Suggest a possible mechanism for the acid catalyzed reaction of a typical ketohexose to give 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

See explanation

Explanation:

Taking the acid catalysed hydrolysis of fructose C6H12O6, the mechanism begins with the protonation of an -OH group as shown.

This is now followed by dehydration and formation of a keto-enol tautomer. The keto form is now dehydrated followed by the protonation of a second -OH group.

A second dehydration followed by deprotonation leads to the formation of  5-hydroxymethylfurfural.

Image credit: SciElo

Suggest A Possible Mechanism For The Acid Catalyzed Reaction Of A Typical Ketohexose To Give 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.

Related Questions


What mass (in grams) of silver contains the same number of atoms as 5.59 grams of sulfur?

Answers

Answer:

18.84 g of silver.

Explanation:

We'll begin by calculating the number atoms present in 5.59 g of sulphur. This can be obtained as follow:

From Avogadro's hypothesis,

1 mole of sulphur contains 6.02×10²³ atoms.

1 mole of sulphur = 32 g

Thus,

32 g of sulphur contains 6.02×10²³ atoms.

Therefore, 5.59 g of sulphur will contain = (5.59 × 6.02×10²³) / 32 = 1.05×10²³ atoms.

From the calculations made above, 5.59 g of sulphur contains 1.05×10²³ atoms.

Finally, we shall determine the mass of silver that contains 1.05×10²³ atoms.

This is illustrated below:

1 mole of silver = 6.02×10²³ atoms.

1 mole of silver = 108 g

108 g of silver contains 6.02×10²³ atoms.

Therefore, Xg of silver will contain 1.05×10²³ atoms i.e

Xg of silver = (108 × 1.05×10²³)/6.02×10²³

Xg of silver = 18.84 g

Thus, 18.84 g of silver contains the same number of atoms (i.e 1.05×10²³ atoms) as 5.59 g of sulfur

Write the formula for diphosphorous pentoxide

Answers

Answer:

P4O10

Explanation:

8. Which is correct about kinetic energy?
As the kinetic energy increases gas molecules move slower
B. As the kinetic energy increases, the temperature of the gas increases
C. As the kinetic energy decreases, gas molecules move faster
D. As the kinetic energy decreases, the temperature of the gas increases

Answers

C is correct I think

Answer:

is B

Explanation:

which orbital has the highest energy level

Answers

Answer:

p orbitals

Explanation:

Which of the following is a pure substance?

pizza
pizza

salt (NaCl)
salt (NaCl)

air
air

sweet tea
sweet tea

Answers

Answer:

salt (NaCl)

Explanation:

Pure substance is defined as the substance that consist of a single type of material and does not contain contaminants. A pure substance has uniform composition throughout the process.

sodium chloride (NaCl) also known as table salt is a pure substance because it has a uniform and definite composition that is  1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions.

Hence, the correct answer is "salt (NaCl)".

someone please help me answer this i’m struggling and i will give branliest

Answers

Answer:

bottom right corner with arrows going up

At what velocity (m/s) must a 19.9 g object be moving in order to possess a kinetic energy of 1.0 J

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

T

Answer:

for this one you would have to divide 19.9g by the kinetic energy 1.0 and you would get your answer.

Explanation:if you would give me brainiest that would help a lot :)

Cl2 +
NaBr
-
NaCl +
Br2

Answers

Answer:

hope this helps :)

Explanation:

Cl2 + NaBr = NaCl + Br2

NaCl + Br2 = NaBr + Cl2

A compound is found to consist of 34.5% sodium, 16.4% boron, and 48.6% oxygen. What is the empirical formula?
A. NaBO3
B. NaBO2
C. Na2B4O7
D. Na3BO3

Answers

Answer: The empirical formula is [tex]NaBO_2[/tex]

Explanation:

If percentage are given then we are taking total mass is 100 grams.

So, the mass of each element is equal to the percentage given:

Mass of Na= 34.5 g

Mass of B= 16.4 g

Mass of O = 48.6 g

Step 1 : convert given masses into moles.

Moles of Na =[tex]\frac{\text{ given mass of Na}}{\text{ molar mass of Na}}= \frac{34.5g}{23g/mole}=1.5moles[/tex]

Moles of B =[tex]\frac{\text{ given mass of B}}{\text{ molar mass of B}}= \frac{16.4g}{11g/mole}=1.5moles[/tex]

Moles of O =[tex]\frac{\text{ given mass of O}}{\text{ molar mass of O}}= \frac{48.6g}{16g/mole}=3moles[/tex]

Step 2 : For the mole ratio, divide each value of moles by the smallest number of moles calculated.

