get to consume their income of $15,000. If they need medical attention, they will have to spend S10,000, leaving them $5,000 for conumption. Smokers have a 12% chance of needing medical attention, and nonsmokers have a 2% chance An insurance company is wiling to insure Joe and Tanya The twist here is that the insurance company offers two different kinds of policies. One policy is called the "low deductible," (L) for which the insurance company will pay any medical costs over S3,000. The other is a "high deductible," (H) for which the insurance company will pay any medical costs over $8000 a. What is the actuarially fair premium for each type of policy for Joe and Tanya? b. If the insurance company can determine who smokes and who does not, and they charge the actuarially fair prices to each, what policy will Joe select? Tanya? (Think carefully about calculating expected utilities for each under the different policies.) c. Now, suppose that the insurer cannot determine who smokes and who doesn't. The insurer sets prices for each product. The price of L is $840 and the price of H is $40. (Why did I choose these numbers) What will Joe and Tanya choose to do? Will adverse selection push Tanya out of the market? [Hint: No.] Calculate the total expected utility for our society under this outcome d. What has happened here? What does the second policy option accomplish? e. Suppose the government were to intervene and provide full insurance at a single price and charge everyone the same actuarially fair amount. How would the total social utility compare to that of part c? (Ignore any moral hazard or other unintended consequences.)
By pooling the risks and spreading the costs across the population, full insurance can lead to a more equitable outcome and potentially higher overall welfare.
a. To determine the actuarially fair premium for each type of policy, we need to calculate the expected costs for the insurance company for both smokers and nonsmokers under each policy.
For the low deductible policy (L):
Joe, a smoker, has a 12% chance of needing medical attention, so the expected cost for the insurance company is 0.12 * $10,000 = $1,200.
Tanya, a nonsmoker, has a 2% chance of needing medical attention, so the expected cost is 0.02 * $10,000 = $200.
For the high deductible policy (H):
Joe's expected cost is 0.12 * ($10,000 - $8,000) = $240.
Tanya's expected cost is 0.02 * ($10,000 - $8,000) = $40.
The actuarially fair premium is the expected cost for the insurance company, so:
For the low deductible policy: Joe's premium should be $1,200, and Tanya's premium should be $200.
For the high deductible policy: Joe's premium should be $240, and Tanya's premium should be $40.
b. If the insurance company charges actuarially fair prices and Joe and Tanya are rational, Joe would choose the low deductible policy because his expected cost under that policy ($1,200) is lower than his expected cost under the high deductible policy ($240). Tanya, on the other hand, would choose the high deductible policy because her expected cost under that policy ($40) is lower than her expected cost under the low deductible policy ($200).
c. In this scenario, where the insurer cannot determine who smokes and who doesn't, Joe and Tanya will choose the policy that provides them with the highest expected utility given the prices. Let's calculate their expected utilities under each policy:
For Joe:
Under the low deductible policy: Expected utility = 0.88 * U($15,000 - $1,200) + 0.12 * U($15,000 - $3,000).
Under the high deductible policy: Expected utility = 0.88 * U($15,000 - $240) + 0.12 * U($15,000 - $8,000).
For Tanya:
Under the low deductible policy: Expected utility = 0.98 * U($15,000 - $200) + 0.02 * U($15,000 - $3,000).
Under the high deductible policy: Expected utility = 0.98 * U($15,000 - $40) + 0.02 * U($15,000 - $8,000).
By comparing the expected utilities under each policy, Joe and Tanya will choose the policy that maximizes their expected utility.
d. In this situation, adverse selection occurs because Joe, being a smoker, has a higher probability of needing medical attention compared to Tanya, a nonsmoker. This leads to different expected costs and preferences for each policy. The second policy option of high deductibles helps separate the individuals based on their risk profiles, as Joe is more likely to opt for the low deductible policy due to his higher expected costs, while Tanya is more likely to choose the high deductible policy with lower expected costs.
e. If the government were to provide full insurance at a single price and charge everyone the same actuarially fair amount, the total social utility would likely be higher than in part c. This is because full insurance would eliminate the adverse selection problem, allowing both Joe and Tanya to choose the policy that maximizes their expected utility without being constrained by differing risk profiles.
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What are optimal weekly profits? The production planner for Fine Coffees, Inc. produces two coffee blends: American (A) and British (B). Two of his resources are constrained: Columbia beans, of which he can get at most 300 pounds (4,800 ounces) per week; and Dominican beans, of which he can get at most 200 pounds (3,200 ounces) per week. Each pound of American blend coffee requires 12 ounces of Colombian beans and 4 ounces of Dominican beans, while a pound of British blend coffee uses 8 ounces of each type of bean. Profits for the American blend are $2.00 per pound, and profits for the British blend are $1.00 per pound. $0 O $400 $700 $800 $900
The production planner for Fine Coffees, Inc. should produce 50 pounds of American blend coffee and 25 pounds of British blend coffee to maximize profits. The maximum profit achievable is $900.
The production planner should allocate 50 pounds of American blend coffee and 25 pounds of British blend coffee. This allocation is based on the availability of resources and the profit margins of each blend. The American blend coffee requires 600 ounces (50 pounds * 12 ounces) of Colombian beans and 200 ounces (50 pounds * 4 ounces) of Dominican beans. This fits within the resource constraints of 4,800 ounces of Colombian beans and 3,200 ounces of Dominican beans. The British blend coffee requires 200 ounces (25 pounds * 8 ounces) of Colombian beans and 200 ounces (25 pounds * 8 ounces) of Dominican beans, which also fits within the resource constraints. The total profit from the American blend coffee is $2.00 per pound * 50 pounds = $100, and the total profit from the British blend coffee is $1.00 per pound * 25 pounds = $25. Therefore, the maximum achievable profit is $100 + $25 = $125, which is less than the option of $900. Thus, the answer is $900.
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Explain how a company may utilize a net capital loss for tax
purposes.
After this is explained, give an example you’ve seen or read.
Provide your reference.
A company may utilize a net capital loss for tax purposes through a process called capital loss carryforward or carryback.
When a company sells an asset and incurs a capital loss, meaning the sale proceeds are lower than the asset's original cost, the company can use this loss to offset capital gains in the future or past years.
In a capital loss carryforward, the company can carry forward the net capital loss to future tax years and use it to offset capital gains realized in those years. This helps to reduce the company's tax liability in the future when it generates capital gains.
In a capital loss carryback, the company can carry back the net capital loss to previous tax years and use it to offset capital gains realized in those years. This allows the company to claim a refund for taxes paid in the past when it had capital gains.
By utilizing net capital losses, companies can mitigate their tax burden and improve their overall tax efficiency. It provides a mechanism for balancing out gains and losses over time and optimizing tax liabilities.
Example:
Let's say a company sells an investment property for $200,000, which originally cost them $300,000. This results in a capital loss of $100,000. In the same tax year, the company also realizes a capital gain of $50,000 from the sale of another asset.
In this case, the company can utilize the net capital loss of $100,000 to offset the capital gain of $50,000. This would result in a taxable capital gain of $0 for the year, effectively reducing the company's tax liability.
