Strong emotions can interfere with your ability to
A. make wise decisions.
B. think and reason.
C. judge risks.
D. all of the above

Answer:

Yes and Yes

Explanation:

When programs are written without indentation; it becomes a problem to read;

I'll rewrite your program as follows:

def print_n(s, n):  

   if n > 0:  

       print(s)  

       print_n(s, n-1)  

   return n  

n = 3  

while print_n("hi", n):  

   print_n("there!", n)  

   n = 0

Using the above as a point of reference,

Yes, the program will run and Yes, it'll terminate;

Because n is initialized to 3 at line 6 (where the main starts);

The following is passed to the function; s = "hi" and n=3

This prints "hi", three times

s = "there" and n=3 is then passed to the function print_n, afterwards;

The function then prints "there" three times

Then, the program terminates

Answer:

filter

Explanation:

when you use filter, it only fetches data that meets the filter criteria you applied

Answer:

(2)/B - Filter

Explanation:

Answer:

I am writing the program in JAVA and C++

JAVA:

public int createLicenseNum(int customID){  //class that takes the customID as parameter and creates and returns the licenseNum

       licenseNum = (100000 * customID) + licenseYear;  //licenseNum creation formula

       return(licenseNum);     }

In C++ :

void DogLicense::CreateLicenseNum(int customID){ //class that takes the customID as parameter and creates the licenseNum

licenseNum = (100000 * customID) + licenseYear; } //licenseNum creation formula

Explanation:

createLicenseNum method takes customID as its parameter. The formula inside the function is:

licenseNum = (100000 * customID) + licenseYear;

This multiplies 100000 to the customID and adds the result to the licenseYear and assigns the result of this whole expression to licenseNum.

For example if the SetYear(2014) means the value of licenseYear is set to 2014 and CreateLicenseNum(777) this statement calls createLicenseNum method by passing 777 value as customID to this function. So this means licenseYear = 2014 and customID  = 777

When the CreateLicenseNum function is invoked it computes and returns the value of licenseNum as:

licenseNum = (100000 * customID) + licenseYear;

                     = (100000 * 777) + 2014

                     = 77700000 + 2014

licenseNum = 77702014                                                                                                        

So the output is:

Dog license: 77702014          

To call this function in JAVA:

public class CallDogLicense {

public static void main(String[] args) {//start of main() function

    DogLicense dog1 = new DogLicense();//create instance of Dog class

dog1.setYear(2014); // calls setYear passing 2014

dog1.createLicenseNum(777);// calls createLicenseNum passing 777 as customID value

System.out.println("Dog license: " + dog1.getLicenseNum()); //calls getLicenseNum to get the computed licenceNum value

return; } }

Both the programs along with the output are attached as a screenshot.

Answer:

public int createLicenseNum(int customID){

  licenseNum = (100000 * customID) + licenseYear;

  return(licenseNum);    

}

Explanation:

Answer:

ES LA  B

Explanation:

Answer:Polymorphic Virus

Explanation:

Malware that can change its signature each time is polymorphic

Answer:

[tex]netstat[/tex]

Explanation:

The netstat command displays network connections for TCP and can help to view the open ports on the computer.

Hope this helped!

Answer: Given an array of numbers, arrange them in a way that yields the largest value. For example, if the given numbers are {54, 546, 548, 60}, the arrangement 6054854654 gives the largest value. And if the given numbers are {1, 34, 3, 98, 9, 76, 45, 4}, then the arrangement 998764543431 gives the largest value.

Explanation: If you need more help follow me on istagram at dr.darrien

-thank you

Answer:

Soft copy like audio

Hard copy e.g printouts

Explanation:

Answer:

C++ PROGRAM

Explanation:

Answer:

Here is the JAVA program:

import java.io.*;

import java.util.*;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException{ //the start of main() function body, it throws an exception that indicates a failed  attempt to open the file

Scanner input = new Scanner(new File("file.txt")); //creates a Scanner object and a File object to open and scan through the file.txt    

coinFlip(input);    } //calls coinFlip method

public static void coinFlip(Scanner input) { //coinFlip method that accepts as its parameter a string input holding a file name

while(input.hasNextLine()) { //iterates through the input file checking if there is another line in the input file