For Na = [tex]\frac{1.5}{1.5}=1[/tex]

For B = [tex]\frac{1.5}{1.5}=1[/tex]

For O =[tex]\frac{3}{1.5}=2[/tex]

The ratio of Na: B: O= 1: 1: 2

Hence the empirical formula is [tex]NaBO_2[/tex]

What is the average Mw for a fatty acid mixture whose fats (1 gram) required 0.0034 equivalents of NaOH to titrate. Remember: 1 Fatty acid has 1 equivalent.
1. Ew = Mw (#H+)
2. Ew = mass/eq
a.) 294.12 g/mol
b.) 145.04 g/mol
c.) 345.56 g/mol
d.) 132.04 g/mol

Answers

Answer:

a.) 294.12 g/mol

Explanation:

1 equivalent of fatty acid reacts with 1 equivalent of NaOH.

As in the titration are required 0.0034 equivalents of NaOH, the equivalents of fatty acids = moles of fatty acids are:

0.0034 moles of fatty acids

Molar mass is defined as the ratio between mass of substance in a determined amount of moles. The mass of the fats was 1 gram, that means the molar mass is:

1g / 0.0034moles =

294.12g/mol

Right option is:

a.) 294.12 g/mol

What is the name of the tides when the moon
is in 1st and 3rd quarter?

Answers

Answer is Neap tides I believe.

1 carbon atom mixed with 1 oxygen atom what is the formula

Answers

Answer:

carbon mono oxide CO

Explanation:

as both are in 1:1 ratio so CO is formed

A gas sample occupies 4.39 L at 44 ºC. What will be the new volume, using Charles’ Law, if the temperature decreases to 25 ºC?

Answers

Hi there! :)

[tex]\large\boxed{x = 2.49 L}[/tex]

Use the proportion for Charles' Law where:

[tex]\frac{v_{1}}{t_{1}}= \frac{v_{2}}{t_{2}}[/tex]

v1 = initial volume

t1 = initial temperature

v2 = final volume

v2 = final temperature

Substitute in the given values into the proportion:

v1 = 4.39 L

t1 = 44° C

t2 = 25°C

v2 = x L

Set up the proportion:

[tex]\frac{4.39}{44} = \frac{x}{25}[/tex]

Cross multiply:

[tex]25 * 4.39 = 44x\\\\109.75 = 44x\\\\x = 2.49 L[/tex]

Answer:

The new volume will be approximately 2.49 L.

Explanation:

We are given that a gas sample occupies 4.39 L at 44° C.

We are also given that we are going decrease the temperature to 25° C.

Charles' Law has a formula which shows the relationship between the volumes of a samples and the temperatures of the samples.

The proportion is shown as:

[tex]\displaystyle \bullet \ \ \ \frac{V_1}{T_1} = \frac{V_2}{T_2}[/tex],

where V₁ and V₂ are the initial and final volume respectively and T₁ and T₂ are the initial and final temperature respectively.

This proportion can be used to determine what our unknown is. We need to know the final volume.

[tex]\displaystyle \frac{4.39 \ \text{L}}{44 \ \text{C}} = \frac{\text{x}}{25 \ \text{C}}\\\\\\\frac{4.39}{44} = \frac{x}{25}\\\\\\4.39 \times 25 = 44 \times x\\\\\\44x = 109.75\\\\\\\frac{44x}{44}=\frac{109.75}{44}\\\\\\x = 2.49432 \approx \boxed{2.49 \ \text{L}}[/tex]

Therefore, if we reduce the temperature to 25 °C, we will be reducing the volume of the substance to 2.49 L.

A sample of radioactive material starts with 80 grams. After 3 half-lives have passed, how much radioactive sample remains?

Answers

Answer:

After 3 half lives 10 g of radio active material left.

Explanation:

Given data:

Total amount of radio active material = 80 g

Amount left after 3 half lives = ?

Solution:

At time zero = 80 g

At first half life = 80 g/2 = 40 g

At 2nd half life = 40 g/2 = 20 g

At 3rd half life = 20 g/2 = 10 g

Thus, after 3 half lives 10 g of radio active material left.

What is magnetism?
O a property of all rocks

O a property of all metals

O the force of attraction or
repulsion of magnetic materials

O a force that depends on mass and distance

Answers

Explanation:

I think it's the third one but I'm not sure

Answer:

The Answer for this is C

A student is looking for an element to react with lithium to create the most vigorous reaction possible. To which direction on the periodic table should the student look?