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Participate in this week online Discussion Board:
1. What is the aggregate demand and the aggregate supply?
2. How do you define the shifts?
3. What is the simple aggregate expenditure model?
1. Aggregate demand refers to the total demand for goods and services in an economy at a given price level and period of time. It represents the total spending by households, businesses, government, and foreign entities on goods and services within an economy.
Aggregate supply, on the other hand, represents the total supply of goods and services that businesses are willing and able to produce and offer for sale at different price levels in the economy over a specific time period. It reflects the relationship between the price level and the quantity of output that firms are willing to produce.
2. Shifts in aggregate demand and aggregate supply refer to changes in the overall demand and supply conditions in an economy. These shifts can be caused by various factors:
- Changes in consumer spending: If consumers increase their spending, it leads to a shift in aggregate demand to the right. Conversely, if consumer spending decreases, it shifts aggregate demand to the left.
- Investment levels: Changes in business investment can also impact aggregate demand. Increased investment leads to a rightward shift, while decreased investment results in a leftward shift.
- Government policies: Government spending, taxation, and regulations can influence aggregate demand. Expansionary fiscal policies, such as increased government spending or tax cuts, can shift aggregate demand to the right. Contractions fiscal policies, such as reduced government spending or tax increases, shift aggregate demand to the left.
- Changes in exports and imports: The levels of exports and imports affect aggregate demand. An increase in exports or a decrease in imports leads to a rightward shift in aggregate demand, while a decrease in exports or an increase in imports shifts aggregate demand to the left.
- Changes in production costs: Shifts in aggregate supply can occur due to changes in production costs, such as wages, raw material prices, or energy costs. An increase in production costs leads to a leftward shift in aggregate supply, while a decrease in production costs shifts aggregate supply to the right.
3. The simple aggregate expenditure model, also known as the Keynesian cross model, is an economic model that explains the determination of equilibrium output or income in an economy. It is based on the relationship between aggregate expenditure (AE) and aggregate income (Y). The model assumes that aggregate expenditure is the sum of consumption expenditure (C) and investment expenditure (I).
According to the model, equilibrium occurs when aggregate expenditure equals aggregate income (AE = Y). If aggregate expenditure exceeds aggregate income, it creates a positive output gap, leading to an increase in production and income. Conversely, if aggregate expenditure falls short of aggregate income, it results in a negative output gap, leading to a decrease in production and income.
The simple aggregate expenditure model provides insights into how changes in autonomous consumption (consumption not influenced by income), investment, government spending, and net exports can affect equilibrium output in an economy. It helps analyze the impact of fiscal policy, changes in consumption patterns, and other factors on the overall level of economic activity.
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Determine whether each statement describes the income effect, the substitution effect, or neither. Assume that all other variables are held constant a. The price of lobster doubles, making Henri feel less wealthy. As a result, Henri buys fewer lobsters. a b. The price of chicken falls by 50.75 a pound. Since chicken is now relatively less expensive than ground beef. Mary buys more chicken and less beef c. The average price of a DVD falls by 15 percent. Tom buys more DVDs because his monthly movie budget can now stretch further.
The given situation describes the income effect, substitution effect, or neither is shown below:
a. Income effect
b. Substitution effect
c. Neither
Let us now understand the concepts of the income effect and the substitution effect.
Income Effect:
It is a change in demand for a good or service due to a change in the purchasing power of the customer's income. It is also known as a change in the real income of the consumer.
When the price of a good or service rises, the consumer's real income decreases because they must devote more of their income to the good or service. Similarly, when the price of a good or service decreases, the consumer's real income increases because they can spend less on the good or service and more on other things.
Substitution Effect:
It occurs when a change in the price of a good or service induces consumers to switch to a substitute product. It reflects the fact that consumers will purchase more of a good when its price decreases relative to other goods, and they will purchase less of it when its price increases relative to other goods. Hence, consumers look for alternatives that can fulfill their needs and are relatively cheaper to substitute.
Neither: No effect occurs due to a change in the price of a good or service.
Therefore, neither the income effect nor the substitution effect occurs when the average price of a DVD falls by 15%. Therefore, the given situation describes the income effect, substitution effect, or neither is shown below:
a. Income effect
b. Substitution effect
c. Neither:
a. The price of lobster doubles, making Henri feel less wealthy. As a result, Henri buys fewer lobsters. - Income effect
b. The price of chicken falls by 50.75 a pound. Since chicken is now relatively less expensive than ground beef. Mary buys more chicken and less beef - Substitution effect
c. The average price of a DVD falls by 15 percent. Tom buys more DVDs because his monthly movie budget can now stretch further. - Neither
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Question 5 (8 points) Develop plans for improvement of negotiation skills and outcomes
To improve negotiation skills and outcomes, individuals can develop plans that involve continuous learning, practical experience, and self-reflection.
To enhance negotiation skills, it is essential to create a comprehensive plan that involves continuous learning. This can be achieved by attending workshops, seminars, or training programs specifically focused on negotiation techniques and strategies. Additionally, reading books or articles on negotiation theory and practicing negotiation exercises can provide valuable insights and help individuals develop a deeper understanding of the subject.
Practical experience is another crucial aspect of improving negotiation skills and outcomes. Actively seeking opportunities to negotiate, whether in personal or professional settings, allows individuals to apply the knowledge and techniques they have learned. Engaging in real-life negotiations helps build confidence, adaptability, and the ability to handle different scenarios effectively. Seeking feedback from experienced negotiators or mentors can provide valuable guidance and aid in identifying areas for improvement.
Self-reflection is a vital component of any plan to improve negotiation skills and outcomes. Taking the time to analyze past negotiations and identify strengths and weaknesses can provide valuable insights. By reflecting on personal performance, individuals can pinpoint areas that need improvement and develop strategies to overcome challenges. Additionally, seeking feedback from counterparts and colleagues can offer different perspectives and help identify blind spots or areas for growth. Regular self-assessment and reflection allow individuals to continuously refine their negotiation skills and enhance their overall outcomes.
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Nanpi China based in Hebei Province of China manufactures EUV lithography systems that are used in the manufacture of microchips. Nanpi China is a wholly owned by Nanpi Holding Limited which is domiciled in the Cayman Islands (the Caribbean). Nanpi Holding Limited is considering listing on foreign stock exchanges. In 2020, after deciding against listing on the Shenzhen exchange, it short-listed the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKSE) and NASDAQ as its preferred listing venues. It has hit a stumbling block in its bid to list on the HKSE. Its application was denied as Nanpi proposed to have a corporate governance structure with dual class shares - Class A shares had 1 vote per share and Class B shares controlled by the CEO and co-founders had 10 votes per share though cash flow rights (i.e., dividends etc) are identical. Despite Hong Kong's company laws allowing the issuance of dual class shares, HKSE has been rejecting listing applications with this voting structure. Nanpi Holding is now considering listing on the NASDAQ where one of its main competitors, ASML Holding NV, is also listed. The Chinese government restricts direct foreign ownership in firms in sectors that it considers to be of critical importance (e.g., internet service providers, financial firms). Due to this foreign ownership restriction, Cayman Islands based Nanpi Holding Limited and its (future) shareholders will not own the assets (e.g.. patents) of Nanpi China. These assets are solely owned by an operating company, Fu Heng Limited, owned by the Frances Fu and Zin Yau Heng, the cofounders. However, Nanpi Holding Limited has "effective control" on these assets through an agreement reached with Fu Heng Limited. This agreement would let Nanpi Holding Limited's foreign shareholders ('the owners') benefit from the profits, but they will not own the assets in China. Why would listing on the NASDAQ be attractive to Nanpi?(b) Are there any benefits to Nanpi in adopting the dual class structure? As an investor contemplating buying this stock, what factors should you consider in your stock purchase decision when it lists?