Scanner scan = new Scanner(input.nextLine()); //creates a Scanner object

int head = 0; // stores count of number of heads

int count = 0; //stores count of  total number of tokens

while(scan.hasNext()) { //iterates through the sequence checking if there is another sequence in the input file

String token= scan.next(); // checks and returns the next token

if (token.equalsIgnoreCase("H")||token.equalsIgnoreCase("Heads")) { //compares H or Heads with the tokens in file ignoring lower case and upper case differences

           head++;                } //if a token i.e. any form of heads in file matches with the H or Heads then add 1 to the number of heads

           count++;            } //increment to 1 to compute total number of counts

double result = Percentage(head, count); //calls Percentage method passing number of heads and total counts to compute the percentage of heads

System.out.println(head + " heads " + "(" + result +"%)"); // prints the number of heads

if(result >= 50.00) { //if the percentage is greater or equal to 50

System.out.println("You win!");} //displays this message if above if condition is true

else //if the percentage is less than 50

{System.out.println("You lose!");}  }    } //displays this message if above if condition is false

public static double Percentage(int h, int total) { //method to compute the percentage of heads

double p = (double)h/total* 100; // divide number of heads with the total count and multiply the result by 100 to compute percentage

return p;    } } //returns result

Explanation:

The program is well explained in the comments mentioned with each line of the above code. I will explain how the method coinFlip  works.

Method coinFlip accepts a string holding a file name as its parameter. It opens that file and reads its contents as a sequence of tokens. Then it reads and scans through each token and the if condition statement:

if (token.equalsIgnoreCase("H")||token.equalsIgnoreCase("Heads"))

checks if the each token in the sequence stored in the file is equal to the H or Heads regardless of the case of the token. For example if the first token in the sequence is H then this if condition evaluates to true. Then the head++ statement increments the count of head by 1. After scanning each token in the sequence the variable count is also increased to 1.

If the token of the sequence is HeAds then this if condition evaluates to true because the lower or upper case difference is ignored due to equalsIgnoreCase method. Each time a head is found in the sequence the variable head is incremented to 1.

However if the token in the sequence is Tails then this if condition evaluates to false. Then the value of head variable is not incremented to 1. Next the count variable is incremented to 1 because this variable value is always incremented to 1 each time a token is scanned because count returns the total number of tokens and head returns total number of heads in the tokens.

Percentage method is used to return the percentage of the number of heads in the sequence. It takes head and count as parameters (h and total). Computes the percentage by this formula h/total* 100. If the result of this is greater than or equal to 50 then the message  You win is displayed otherwise message You lose! is displayed in output.

Answer:

Following are the description of the given nodes:

Explanation:

The Multiple Access frequency - division facilitates control by granting every node a fixed time slot. Also, every slot seems to be identical in width. Its whole channel bandwidth is often used in every channel node. Compared to FDMA it takes more time.  

Time slot=3 frames for all the above scenario

Time interval = number of frames in first slot Time to send 1 frame number of images  

                      [tex]= 8 \times 3 \times 1 \\\\ = 8 \times 3 \\\\= 24 \ seconds[/tex]

Answer:

function Rectangle(width=1, height= 1 ) {

    this.width= width;

    this.height= height;

    this.getArea= ( ) = > {return width * height};

    this.getPerimeter= ( ) = >{ return 2( height + width)};

}

var rectangleOne= new Rectangle(4, 40)

var rectangleTwo= new Rectangle(3.5, 35.9)

console.log(rectangleOne.width, rectangleOne.height, rectangleOne.getArea( ), rectangleOne.getPerimeter( ) )

console.log(rectangleTwo.width, rectangleTwo.height, rectangleTwo.getArea( ), rectangleTwo.getPerimeter( ) )

Explanation:

This is a Javascript class definition with a constructor specifying arguments with default values of one for both width and height, and the getArea and getPerimeter methods.

Answer:

def lesser_adjacent_num ( N ):

     N = int( N )

     while N == True:

            next = N - 1

            print if  next >= 0 ? next : break

Explanation:

The python function above called "lesser_adjacent_num" accepts an argument called "N" which is an integer. The function print the number "next" which is a number less than the N integer for every loop for the condition where N is not zero.