A. Lower left

B. Upper left

C. Lower right

D. Upper right

Answers

Answer:

D. Upper right

Explanation:

The position the student should look for such element is in the upper right corner before the noble gases.

Specifically, the group of halogens will react vigorously with lithium.

Lithium is an electropositive metal. To attain stability, it must lose an electron. The group of halogens are a series of highly electronegative elements. They have 7 electrons in their outer shell and requires just one more to complete their octet. Therefore, they combine violently with halogensHalogens are found in the upper right corner on the periodic table.

Answer:

D. Upper right

Explanation:

I had the exact same question

Pls help plssssssdsss

Answers

Answer:

i do k12 too!

Explanation:

lol

How many formula units are 113.5 grams of Ca(OH)2

Answers

Answer:

Molecular Formula Ca(OH)2 or CaH2O2

Synonyms CALCIUM HYDROXIDE 1305-62-0 Slaked lime Hydrated lime Ca(OH)2

Molecular Weight 74.09 g/mol

Component Compounds CID 962 (Water) CID 5460341 (Calcium)

Explanation:

The Earth and the spaceship both have mass. The astronaut is attracted to Earth by gravity, but he is not attracted to the spaceship. Explain.

Answers

The spaceship does not have any gravitational pull. A spaceship can not produce its own gravity like Earth does.

What is the electron configuration for N (nitrogen)?
A. 1s22s23s23p1
B. 1s21p5
C. 1s22s22p3
D. 1s22s22p23s1

Answers

Explanation:

₇N = 1s² 2s² 2p³

Group = 15period = 2atomic mass = 14Hydride of Nitrogen = Ammoniavalency = 3

Therefore,

Option C is correct ✔

Work shown would be appreciated ❤️

20 points!!!!

Answers

Answer:

35.453 amu.

Explanation:

From the question given above, the following data were obtained:

Isotope A (Cl–35):

Abundance (A%) = 75.77%

Mass of A = 34.969 amu

Isotope B (Cl–37):

Abundance (B%) = 24.23%

Mass of B = 36.966 amu

AVERAGE atomic mass of Cl =?

The average atomic mass of Cl can be obtained as follow:

Average = [(Mass of A × A%)/100] + [(Mass of B × B%)/100]

Average = [(34.969 × 75.77)/100] + [(36.966 × 24.23)/100]

Average = 26.496 + 8.957

Average atomic mass of Cl = 35.453 amu.


A solution has a pH of 11.75. Calculate the [H:0*] of the solution

Answers

The [H₃0⁺] of the solution : 1.778  x 10⁻¹² M

Further explanation  

pH is the degree of acidity of a solution that depends on the concentration of H⁺ ions. The greater the value the more acidic the solution and the smaller the pH.  

pH = - log [H⁺]  

So that the two quantities between pH and [H⁺] are inversely proportional because they are associated with negative values.  

A solution whose value is different by n has a difference in the concentration of H⁺ ion of 10ⁿ.  

pH of solution = 11.75

the [H₃0⁺] of the solution :

[tex]\tt pH=-log[H_3O^+]\\\\11.75=-log[H_3O^+]\\\\(H_3O^+]=10^{-11.75}=1.778\times 10^{-12}[/tex]

Part A: You are given a beaker containing a solution of an enzyme that hydrolyzes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) while it generates a lot of heat. You add a substantial amount of the sodium salt of ATP, and you measure the temperature of the beaker, and determine that nothing is happening. The enzyme is not performing the reaction. What is a reasonable chemical to add to the solution to get the enzyme to proceed with the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate?
Sulfur oxide,
Iron chloride,
magnesium chloride,
or add more sodium ATP.
Part B: You are investigating the reduction of oxygen that is performed by cytochrome c oxidase. As you start the reaction in a slightly acidic aqueous buffer with 2 mM Cu2SO4 and bubbling oxygen into the buffer. As the reaction proceeds, the solution slowly turns blue, what is happening?
a) Ozone is formed. This causes the solution to turn blue.
b) The copper is getting oxidized from Cu+ to Cu2+ and turns blue.
c) The cytochrome c oxidase protein is decomposing down to a blue product.
d) The pH of the solution is changing. Cu2SO4 is a pH indicator that turns blue when a solution becomes basic.
Part C: In the previous reaction, if you add a small amount of cyanide before adding the
Cu2SO4, the solution does not turn blue. What is a reasonable explanation?
a) The cyanide ion displaces the copper ions in the cytochrome c oxidase and stops the redox reaction.
b) The cyanide ion keeps the pH of the solution high. So the Cu2SO4 pH indicator does not show the decrease in pH.
c) The cyanide ion prevents the formation of ozone.