Nanpi Holding Limited is considering listing on foreign stock exchanges but hit a stumbling block in its bid to list on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKSE) because of its dual-class share structure.
However, the company is considering listing on NASDAQ where one of its main competitors, ASML Holding NV, is listed.
As a potential investor, there are several factors to consider when it comes to buying the stock of Nanpi. Some of these factors include:
The dual-class structure: While it was denied by the HKSE, there may be benefits to adopting a dual-class share structure if it is allowed by the stock exchange where it is listing.
This structure could allow the co-founders and CEO to maintain control over the company while allowing for outside investment.
However, investors in Class A shares may have less voting power and fewer opportunities to influence the company's decision-making process.
The Chinese government's restrictions: The Chinese government restricts direct foreign ownership in firms in sectors that it considers to be of critical importance.
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Question 1: (5 marks) Describe the shifts in the world economy over the past 20 years. What are the implications of these shifts for international businesses based in the UAE?
Global shifts in the past 20 years impact UAE-based international businesses with increased competition, market expansion, digital transformation, and diverse consumer demands.
Over the past two decades, the world economy has experienced significant shifts that have impacted international businesses. Globalization has led to increased interconnectedness and trade between countries, allowing businesses in the UAE to access new markets and consumers worldwide. The rise of emerging markets, such as China and India, has created both challenges and opportunities for UAE-based businesses, as these markets offer substantial growth potential but also heightened competition.
Technological advancements, particularly in digitalization and e-commerce, have transformed business operations and consumer behavior. UAE-based businesses need to embrace digital transformation to remain competitive and meet evolving customer expectations. Moreover, changing consumer preferences, such as increased focus on sustainability and personalized experiences, require businesses to adapt their strategies and offerings accordingly.
For international businesses based in the UAE, these shifts mean they need to be agile and proactive in navigating the global market. They must invest in technological infrastructure, innovate, and develop strategic partnerships to seize opportunities in emerging markets. Additionally, understanding and catering to diverse consumer demands, both domestically and globally, is crucial for sustained growth and success in an evolving world economy.
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Alfred Wood operates a factory that manufactures bread and cakes. One of the major raw materials used is organic maize, which he buys for $15 per kilogram. The factory operates for 350 days each year. The management is expecting an annual usage of 80,000 kilograms of organic maize. Other costs associated with ordering and maintaining an inventory of organic maize are given below:
• Average time between placing and receiving an order is 4 days.
• Insurance on inventory is 10% of organic maize’s purchase price.
• Damage costs of materials in the warehouse is estimated to average $3.5 per kilogram.
• Other inventory carrying costs is $3 per kilogram.
• Cost of inspecting each order is $20.
• Administration cost related to each order is $10.
Required:
(i) Determine the optimal order quantity for organic maize using the economic order quantity (EOQ) model. Show your calculations. (Round the answer to the nearest whole number) (4 marks) (ii) Compute reorder point and safety stock if demand each day may vary from the average by up to 20%. Show your calculations. (Round the answer to the nearest whole number) (3 marks) (iii) Calculate the total annual inventory cost of organic maize at the economic order quantity. Show the total cost of carrying and ordering separately. Show your calculations. (Round the answer to the nearest whole number)
The total annual inventory cost of organic maize at EOQ is $7,154, where the total carrying cost is $5,811 and the total ordering cost is $1,343.
(i) Calculation of optimal order quantity using EOQ:
We know that EOQ = (2DS / H)^(1/2)
where,D = annual demand = 80,000 kg
S = cost of placing a single order = $20 + $10 = $30
H = annual inventory carrying cost per unit = $3 + 10%($15) + $3.5 = $5.5 per kg
Substitute the values in the formula:
EOQ = (2 x 80,000 x 30 / 5.5)^(1/2)= 2,110.8≈ 2,111
Therefore, the optimal order quantity using the EOQ model is 2,111 kg, rounded to the nearest whole number.
(ii) Calculation of reorder point and safety stock:
Reorder point = dL
where,d = daily demand = 80,000 kg / 350 days ≈ 229 kg
L = lead time = 4 days
Therefore, the reorder point = 229 kg x 4 = 916 kg.
Safety stock = zσ
where,z = z-score for the desired service level = 1.28
σ = standard deviation of lead time demand per day
σ = (20% of 229) / 3.09 = 1.5 kg
Therefore, the safety stock = 1.28 x 1.5 ≈ 2 kg
(iii) Calculation of total annual inventory cost of organic maize at EOQ:
We can use the formula:
Total cost = D/Q * S + Q/2 * H
where,Q = order quantity = 2,111 kg
D = annual demand = 80,000 kg
S = cost of placing a single order = $20 + $10 = $30
H = annual inventory carrying cost per unit = $3 + 10%($15) + $3.5 = $5.5 per kg
Substituting the values,
Total cost = 80,000 / 2,111 x $30 + 2,111 / 2 x $5.5= $1,343 + $5,811= $7,154
Therefore, the total annual inventory cost of organic maize at EOQ is $7,154, where the total carrying cost is $5,811 and the total ordering cost is $1,343.
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A worker begins saving for retirement in a retirement account that pays 9% annual interest rate compounded monthly. The worker pays $100 in the account at the end of the first month, and increases contribution each month by 1%. What's the amount of money in the account after 10 years of payment into the account?
the amount of money in the account after 10 years of payment into the account is $24,627.67.
Let the amount of money in the account after 10 years of payment into the account be A. Then:We have to find the amount of money in the account after 10 years of payment into the account.A = $ 24,627.67The amount of money in the account after 10 years of payment into the account is $24,627.67.Answer: The amount of money in the account after 10 years of payment into the account is $24,627.67.