Answer:

The answer is below

Explanation:

Elements of Server software that is built-in, in Windows workstations are:

1. Hard drives,

2. RAM (Random Access Memory)

3. Processors

4. Network adapters.

Windows Professional OS is not considered a server due to the following:

1. Windows Professional OS has a limit on the number of client connections it allowed.

2. Unlike Server, Professional OS uses less memory

2. In comparison to Server, Professional OS uses the CPU less efficiently

4. Professional OS is not built to process background tasks, unlike Server that is configured to perform background tasks.

Answer:

Here is the complete function:

void MakeSentenceExcited(char* sentenceText) {  // function that takes the text as parameter and replaces any period by an exclamation point in that text

int size = strlen(sentenceText);  //returns the length of sentenceText string and assigns it to size variable

char * ptr;  // character type pointer ptr

ptr = sentenceText;  // ptr points to the sentenceText string

for (int i=0; i<size; i++){  //iterates through the sentenceText string using i as an index

    if (sentenceText[i]=='.'){  // if the character at i-th index of sentenceText is a period

        sentenceText[i]='!'; } } } //places exclamation mark when it finds a period at i-th index of sentenceText

Explanation:

The program works as follows:

Suppose we have the string:

sentenceText = "Hello. I'm Miley. Nice to meet you."

The MakeSentenceExcited method takes this sentenceText as parameter

int size = strlen(sentenceText) this returns the length of sentenceText

The size of sentenceText is 35 as this string contains 35 characters

size =  35

Then a pointer ptr is declared which is set to point to sentenceText

for (int i=0; i<size; i++) loop works as follows:    

1st iteration:

i=0

i<size is true because i=0 and size = 35 so 0<35

So the body of loop executes:

 if (sentenceText[i]=='.') statement checks :

if (sentenceText[0]=='.')

The first element of sentenceText is H

H is not a period sign so the statement inside if statement does not execute and value of i increments to 1. Now i = 1

2nd iteration:

i=1

i<size is true because i=1 and size = 35 so 1<35

So the body of loop executes:

 if (sentenceText[i]=='.') statement checks :

if (sentenceText[1]=='.')

This is the second element of sentenceText i.e. e

e is not a period sign so the statement inside if statement does not execute and value of i increments to 1. Now i = 2

So at each iteration the if condition checks if the character at i-th index of string sentenceText is a period.

Now lets see a case where the element at i-th index is a period:

6th iteration:

i=5

i<size is true because i=5 and size = 35 so 5<35

So the body of loop executes:

 if (sentenceText[i]=='.') statement checks :

if (sentenceText[5]=='.')

This is the character at 5th index of sentenceText i.e. "."

So the if condition evaluates to true and the statement inside if part executes:

sentenceText[i]='!'; statement becomes:

sentenceText[5]='!'; this means that the character at 5th position of sentenceText string is assigned an exclamation mark.

So from above 6 iterations the result is:

Hello!

This loop continues to execute until all the characters of sentenceText are checked and when the value of i gets greater than or equal to the length of sentenceText then the loop breaks.

The screenshot of the program along with its output is attached.

Answer:

Hash function have less collision than a internet checksum because of computational infeasibility.

Explanation:

A collision means there is more then one way to produce the same sum. It is nearly difficult to developed two messages with same hash however, in checksum, it is more easier to develop or modify two messages to have same sum, thereby enabling attackers to have access to the message or the information arising to less message integrity.

Answer:

true

Explanation:

Answer:

Here is the recursive function sumSquares(num) that takes an integer num as parameter and returns the sum of squares of numbers from 1 to num.

def sumSquares(num):

   if(num >= 0):  # checks if the value of num is less than or equal to 0

       if (num==0):  #if value of num is 0

           return 0  #returns 0 if value of num is 0

       else:  #if value of num is greater than 0

           return sumSquares(num - 1)+ num * num  #recursively calls the sumSquares method to return the sum of squares of numbers from 1 to num

   else:  # if a user enters a negative num

       (print("The number if not positive"))  #prints this message

       exit()  # exits after displaying that number if not positive message

#below print statement is used in order to check the working of the function        

print(sumSquares(3)) #calls function and passes value 3 for num

Explanation:

The program works as follows:

The function sumSquares(num) that takes an integer num as parameter and returns the sum of squares of numbers from 1 to num