Answers

Answer:

1) magnesium chloride

2) b) The copper is getting oxidized from Cu+ to Cu2+ and turns blue.

Explanation:

The work published by David N. Frick, Sukalyani Banik, and Ryan S. Rypma in J Mol Biol. 2007 Jan 26; 365(4): 1017–1032 clearly shows that divalent metal ions of group 2 such as Mg^2+ play an important role in ATP hydrolysis. Addition of EDTA decreased the rate of hydrolysis of ATP (due to sequestration of the divalent ion of group 2) indicating an active participation of divalent ions in the process.

2) The copper I ion is colourless because it is a d^10 specie. However, when it is oxidized to Cu^2+, a blue colour appears in the solution.

Percent yield is very important in terms of money. The higher the percent yield, the more of a product you can make. If you are working for a drug company and your theoretical yield is 120 kg, but you actually made 105 kg, what is your percent yield?
A. 8.75%
B. 114%
C. 87.50%
D. 15.00%

Answers

Answer:

87.5 %

Explanation:

Step 1: Given data

Theoretical yield: 120 kgReal yield: 105 kg

Step 2: Calculate the percent yield

When working with chemical reactions, we can determine the efficience in obtaining a product measuring the percent yield. The theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product that we could obtain according to the stoichiometry, whereas the real yield is the amount of product that we actually obtain when we carry out the process. We can calculate the percent yield usign the following expression.

%yield = real yield / theoretical yield × 100%

%yield = 105 kg / 120 kg × 100%

%yield = 87.5 %

10 mL of a 0.65 M KMnO4 solution is diluted to a concentration of 0.055 M. What is the final volume of the diluted solution?

a. 20.0 mL
b. 0.846 mL
c. 108 ml
d. 118 ml

Answers

Answer:

118 mL

Explanation:

We can easily calculate the final volume of the solution (V₂) by applying the following mathematical expression:

V₁ x C₁ = V₂ x C₂

⇒ V₂ = V₁ x C₁/C₂

Given:

V₁ = 10 mL

C₁ = 0.65 M

C₂ = 0.055 M

We replace the data in the mathematical expression to calculate V₂:

V₂ = V₁ x C₁/C₂ = 10 ml x (0.65 M)/ (0.055 M) = 118.18 mL ≅ 118 mL

THE OH BOND IN WATER IS POLAR BECAUSE

Answers

Answer: In the case of water, we know that the O-H covalent bond is polar, due to the different electronegativities of hydrogen and oxygen. Since there are two O-H bonds in water, their bond dipoles will interact and may result in a molecular dipole which can be measured.

Explanation:

A metal ion uses d2sp3 orbitals when forming a complex. What is its coordination number and the shape of the complex?

Answers

Answer:

Octahedral

Explanation:

The idea of hybridization is a valence bond concept introduced by Linus Pauling and soon became an important explanation for the structure of molecules even in coordination chemistry.

Hybridization involves the mixing of orbitals of appropriate energy to form a new set of orbitals that are more suitable for bonding with ligands.

When one s, two d and three p orbitals are hybridized in complex formation, octahedral complexes are formed.

#1...TRUE/FALSE, the best way to write a conclusion is to use the RERUN method.?
#2...TRUE/FALSE, an example of an inference is “I saw it rain today.”?
#3...TRUE/FALSE, an example of a quantitative observation is “That is a red doll.”?
#4...TRUE/FALSE, a scientific hypothesis is written as “If [independent variable] Then [dependent variable.]”?

please answer all of them

Answers

I am not sure i am so sorry

What term is used when heat is transferred from one piece of matter to another until they are of equal temperature?​

Answers

thermal contact

When heat flows from one object or substance to another it is in contact with, the objects or substances are said to be in thermal contact. The state where objects in thermal contact with each other reach the same temperature, no heat flows between them.

A sample of an unknown compound is vaporized at 150.°C . The gas produced has a volume of 960.mL at a pressure of 1.00atm , and it weighs 0.941g . Assuming the gas behaves as an ideal gas under these conditions, calculate the molar mass of the compound. Round your answer to 3 significant digits.

Answers

Answer:

the  molar mass of the compound is  34.0 g /mol

Explanation:

The computation of the molar mass of the compound is as follows:

As we know that

PV = nRT

n = mass ÷ MW

PV = mRT ÷ MW

It can be rearrange as

MW = mRT ÷ (PV)

MW = (0.941)(0.082)(150 + 273) ÷ (1 × 0.96)

= 33.99g/mol

= 34.0 g /mol

Hence, the  molar mass of the compound is  34.0 g /mol

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