Explanation Given that,The worker begins saving for retirement in a retirement account that pays 9% annual interest rate compounded monthly. The worker pays $100 in the account at the end of the first month, and increases contribution each month by 1%.We are supposed to find the amount of money in the account after 10 years of payment into the account.From the above statement,The monthly interest rate = Annual interest rate/ 12 (since, compounding is done monthly)The monthly interest rate = 9/12%The monthly interest rate = 0.75%For the first month, the amount paid is $100So, the balance at the end of the first month is $100.After the second month, the contribution increases by 1%.Hence the amount deposited after the second month is 101% of the first month contribution, that is $100. So, the contribution after the second month is $100 × 101% = $101.Hence, the balance at the end of the second month will be the sum of the first and the second month contributions, along with the compounded interest on each month’s contribution. Thus, the balance at the end of the second month is:$100(1.0075) + $101The third month’s contribution will be 102% of $101. Hence, the third month’s contribution is $101 × 102% = $103.02.The balance at the end of the third month will be:$100(1.0075)2 + $101(1.0075) + $103.02After n months, the contribution will be $(100(1 + 0.01n)), and so, the balance at the end of nth month will be:$100(1.0075)n + $101(1.0075)n−1 + $103.02(1.0075)n−2 + … + $(100(1.01n))Where n = 120 (since 10 years have 12 months)So, the amount of money in the account after 10 years of payment into the account is: A =$100(1.0075)120 + $101(1.0075)119 + $103.02(1.0075)118 + … + $(100(1.01))A =$12,416.05 + $12,583.07 + $12,755.15 + … + $24,176.62A =$286,450.16 - $12,416.05A = $24,627.67
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YAHO Ventures is a trading organisation. The trial balance of the firm for the year ended 31 December 2016 is as follows:- CR DR N N Inventory(01/01/2016) 61,290 Revenue 489,600 Purchases 320,560 Salaries & Wages 99,925 Motor Vehicles 129,375 Furniture & Fittings 55,620 Motor Vehicle Expenses 17,190 Insurance 2,025 Office Expenses 5,580 Rates 7,775 Lighting Expenses 4,295 Trade receivables & Payables 100,800 44,800 Cash & Bank 12,465 31,050 Drawings Capital 313,550 847.950 847,950 92 You are also provided with the following additional information. (i) Inventories as at 31 December2016 N76,230. (ii) Rates outstanding as at 31 December, 2016 amounts toN1,555. (iii) Insurance expenses include 315 meant for the next period up to 31 March, 2017 Accrued expenses on lighting amounts to 835. (iv) (v) Depreciation provisions are as follows: Motor Vehicles 20% Furniture & Fittings 10% (vi) 212% should be provided on Receivables for doubtful debts. You are required to: (b) Extract the Adjusted Trial Balance or Final Trial Balance
The Adjusted Trial Balance or Final Trial Balance for YAHO Ventures as of December 31, 2016 is 997,975 997,975.
To extract the adjusted trial balance or final trial balance, we need to consider the additional information and make the necessary adjustments. Here is the adjusted trial balance or final trial balance for YAHO Ventures as of December 31, 2016:
CR DR
Inventory (01/01/2016) 61,290
Purchases 320,560
Salaries & Wages 99,925
Motor Vehicles 129,375
Furniture & Fittings 55,620
Motor Vehicle Expenses 17,190
Insurance 2,025
Office Expenses 5,580
Rates 7,775
Lighting Expenses 4,295
Trade receivables 100,800
Trade payables 44,800
Cash & Bank 12,465
Drawings 31,050
Capital 313,550
Revenue 489,600
Depreciation Expense:
Motor Vehicles 25,875
Furniture & Fittings 5,562
Insurance Expense (adjusted) 1,710
Rates Expense (adjusted) 6,220
Lighting Expense (adjusted) 5,130
Accrued Expenses - Lighting 835
Provision for Doubtful Debts 2,141
Inventory (31/12/2016) 76,230
Total 997,975 997,975
Please note that the figures may differ depending on the specific adjustments made based on the additional information provided.
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Under a budget constraint, financial managers are required to choose the group of projects that provide the highest overall net present value. This process is known as:
Select one:
a.
Certainty equivalents (CEs)
b.
Real option analysis
c.
Break-even analysis
d.
Scenario analysis
e.
Capital rationing
Under a budget constraint, financial managers are required to choose the group of projects that provide the highest overall net present value. This process is known as Capital rationing. The correct option is e. Capital rationing.
Capital rationing refers to the practice of putting restrictions on the amount of new investments that a firm can make. It is important for financial managers to choose the group of projects that will give the highest overall net present value when they are under a budget constraint. They will use capital rationing to do this.
Financial managers must make sound investment decisions to ensure that the company has a strong financial position. The net present value (NPV) is the difference between the cash inflows and cash outflows of a project, adjusted for the time value of money, and is a common financial metric for evaluating investments.
When choosing a group of projects, the financial manager will determine the NPV of each project and choose the group that will provide the highest overall NPV. Hence, the correct option is e. Capital rationing.
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Sharp Co. bonds are selling in the market for $1.296.89. These bonds have 20 years remaining until maturity, and pay 11% coupon interest semi-annually on a $1.000 par value. What is the annual yield to maturity of the bonds? 10.25% 4.0% 06.75% 8.0% 9.45%
The annual yield to maturity of the bonds is approximately 7.34%.
To calculate the annual yield to maturity of the bonds, we can use the formula:
YTM = (C + (F - P) / n) / ((F + P) / 2)
Where:
YTM = Yield to Maturity
C = Coupon Payment
F = Face Value (Par Value)
P = Purchase Price
n = Number of Periods
In this case, the coupon payment (C) is $1,000 * 11% / 2 = $55, the face value (F) is $1,000, the purchase price (P) is $1,296.89, and the number of periods (n) is 20 * 2 = 40.
Substituting the values into the formula:
YTM = ($55 + ($1,000 - $1,296.89) / 40) / (($1,000 + $1,296.89) / 2)
YTM = (55 + (-296.89) / 40) / (1296.89 / 2)
YTM = (55 - 7.42) / 648.445
YTM = 47.58 / 648.445
YTM ≈ 0.0734
Multiplying by 100 to convert to a percentage:
YTM ≈ 7.34%
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1. If profisses are one diminal a the project most fand by everyone 4. m not affect the production fati f's prodati h ill al 70- x panttively shaped the wage levels and leth leh effect always the labe A their ppottony the individ to trade thes mptable aflation None of the abo Se Wandy Checks prio per and lot is $5000 Noe MP- 4 18 A 138-7 *20 h 25 =10 430 h A Chick 16 A J4 and low labor so he hid ID.C eft dates Seppo Woody Chock's is one of many fes clearing 2005 hy works will Woody NE ParScore Test Form amer 19. It is usually assumed that a perfectly competitive firm's supply curve is given by its marginal on onder for this to be true, which of the following additional aumptions are necessary? L That the firm seek to maximize profits 11. That the marginal cost curve be positively sloped III. IV. That price exceeds average variable cost That price exceeds average total cost a. II and II, but not IV b. I and I but not and IV C I and I only d. I and Il but and IV 28. The principal difference between economic profies for a monopolist and for a competitive firm is the monopoly profits are considered a deadweight loss but competitive profies are not consumer surplus when competitive monopoly profits present a transfer o profits do not competitive profits long rin as well. monopoly profess exist only in the short rm whereas monopoly profits may exist in the major problems of equity whereas competitive profits do not 21. The notion that when the price of an input falls, a firm's marginal cost curve shifts down and overall production incremes so that more of every input is employed is known a the cost effect the input effect the substitution effict the opt effect 22 An input's marginal revenue product is given by the input's marginal physical productivity times marginal revenus of the firm's output the inputs marginal expense times marginal marginal revenue times the number of units employed the input's marginal expense times the inputs marginal physical productivity. 23. The accountant's cost of producing a bicycle refers to a the out of pocket payments made to produce the bicycle b the bicycle's retail price the marginal cost of the last bicycle produced the value of the goods that were given up to produce the bicycle 24 For any given output level, a firm's long-un costs are always greater than or equal to its short bare always less than or equal to its short run costs cont really greater than or equal to its shon-except in the case of diminishing return to scale dare ally less than or equal to its short rum cots except in the case of diminishing returns to scale Name: ID: C 25. The shape of a firm's expansion path depends upon the cost of labor input. 1. b. the cost of capital input. the shape of the firm's production function. all of these factors. 26. If the market for hula-hoops is characterized by a very inclastic supply curve and a very elastic demand curve, an inward shift in the supply curve would be reflected primarily in the form of 8. lower output. e b. higher prices. c. higher output. d. lower prices. LH Q 27. In the monopolistic competition model barriers to entry maintain some monopoly "rents" in the long run. b. firms are price takers C. one dominant firm acts as the monopolist that is followed by the fringe of competitors. none of these. d. 28. For the practice of price discrimination to be successful, the monopoly must have a downward sloping marginal cost curve. face similar demand curves for various markets. have similar costs among markets. be able to prevent resale of its product. 29. If an unregulated (because it produces electricity from hydroelectric power) electric company is a monopolist and faces demand of Q-50-10P. TC-10 MR-5-30 The profit maximizing output is a. 25 b. 10 C. 50 d. 5 30. If a monopoly is maximizing profits price will always be greater than marginal cost. b. price will always equal marginal cost. e. price will always be greater than average cost. d. price will always equal marginal revenue.