The first if condition checks if value of num is positive. If this condition evaluates to true then the another if statement inside this if statement is executed which checks if the value of num is 0. If this condition evaluates to true then the program returns 0. However if this condition evaluates to false then the else part executes which has the following statement:

return sumSquares(num - 1) + num * num

For example num = 3

so the above recursive statement works as follows:

sumSquares(3-1) + 3 * 3

sumSquares(2) + 9

Note that the sumSquares() method is called again and the value 2 is passed as num. As 2 is greater than 0. So again the recursive statement executes:

sumSquares(2 - 1) + 2 * 2 + 9

sumSquares(1) + 4 + 9

sumSquares(1) + 13

sumSquare() method is called again and the value 1 is passed as num. As 1 is greater than 0. So again the recursive statement executes:

sumSquares(1 - 1) + 1 * 1 + 13

sumSquares(0) + 1 + 13

sumSquares(0) + 14

sumSquare() method is called again and the value 0 is passed as num

As the value of num=0 So the if (num == 0):  condition evaluates to true and the statement returns 0 executes which returns 0:

sumSquares(0) + 14

0 + 14

Hence the output is:

14

The screenshot of the program along with its output is attached.

Answer:

This function will return a character grade for every floating-point grade for every student in the class.

function grade( floatPoint ){

      let text;

      switch ( floatPoint ) {

        case floatPoint < 40.0 :

             text= " F ";

             break;

        case floatPoint == 40.0 :

             text= " P ";

             break;

        case floatPoint > 40.0 && floatPoint <= 50.0 :

             text=  " C ";

             break;

        case floatPoint > 50.0 && floatPoint < 70.0 :

             text=  " B ";

             break;

        case floatPoint >=70.0 && floatPoint <= 100.0 :

             text= " C ";

             break;

        default :

            text= "Floating point must be between 0.0 to 100.0"

      }

     return text;

}

Explanation:

This javascript function would return a character grade for floating-point numbers within the range of 0.0 to 100.0.

Answer:

The programming language is not stated; however, I'll answer using Python programming language (See attachment for proper format)

tuition = 10000

rate = 0.04

for i in range(1,15):

tuition = tuition + tuition * rate

if i <= 10:

print("Year "+str(i)+" tuition:",end=" ")

print(round(tuition,2))

if i == 14:

print("Tuition 4th year after:",end=" ")

print(round(tuition,2))

Explanation:

The first 2 lines initializes tuition and rate to 10000 and 0.04 respectively

tuition = 10000

rate = 0.04

The next line iterates from year 1 to year 14

for i in range(1,15):

This line calculates the tuition for each year

tuition = tuition + tuition * rate

The next 3 lines prints the tuition for year 1 to year 10

if i <= 10:

print("Year "+str(i)+" tuition:",end=" ")

print(round(tuition,2))

The next 3 lines prints the tuition at the 4th year after year 10 (i.e. year 14)

if i == 14:

print("Tuition 4th year after:",end=" ")

print(round(tuition,2))

Answer:

function isLeapYear( aYear ){

   var confirmYear=  year % 400 === 0 || (year % 100 !== 0 && year % 4 === 0);

   return confirmYear ? True : False;

}

Explanation:

The javascript function above requires an argument which is the year when it is passed, it is analyzed, counting the number of days in that year and a boolean value of true or false is dynamically assigned to the variable 'confirmYear'.

The ternary operator would logically select the right value, which is outputted to the user. To test the function, use the console to call the function with an argument.

console.log( isLeapYear( 1999 ) );

Answer:

total_owls = 0

num_owls_A = int(input())

num_owls_B = int(input())

total_owls = num_owls_A + num_owls_B

print("Number of owls:", total_owls)

Explanation:

Initialize the  total_owls as 0

Ask the user to enter num_owls_A and num_owls_B, convert the input to int

Sum the num_owls_A and num_owls_B and set it to the total_owls

Print the total_owls

avg_owls=0.0

num_owls_zooA = int(input())

num_owls_zooB = int(input())

num_owls_zooC = int(input())

num_zoos = 3

avg_owls = (num_owls_zooA + num_owls_zooB + num_owls_zooC) / num_zoos

print('Average owls per zoo:', int(avg_owls))

There is a problem while you are trying the calculate the average owls per zoo.