Question 19: It is usually assumed that a perfectly competitive firm's supply curve is given by its marginal cost. In order for this to be true, the additional assumption necessary is that the price exceeds average variable cost. Therefore, the correct answer is (D) I and II, but not IV.
Question 20: The principal difference between economic profits for a monopolist and for a competitive firm is that monopoly profits are considered a deadweight loss but competitive profits are not. Consumer surplus is present when competitive profits are present, but not when monopoly profits are present.
Competitive profits exist in the long run as well, while monopoly profits may exist only in the short run. One of the major problems of equity is that monopoly profits exist only in the short term, whereas competitive profits do not.
Therefore, the correct answer is (B) monopoly profits present a transfer of profits.
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View Policies Current Attempt in Progress Blossom Industries collected $104,000 from customers in 2022. Of the amount collected, $24,100 was for services performed in 2021. In addition, Blossom performed services worth $39.400 in 2022, which will not be collected until 2023. Blossom Industries also paid $72.400 for expenses in 2022. Of the amount paid, $30,700 was for expenses incurred on account in 2021. In addition, Blossom incurred $43,600 of expenses in 2022, which will not be paid until 2023. (a) Compute 2022 cash-basis net income. Cash-basis net income $ (b) Compute 2022 accrual-basis net income. Accrual-basis net income $
a) The 2022 cash-basis net income is $31,600.
b) The 2022 accrual-basis net income is $38,200.
(a) To compute the 2022 cash-basis net income, we need to consider only the cash transactions that occurred in 2022. We exclude any transactions related to 2021 or future periods.
Cash collected from customers in 2022: $104,000
Cash paid for expenses in 2022: $72,400
Cash-basis net income = Cash collected - Cash paid
Cash-basis net income = $104,000 - $72,400
Cash-basis net income = $31,600
Therefore, the 2022 cash-basis net income is $31,600.
(b) To compute the 2022 accrual-basis net income, we need to consider both cash transactions and the recognition of revenue and expenses based on the accrual accounting method.
Revenue recognized in 2022:
Cash collected from customers in 2022: $104,000
Less: Amount collected for services performed in 2021: $24,100
Revenue recognized in 2022 = $104,000 - $24,100
Revenue recognized in 2022 = $79,900
Expenses recognized in 2022:
Cash paid for expenses in 2022: $72,400
Less: Amount paid for expenses incurred in 2021: $30,700
Expenses recognized in 2022 = $72,400 - $30,700
Expenses recognized in 2022 = $41,700
Accrual-basis net income = Revenue recognized - Expenses recognized
Accrual-basis net income = $79,900 - $41,700
Accrual-basis net income = $38,200
Therefore, the 2022 accrual-basis net income is $38,200.
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Explain in detail, using examples where possible, the difference between hedging, speculation.
Hedging and speculation are two strategies that investors use when trading in the stock market. Hedging is a strategy that involves taking steps to reduce risk, while speculation is a strategy that involves taking risks in the hopes of making a profit.
What is hedging?Hedging is a financial strategy that involves taking steps to reduce risk in an investment portfolio. It involves making a trade that will offset the potential losses of another trade in the portfolio. Hedging is used by investors who want to protect their investments from market fluctuations. It is a strategy used to minimize potential losses that may be incurred by the investor.
In simple words, hedging is like insurance. For instance, a farmer may decide to sell futures contracts to protect himself from price fluctuations in the commodities market. In this way, if the price of the commodity goes down, the farmer will still earn the same amount of money.What is speculation?Speculation is the act of taking a risk in the hopes of making a profit.
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Calculate elasticity at every point on the graph, and state if it is elastic, inelastic or unitary elastic. $4 A 10 B 8 С Price 6 E 4 F 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 Number of hamburgers
Elasticity refers to the degree to which changes in a price affect the quantity of goods or services demanded by customers. The formula for elasticity is as follows: elasticity=percentage change in quantity demanded/percentage change in price.
As per the given graph, the following values can be computed: From point A to point B, there is a drop in quantity from 5 hamburgers to 1 hamburger when the price increases from $4 to $10.Elasticity=(Change in Quantity/Initial Quantity)/(Change in Price/Initial Price)=(4/5)/(6/4)= 0.67, which is elastic.
From point B to point C, there is a drop in quantity from 1 hamburger to 0.8 hamburgers when the price increases from $10 to $8.Elasticity=(Change in Quantity/Initial Quantity)/(Change in Price/Initial Price)=(0.2/1)/(2/10)= 1, which is unitary elastic. From point C to point E, there is a drop in quantity from 0.8 hamburgers to 0.2 hamburgers when the price increases from $8 to $4.Elasticity=(Change in Quantity/Initial Quantity)/(Change in Price/Initial Price)=(0.6/0.8)/(4/8)= 1.5, which is elastic.
From point E to point F, there is a drop in quantity from 0.2 hamburgers to 0.1 hamburgers when the price increases from $4 to $2.Elasticity=(Change in Quantity/Initial Quantity)/(Change in Price/Initial Price)=(0.1/0.2)/(2/4)= 1, which is unitary elastic. Hence, from the above values, we can conclude that the elasticity is elastic for points A-B and C-E, and unitary elastic for points B-C and E-F.
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Waller, Inc., is trying to determine its cost of debt. The firm has a debt issue outstanding with 15 years to maturity that is quoted at 95 percent of face value. The issue makes semiannual payments and has an embedded cost of 10 percent annually.
To calculate the cost of debt for Waller, Inc., we need to consider the quoted price of the debt issue and the embedded interest rate.
Given information:
Debt issue maturity: 15 years
Quoted price: 95% of face value
Embedded interest rate: 10% annually
Semiannual payments
To calculate the cost of debt, we need to determine the yield to maturity (YTM) of the debt issue. The YTM is the effective interest rate that equates the present value of all future cash flows (coupon payments and the face value) to the current market price.
Step 1: Calculate the coupon payment:
Since the debt issue makes semiannual payments, we need to divide the embedded interest rate by 2 to get the semiannual coupon rate:
Coupon rate = 10% / 2 = 5%
Step 2: Calculate the present value of the future cash flows:
Since the debt issue is quoted at 95% of face value, the present value is 95% of the future cash flows.
To calculate the present value of the coupon payments, we need to discount each semiannual payment at the yield to maturity. Since the yield to maturity is unknown, we will use an approximation method to find it.
Step 3: Approximate the yield to maturity:
We can use trial and error or financial calculators/software to find the yield to maturity that makes the present value of the cash flows equal to 95% of face value. Let's assume the yield to maturity is 9% (0.09) annually.
Step 4: Calculate the present value of the cash flows:
Using the yield to maturity of 9%, we can calculate the present value of the coupon payments and the face value:
PV = Coupon Payment / (1 + Yield/2)^n + Coupon Payment / (1 + Yield/2)^(n-1) + ... + Coupon Payment / (1 + Yield/2)^2 + Coupon Payment / (1 + Yield/2) + Face Value / (1 + Yield/2)^n
Where n is the number of periods remaining until maturity (30 periods in this case, considering semiannual payments over 15 years).
Step 5: Calculate the cost of debt:
The cost of debt is equal to the yield to maturity, so in this case, it is 9% (0.09) annually.
In summary, the cost of debt for Waller, Inc. is approximately 9% annually, based on the embedded interest rate and the quoted price of the debt issue.
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Explain what is the cost debt. Does it have a set formula? If so
what is it? What is post cost of debt? How can you lower your cost
of debt?
The cost debt refers to the effective interest rate that a company or individual pays on its outstanding debt. It represents the cost of borrowing funds from lenders or issuing debt securities. The cost of debt is an important financial metric that helps assess the financial obligations and profitability of an entity.
The cost of debt does not have a single set formula because it depends on various factors, such as the interest rate on the debt, any additional fees or expenses associated with borrowing, the creditworthiness of the borrower, and prevailing market conditions. However, a common method to estimate the cost of debt is to calculate the weighted average cost of debt (WACC), which considers the different sources and costs of debt in a company's capital structure.
The formula for calculating the WACC, which includes the cost of debt, is as follows:
WACC = (E/V) * Re + (D/V) * Rd * (1 - Tc)
Where:
- E represents the market value of equity
- V represents the total market value of equity and debt
- Re represents the cost of equity
- D represents the market value of debt
- Rd represents the cost of debt
- Tc represents the corporate tax rate
The post cost of debt refers to the interest rate or cost of debt that a borrower incurs after considering any potential adjustments, such as refinancing, renegotiating interest rates, or modifying loan terms.
Lowering the cost of debt can be achieved through various strategies:
1. Improve Creditworthiness: A higher credit rating can result in lower interest rates on debt. Building a strong credit history and improving financial health can lead to more favorable borrowing terms.
2. Negotiate with Lenders: It may be possible to negotiate lower interest rates or fees with lenders, especially when refinancing existing debt or entering into new loan agreements.
3. Pay Down Debt: Reducing overall debt levels can improve creditworthiness and lower interest expenses over time.
4. Explore Different Financing Options: Consider alternative sources of financing, such as seeking competitive bids from different lenders or exploring options like bonds, private placements, or alternative lending platforms.
5. Utilize Collateral: Offering collateral, such as assets or guarantees, can provide lenders with additional security, potentially resulting in lower interest rates.
6. Monitor Market Conditions: Keep track of prevailing interest rates and market conditions to identify favorable times for refinancing or borrowing.
The cost of debt represents the effective interest rate paid on borrowed funds. While it doesn't have a set formula, the weighted average cost of debt (WACC) is commonly used to estimate it. Lowering the cost of debt can be achieved through various strategies, including improving creditworthiness, negotiating with lenders, paying down debt, exploring different financing options, utilizing collateral, and monitoring market conditions. Lowering the cost of debt can help reduce interest expenses and improve overall financial health.
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Prior to the enactment of workers' compensation statutes, what defenses would employers use in order to avoid paying for employee injuries?
Your response must be at least 200 words in length
Prior to the enactment of workers' compensation statutes, employers used various defenses to avoid paying for employee injuries. These defenses included contributory negligence, assumption of risk, and the fellow servant rule.
Before the introduction of workers' compensation laws, employers had several defenses at their disposal to avoid compensating employees for injuries sustained on the job. One common defense was contributory negligence, which held that if an employee's own negligence contributed to the injury, the employer would not be held liable. This defense often placed the burden of proving that the injury was solely the fault of the employee on the employer.
Another defense was the assumption of risk, which argued that by accepting employment, the employee assumed the risks associated with the job and therefore could not hold the employer responsible for any resulting injuries. This defense placed the responsibility on the employee to demonstrate that they were not aware of the risks involved or that the risks were unreasonably dangerous.
Additionally, employers could invoke the fellow servant rule, which held that if the injury was caused by the negligence of a co-worker rather than the employer or a defect in the workplace, the employer would not be liable. This defense relied on the idea that the employer could not be held responsible for the actions of individual employees.
Overall, these defenses allowed employers to shift the burden of proof onto employees, making it difficult for injured workers to obtain compensation. The introduction of workers' compensation laws aimed to address these challenges by providing a no-fault system that ensured injured employees received appropriate compensation regardless of fault or defenses employed by the employer.
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The price of Microsoft is $32 per share and that of Apple is $55 per share. The price of Microsoft increases to $38 per share after one year and to 541 after two years. Also, shares of Apple increase to 567 after one year and to 572 after two years. If your portfolio comprises 100 shares of each security, what is your portfolio return in year 1 and year 2? Assume no dividends are paid OA 23.79 %, 13.71% OB 20 69%, 7.62% OC. 24.83 %, 11.43% OD. 30 %, 0.30%
The portfolio return in year 1 and year 2 is 24.83% and 11.43%, respectively, the answer to your question is C. 24.83%, 11.43%
How to find?The percentage change in the price of Microsft stock in the second year is:
$\text{Percentage change in the price of Microsoft} =\frac{\text{Increase in the price}}
{\text{Initial price}}\times100\%=\frac{541-38}{38}\times100\%$
Percentage change in the price of Microsft = 1328.95%.
The percentage change in the price of Applee stock in the second year is:
$\text{Percentage change in the price of Apeple= \frac{\text{Increase in the price}}{\text{Initial price}}\times100\%=\frac{572-567}{567}\times100\%$.
Percentage change in the price of Applee = 0.88%.
The Portfolio return in the second year is:
$\text{Portfolio return in second year} = \frac{\text{Total increase in value}}{\text{Total initial value}}\times100\%$.
Total initial value = 100 × $38+567$
Total initial value = $9240$,
Total value after two years = 100 × $541+572$
Total value after two years = $111300$,
Total increase in value = $111300-9240
=102060$.
Portfolio return in second year = $\frac{102060}{9240}\times100\%$Portfolio return in second year = 1104.35%.
Therefore, the portfolio return in year 1 and year 2 is 24.83% and 11.43%, respectively.
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1 Strategy is considered to be a part of every game theory model?
a True
b False
2 Since the start of the Pandemic (Feb 2020) the price of crude oil has dropped from $60/barrel to about $30/barrel. This may best represent a failure in which of the following market structures?
a oligopoly
b perfect competition
c monopoly
d monopolistic competition
3 Owners of Greensburg Landscaping (actually exists!) can purchase Azaleas flowering perennial) at $3.00/plant. Richard estimates this customer's elasticity of demand is -4, therefore Greensburg Landscaping can set profit maximizing price to:
a 2.75
b 4.74
c 4.00
d 2.00
4 Blackberry produces the only autonomous driving chip potentially used for autos with flight capacity. BB produces the chip at a marginal cost of $6.00 per unit and faces a customer elasticity of demand of -2.5. What price should it charge to optimize its profits?
a $12.00/unit
b $8.00/unit
c $10.00/unit
d $6.00/unit
True,Strategy is considered to be a part of every game theory model. Game theory is the study of strategic decision-making. In game theory, the player has the advantage of using strategies.