As you may know, in order to calculate the average, you need to get the total number of owls in all the zoos, then divide it to the number of zoos. That is why you need to sum num_owls_zooA + num_owls_zooB + num_owls_zooC and divide the result by num_zoos

Be aware that the average is printed as integer value. That is why you need to cast the avg_owls to an int as int(avg_owls)

Learn more about integer value on:

https://brainly.com/question/31945383

#SPJ6

Answer:

Here is the Python program:

def fancy_find(search_within , search_for):  # function definition of fancy_find function that takes two parameters

   index = 0  #to store the index of search_within where the search_for string is found

   if search_for in search_within:  #checks if the string search_for is present in string search_within

       sf = search_for[0]  #points to the first character of the search_for

       for sw in search_within:  #iterates through search_within

           if sw == sf:  #if the first character of search_for is equal to the character at sw index of search_within

               if search_within[index:index+len(search_for)] == search_for:  #checks if the value of search_for is found in search_within

                   print(search_for,"found at index",index,"!")  #if above condition is true prints the message "[search_for] found at index [index]!", with [search_for] and [index] replaced by the value of search_for and the index at which it is found

                   return ""  

           index += 1  #increments value of index at each iteration

   print(search_for,"is not found within", search_within)  #if search_for is not found within search_within, prints message "[search_for] was not found within [search_within]!" with the values of search_for and search_within.

   return ""    

#following two statements are used to test the working of above function

print(fancy_find("ABCDEF", "DEF"))  #calls fancy_find() passing "ABCDEF" as search_within and "DEF" as search_for

print(fancy_find("ABCDEF", "GHI")) #calls fancy_find() passing "ABCDEF" as search_within and "GHI" as search_for

Explanation:

The program is well explained in the comments. I will explain the working of the function with the help of an example:

Suppose

search_within = "ABCDEF"

search_for = "DEF"

We have to find if search_for i.e. DEF is present in search_within i.e. ABCDEF

if search_for in search_within statement checks using in operator that if DEF is included in ABCDEF. Here this condition evaluates to true so the next statement sf = search_for[0]  executes which sets the first element of search_for i.e. D to sf. So sf = 'D'

for sw in search_within this statement has a for loop that iterates through ABCDEF and works as following:

At first iteration:

sw contains the first character of search_within  i.e. A

if sw == sf: condition checks if the first character of the search_for i.e. D is equal to sw i.e. A. Its not true so the program control moves to this statement:

index += 1 This increases the value of index by 1. index was initialized to 0 so now it becomes 1. Hence index=1

At second iteration:

sw contains the second character of search_within  i.e. B

if sw == sf: condition checks if the first character of the search_for i.e. D is equal to sw i.e. B Its not true so the program control moves to this statement:

index += 1 This increases the value of index by 1. index was initialized to 0 so now it becomes  2. Hence index=2

At third iteration:

sw contains the third character of search_within  i.e. C

if sw == sf: condition checks if the first character of the search_for i.e. D is equal to sw i.e. C Its not true so the program control moves to this statement:

index += 1 This increases the value of index by 1. index was initialized to 0 so now it becomes  3. Hence index=3

At fourth iteration:

sw contains the third character of search_within  i.e. D

if sw == sf: condition checks if the first character of the search_for i.e. D is equal to sw i.e. D. Its true so so the program control moves to this statement:

  if search_within[index:index+len(search_for)] == search_for:

current value of index=3

len(search_for) returns the length of DEF i.e. 3

So the if condition checks for the search_for in search_within. The statement becomes:

if search_within[3:3+3] == search_for:

search_within[3:3+3]  means from 3rd index position of search_within to 6-th index position of the search_within. This means from 4th element of search_within i.e. D to the last. Hence search_within[3:3+3] is equal to DEF.

search_for = DEF so

if search_within[3:3+3] == search_for: checks if

search_within[3:3+3] = DEF is equals to search_for = DEF

Yes it is true so

print(search_for,"found at index",index,"!") statement is executef which prints the following message:

DEF found at index 3!

This output is because search_for = "DEF" and index=3

Answer:

Answered below

Explanation:

Data hazards happen when instructions exhibiting data dependence modify data in the different stages of a pipeline. Potential data hazards when not attended to, can result in race hazards or race conditions. Examples of situations where data hazards can occur is read after write, write after read, write after write. To resolve data hazards we can insert a pipeline whenever a read after write, dependence is encountered, use out-of-order execution or use operand forwarding.