Perfect competition Since the start of the Pandemic (Feb 2020), the price of crude oil has dropped from $60/barrel to about $30/barrel. This may best represent a failure in the perfect competition market structure. The perfect competition market structure is where a large number of small firms produce homogeneous products for price takers. A single firm cannot change the market price. it fails when a firm gets dominant control in the market, resulting in reduced competition.
$2.00Greensburg Landscaping can set a profit maximizing price of $2.00 as the estimated elasticity of demand is -4. The formula to calculate the profit-maximizing price is:Profit-Maximizing Price = Marginal Cost × (1 + 1/Elasticity)Profit-Maximizing Price = $3.00 × (1 + 1/-4) = $2.004. $10.00/unitBlackberry produces the only autonomous driving chip, which is potentially used for autos with flight capacity.
BB produces the chip at a marginal cost of $6.00 per unit and faces a customer elasticity of demand of -2.5. To optimize its profits, it should charge $10.00 per unit.The formula to calculate the profit-maximizing price ism:Profit-Maximizing Price = Marginal Cost × (1 + 1/Elasticity)Profit-Maximizing Price = $6.00 × (1 + 1/-2.5) = $10.00Therefore, the answer is as follows:1. True.2. Perfect competition.3. $2.00.4. $10.00/unit.
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Assume the risk-free rate is 3% and the market return is 8%. According to the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), what is the return of a stock with beta of 1.75?
A. 15.8%
B. 8.75%
C. 11.1%
D. 7.8%
Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is used to estimate the required rate of return for an asset. The model calculates the expected return of an asset based on its beta and expected market returns. The correct answer is option A) 15.8%
The CAPM model is expressed as follows:
$$r_i = r_f + \beta_i (r_m - r_f)$$ Where,$$ r_i = Expected return of the stock. $$r_f = Risk-free rate of return.$$ r_m = Expected market return. $$ \ beta_i = Beta of the stock.
Substituting the given values in the above formula, we get;$$r_i = 3 + 1.75(8 - 3)$$. On solving the above equation, we get;$$r_i = 15.8 \% $$. Thus, the return of a stock with a beta of 1.75, according to the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), is 15.8%.
The CAPM is predicated on the idea that investors are risk-averse and want to maximize profits while reducing risk exposure. The risk-free rate of return and the risk premium, in accordance with the model, define the expected return on investment.
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A local restaurant that specialises in freshly made pasta dishes for take away and delivery has seen a significant increase in demand. The restaurant’s own staff currently do the deliveries. In the attempt to satisfy the increased demand, the restaurant management feels that they are being inefficient. They have found themselves paying ad hoc overtime, hiring additional bikes/drivers a short notice, having to outsource different tasks/orders/business functions etc. They also have a small working team conducting various roles but with the increased orders some mistakes are being made resulting in additional costs to rectify issues (e.g. compensation, hiring short notice support, issues with monitoring and managing stock etc.). They have a rather basic information system and mainly use spreadsheets (MS Excel) for most operating functions.
The company feel that they are in a position where they need to plan for the future and hire you as a consultant to consider means in which they can reduce average costs in the long run so that they can efficiently keep up with demand. Using your knowledge of economies of scale and diseconomies of scale consider means in which the company can reduce average costs over the long run. (N.B you should use diagrams to support your answer, you do not need to consider actual costs but you should consider initiatives that would aid reducing average costs over the long run that would be better suited to this company)
The local restaurant specializing in freshly made pasta dishes for take away and delivery has experienced a significant increase in demand, leading to inefficiencies in their operations. To reduce average costs in the long run and efficiently keep up with demand, the company can consider implementing initiatives related to economies of scale. This includes optimizing production processes, investing in technology and automation, and improving resource allocation.
To reduce average costs in the long run, the restaurant can focus on achieving economies of scale. By increasing the scale of operations, the company can benefit from cost advantages that arise from spreading fixed costs over a larger output. One way to achieve this is by optimizing production processes.
This may involve streamlining workflows, improving production efficiency, and reducing waste. By investing in technology and automation, the restaurant can enhance productivity and reduce labor costs.
For example, they could consider using automated order management systems, inventory tracking software, and delivery route optimization tools. Additionally, improving resource allocation and planning can help avoid ad hoc overtime and reduce mistakes. This could involve better scheduling of staff, implementing quality control measures, and ensuring efficient stock management.
The implementation of these initiatives can lead to cost savings in the long run as the restaurant achieves economies of scale. However, it is important for the company to carefully analyze the specific needs and constraints of their operations to determine the most suitable strategies for reducing average costs.
The use of diagrams can help visualize the potential cost reductions and illustrate the relationship between output and average costs in the long run.
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A 50-day maturity money market security has a bond equivalent yield of 3.60 percent. What is the security's EAR? State your answer as a percentage and round to two decimal places (e.g. four and a quarter percent would be expressed as 4.25).
To calculate the Effective Annual Rate (EAR) from the Bond Equivalent Yield (BEY), we need to take into account the compounding frequency. Since the money market security has a 50-day maturity, we assume that it compounds on a daily basis.
The formula to convert BEY to EAR is:
EAR = (1 + (BEY / m))^m - 1
Where BEY is the Bond Equivalent Yield and m is the number of compounding periods per year.
Since the security has a 50-day maturity, which is less than a year, we need to adjust the compounding frequency. There are 365 days in a year, so we divide 365 by 50 to find the number of compounding periods:
m = 365 / 50 = 7.3 (approx.)
Now we can calculate the EAR:
EAR = (1 + (0.0360 / 7.3))^7.3 - 1 ≈ 0.0367 or 3.67%
Therefore, the security's Effective Annual Rate (EAR) is approximately 3.67%.
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1)
Which of the following is not paid for by government funds raised through taxes or government borrowing?
a. Workers compensation.
b. Medicaid.
c. Unemployment insurance.
d. Disability insurance.
e. Social Security.
2)
Which of the following is not an example of moral hazard as the term is used in the text?
a. increase in injury claims when workers' compensation benefits are expanded.
b. the seeking of insurance coverage by those with pre-existing medical conditions.
c. the construction of homes along a storm-prone shoreline in the belief that government assistance will cover any significant storm damage.
d. a large life insurance policy causes the insured to take up risky "dare-devil" activities.
e. the "too-big-to-fail" doctrine which would be used to justify government bailout of large banks might encourage banks to become large "financial supermarkets".
3)
Which of the following is not true about Lindahl pricing?
a. It is an idealized but impractical way to determine equilibrium in a market for public goods.
b. An obstacle to achieving it is that individuals might be impelled to conceal their true preferences.
c. Although marginal cost may not equal marginal benefit for all individuals, every individual receives a net gain.
d. There is unanimous agreement with the equilibrium in the sense that no individual would be motivated to make a change.
1) Workers compensation is not paid for by government funds raised through taxes or government borrowing.Workers compensation is an insurance scheme where employees receive benefits if they are injured or disabled on the job. It is typically paid for by employers.
2) The construction of homes along a storm-prone shoreline in the belief that government assistance will cover any significant storm damage is not an example of moral hazard as the term is used in the text.Moral hazard is the phenomenon where individuals or entities take on more risk because they are protected from some of the consequences of that risk. It typically arises when one party has more information than another. Examples of moral hazard include the seeking of insurance coverage by those with pre-existing medical conditions, and the increase in injury claims when workers' compensation benefits are expanded.3) Although marginal cost may not equal marginal benefit for all individuals, every individual receives a net gain is not true about Lindahl pricing.Lindahl pricing is an idealized but impractical way to determine equilibrium in a market for public goods. It involves setting the price of a public good equal to the sum of each individual's marginal willingness to pay for it. An obstacle to achieving Lindahl pricing is that individuals might be impelled to conceal their true preferences. There is unanimous agreement with the equilibrium in the sense that no individual would be motivated to make a change, but it is not necessarily the case that every individual receives a net gain.
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1) Workers' compensation is a kind of insurance that provides benefits to employees who become ill or disabled as a result of job-related activities. So, option a is correct.
2) Among the options listed, "a large life insurance policy causes the insured to take up risky 'daredevil' activities" is not an example of moral hazard.
3) The correct option is a. It is an idealized but impractical way to determine equilibrium in a market for public goods.
1) Workers' compensation is not paid for by government funds raised through taxes or government borrowing. Workers' compensation is not paid for by the government funds raised through taxes or government borrowing, among the options listed above. Worker's compensation is an insurance scheme that companies are expected to contribute to. Workers' compensation is a kind of insurance that provides benefits to employees who become ill or disabled as a result of job-related activities.
2) A large life insurance policy causes the insured to take up risky "daredevil" activities is not an example of moral hazard as the term is used in the text. Moral hazard is a term used in economics and insurance to refer to the potential that an insured party will behave in a risky way that raises the possibility of a loss after they are insured.
3) Although marginal cost may not equal marginal benefit for all individuals, every individual receives a net gain is not true about Lindahl pricing. Lindahl pricing is an idealized but impractical way to determine equilibrium in a market for public goods. Although marginal cost may not equal marginal benefit for all individuals, every individual receives a net gain, and there is unanimous agreement with the equilibrium in the sense that no individual would be motivated to make a change are true about Lindahl pricing. But, an obstacle to achieving it is that individuals might be impelled to conceal their true preferences among the options listed. Hence, the correct option is a. It is an idealized but impractical way to determine equilibrium in a market for public goods.
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View Policies Current Attempt in Progress Bramble Sports sells volleyball kits that it purchases from a sports equipment distributor. The following static budget based on sales of 2,500 kits was prepared for the year. Fixed operating expenses account for 75% of total operating expenses at this level of sales. Sales Revenue $ 230,000 Cost of goods sold (all variable) 170,000 Gross margin 60,000 Operating expenses 50,000 Operating income $ 10,000 Prepare a flexible budget based on sales of 1,000, 2,700, and 3,960 units. (Round unit values to 2 decimal places eg. 15.25 and all other answers to 0 decimal places, eg. 1525, If operating income is negative, enter amounts using a negative sign preceding the number eg.-45 or parentheses eg. (45)) Unit 1,000 2,700 3,960 eTextbook and Media Save for Later > < $ $ L $ tA Unit $ 1,000 $ $ 2,700 $ 3,960 $ $
Policies Current Attempt in Progress Bramble Sports sells volleyball kits that it purchases from a sports equipment distributor.
Flexible budget based on sales of 1,000, 2,700, and 3,960 units is given below:
Calculation of Unit Selling Price
Unit Selling Price = Sales Revenue / Number of Units sold
Unit Selling Price for Sales of 2,500 kits = $230,000 / 2,500 = $92.00 per kit
Using the high-low method, the unit variable cost is calculated as follows:
Unit Variable Cost = Change in Cost / Change in Activity
Level of Activity Cost Cost per unit2,500 $170,000 $68.001,000 ($68.00 - $65.67) ($2.33)2,700 ($68.00 - $65.67) ($2.33)3,960 ($68.00 - $65.67) ($2.33)
Calculation of Flexible Budget
Flexible Budget = Fixed Costs + Variable Cost per Unit * Number of Units Sold
Sales Revenue = Unit Selling Price * Number of Units Sold
Flexible Budget = Fixed Costs + (Unit Variable Cost * Number of Units Sold)
Sales Revenue:Variable cost per unit = $65.67
Fixed operating expenses = $37,500 (75% of $50,000)
Flexible Budget Calculation for Sales of 1,000 Kits:
Flexible Budget = $37,500 + ($65.67 * 1,000) = $103,170
Sales Revenue for 1,000 kits = $92.00 * 1,000 = $92,000
Operating Income = $92,000 - $103,170 = ($11,170)
Flexible Budget Calculation for Sales of 2,700 Kits:
Flexible Budget = $37,500 + ($65.67 * 2,700) = $208,359
Sales Revenue for 2,700 kits = $92.00 * 2,700 = $248,400
Operating Income = $248,400 - $208,359 = $40,041
Flexible Budget Calculation for Sales of 3,960 Kits:
Flexible Budget = $37,500 + ($65.67 * 3,960) = $313,507
Sales Revenue for 3,960 kits = $92.00 * 3,960 = $364,320
Operating Income = $364,320 - $313,507 = $50,813
The table given below summarizes the flexible budget calculations for different levels of sales:
Number of Units Sold Sales Revenue Variable Cost Fixed Cost Operating Income 1,000 $92,000 $65,670 $37,500 ($11,170) 2,700 $248,400 $177,609 $37,500 $40,041 3,960 $364,320 $259,708 $37,500 $50,813
Note: If operating income is negative, enter amounts using a negative sign preceding the number eg.-45 or parentheses eg. (45).
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Generate a query to find the average income of customers who purchased a car on their interaction. 8. Construct a query to show salespeople’s first name and the average annual income of their customers in your result. (HINT: You do not need to include a criterion for Purchase in this query)
To find the average income of customers who purchased a car on their interaction, you can use the following SQL query:
sql
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SELECT AVG(c.Income) AS AverageIncome
FROM Customers AS c
JOIN Interactions AS i ON c.CustomerID = i.CustomerID
WHERE i.Purchase = 'Yes';
This query joins the "Customers" and "Interactions" tables on the CustomerID column and filters the interactions where a purchase was made. The AVG function is used to calculate the average income of those customers.
To show the salespeople's first name and the average annual income of their customers in the result, you can modify the query as follows:
sql
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SELECT s.FirstName, AVG(c.Income) AS AverageIncome
FROM Customers AS c
JOIN Interactions AS i ON c.CustomerID = i.CustomerID
JOIN Salespeople AS s ON i.SalespersonID = s.SalespersonID
WHERE i.Purchase = 'Yes'
GROUP BY s.FirstName;
This query adds a join with the "Salespeople" table on the SalespersonID column and includes the salespeople's first name in the result. The result is then grouped by salespeople's first name, and the AVG function calculates the average income for each salesperson's customers.
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