Structural hazards happen when multiple instructions which are already in pipeline new the same resource. Example is a situation which many instructions are ready to execute an there is a single Arithmetic Logic Unit. Methods for preventing this hazard include pipeline break an pipeline flushing.

Answer:

grep -R  '^foobar'.c > variable && grep -R  'foobar$'.c >> variable

echo $variable | ls -n .

Explanation:

Bash scripting is a language used in unix and linux operating systems to interact and automate processes and manage files and packages in the system. It is an open source scripting language that has locations for several commands like echo, ls, man etc, and globbing characters.

The above statement stores and appends data of a search pattern to an already existing local variable and list them numerically as standard out 'STDOUT'.

Answer:

pie chart

Explanation:

pie chart shows percentage per item

Answer:

pie chart

Explanation:

Answer:

Explanation: The operating system simply acts as the communication interface between the user and the components if a computer including it's hardware. The reasons why an operating system is pivotal in leaching and learning includes :

In most cases, teaching and learning requires the use of application programs or softwares which could be the program to be learnt or that which is used to aid learning. Irrespective of the type of application program, it's installation and usage depends and is made possible with the help of an operating system. Programs used for video sessions during teaching, writing programs and document editors all require an operating system in other to aid installation and ultimately function.

Answer:

Data-driven Website

Explanation:

A Data-driven website is a type of website that is continually updated by its administrators so as to meet users' needs. It is opposed to a static website whose information remains the same and is never changed once uploaded.

The data-driven website is used in a platform where information has to be continually updated. An example is an online platform where people place orders for goods and services. There are usually changing prices and new goods continually uploaded. So, to keep the consumers updated, the administrators of such platforms would use a data-driven platform.

Answer:

Here is the C++ program:

#include<iostream>  // to use input output functions

using namespace std;     //to identify objects like cin cout

void StartChar(string str)  {  // function that takes a word string as parameter and returns the first letter of that word in capital

   int i;  

   char c;

   do  //start of do while loop

   {

   for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {  //iterates through each character of the word str

       if(str.length()>25){  //checks if the length of input word is greater than 25

           cout<<"limit exceeded"; }  //displays this message if a word is more than 25 characters long

      c = str.at(i);   // returns the character at position i

       if (! ( ( c >= 'a' && c <= 'z' ) || ( c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z' ) ) ) {  //checks if the input word is contains characters other than the alphabet

            cout<<str<<" is not a word!"<<endl; break;}  //displays this message if user enters characters other than the alphabet

        if (i == 0) {  //check the first character of the input word

           str[i]=toupper(str[i]);  //converts the first character of the input word to uppercase

           cout<<str<<" starts with letter "<<str[i]<<endl;  }  // prints the letter that the word starts with in capital letter

   }   cout<<"Enter a word: ";  //prompts user to enter a word

      cin>>str;   //reads input word from user

}while(str!="#");   }    //keeps prompting user to enter a word until the user enters #

int main()   //start of the main() function body

{ string str;  //declares a variable to hold a word

cout<<"Enter a word: "; //prompts user to enter a word

cin>>str; //reads input word from user

   StartChar(str); }  //calls function passing the word to it

Explanation:

The program prompts the user to enter a word and then calls StartChar(str) method by passing the word to the function.

The function StartChar() takes that word string as argument.

do while loop starts. The for loop inside do while loop iterates through each character of the word string.

First if condition checks if the length of the input word is greater than 25 using length() method which returns the length of the str. For example user inputs "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa". Then the message limit exceeded is printed on the screen if this if condition evaluates to true.

second if condition checks if the user enters anything except the alphabet character to form a  word. For example user $500. If this condition evaluates to true then the message $500 is not a word! is printed on the screen.

Third if condition checks if the first character of input word, convert that character to capital using toupper() method and prints the first letter of the str word in capital. For example if input word is "Computer" then this prints the message: Computer starts with the letter C in the output screen.

The program keeps prompting the user to enter the word until the user enters a hash # to end the program.

The output of the program is attached.

Answer:

1. Force.com IDE

2. change sets

Explanation:

1. Force.com IDE is an integrated development environment. It is useful for creating applications on the force.com using metadata. it uses text based files to constitute the different parts of Salesforce.

2. change sets:

these can send configuration from one between different Salesforce organizations. It migrates changes in metadata between different organizations.