The concentration of ATP, ADP, and Pi differ with cell type. Consequently, the release of free energy with the hydrolysis of ATP will vary with cell type. Use the following table to calculate the AG for the hydrolysis of ATP in liver, muscle, and brain cells. In which cell type is the free energy of ATP hydrolysis most negative? AG" for the hydrolysis of ATP is -30.5 kJ/mol. Assume a temperature of 37°C. Liver Muscle Brain ATP (mM) 3.5 8.0 2.6 ADP (mM) 1.8 0.9 0.7 P, (mM) 5.0 8.0 2.7

Answers

Answer 1

The equation for ATP hydrolysis is as follows: ATP ---> ADP + Pi

Standard free energy change, ∆G'° = -RTlnK'eq;

where K'eq is equilibrium constant; R = 8.315 J/mol.K; T = 298 K

K'eq = {[ADP][Pi]}/[ATP]

For Liver:

∆G'° = -(8.315)(298) × ln (1.8 × 5.0/3.5)

∆G'° = -2.34 kJ/mol

For Muscle

∆G'° = -(8.315)(298) × ln (0.9 × 8.0/8.0)

∆G'° = 0.261 kJ/mol

For Brain

∆G'° = -(8.315)(298) × ln (0.7 × 2.7/2.6)

∆G'° = 0.79 kJ/mol

Therefore, the hydrolysis of free energy is 0.79 kJ/mol

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[Note: The question is incomplete. The complete question is given below:

The following data represents cellular concentrations of ATP, ADP, and inorganic phosphate from various mammalian organs. Calculate the actual Gibbs free energy change for hydrolysis of ATP under physiological conditions (assume 37°C). Assume ATP hydrolysis has a standard free energy change of -30.5 kJ/mol. Which cell type yields the greatest free energy change for ATP hydrolysis? Show your work. ATP (MM) ADP (mm) Pi. (mm) Liver 3.5 1.8 5.0 Muscle 8.0 0.9 8.0 Brain 2.6 0.7 2.7 mM=millimolar, ATP=adenosine triphosphate, ADP-adenosine diphosphate, Pi=inorganic phosphate]


Related Questions

rank the compounds in order of increasing rates of their reactions by the sn1 or e1 mechanism. you are currently in a ranking module. turn off browse mode or quick nav, tab to move, space or enter to pick up, tab to move items between bins, arrow keys to change the order of items, space or enter to drop. slowest fastest answer bank

Answers

The explanation of the reaction between the compound is here.

What is compound?

A thing that is composed of two or more separate elements is called compound.

Sol-There is no chemical reaction. Know the extent between to react to react and fair play mixing I too means iodine and potassium I Od um ordered solution solution and I could not React directly as such bad form poorly I owed eight iron like I five and I seven. They negatively charged iodide in the negatively charged how you died. All right, come and did come about charge donor. The neutral iodine charging accepted a solution of iodine, a solution of iodine and potassium iodide um added in water had the light orange brown color, light orange brown color, orange brown color. Once a mileage is added it from another city complex. When once a mileage in my load I added it from another city complex.

When once a mileage in my load I added it from another city complex. The police have cried. The police had cried, the police have cried act as a George donor charges and the police have died. And the poly iodide act as a except her. The new council looks absorbing light of a different wavelength than polly iodide and the color turn dark dark blue. The object structure are poorly added inside the am I late helix Alex is not clear. Are bulky and sit inside the policy crowds of glucose units and could not get out of date.

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Use MO diagrams to place B2+, B2, and B2- in order of (a) decreasing bond energy; (b) decreasing bond length.

Answers

We use the MO diagram for a homonuclear diatomic species (since C and N are neighbours, we treat them as the "same").

The first two electrons contribute to bonding. The next two are anti-bonding.

The next six contribute to bonding, and the following six are anti-bonding.

So, if we start with CN+, which has 4+5-1 (8) valence electrons, we note that the first two electrons contribute to bonding, while the next two cancel this out; the next four contribute to bonding, so the bond order is 4/2 = 2.

If we add one more electron to get CN, there are now 5 bonding electrons, giving bond order 5/2=2.5.

Adding one more to give CN- would give the bond order 6/2 = 3. (If we added more electrons, each one would lower the bond order.)

Given a series of molecules with identical skeletal structures, the one with the highest bond order has the highest bond energy:

CN+ < CN < CN-

Lewis structures will verify that CN- has a triple bond, but they do not work particularly well for CN+ and CN.

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Give formulas corresponding to the following names: (a) Potassium tris(oxalato)chromate(III) (b) Tris(ethylenediamine) cobalt(III) pentacyanoiodomanganate(II) (c) Diamminediaquabromochloroaluminum nitrate

Answers

The formula of Potassium tris(oxalate)chromate(III) is K₃ [Cr (ox)₃] and Tris(ethylenediamine) cobalt(III)- [Co (en)₃]³⁺ [Mn (CN)₅]³⁻ and the formula of Diamminediaquabromochloroaluminum nitrate is [Al (NH₃)₂(H₂O)₂ Br Cl] NO₃⁻.

What are coordination compounds?

Coordination compounds are formed by the coordination bond of metals with ligands which can be neutral or anionic. The coordination compounds have a coordination sphere in which the metal with bonded ligands are written in a square bracket.  

They  may have another ligand or metal outside the sphere which are written outside a square bracket. Here the first complex is Potassium tris(oxalate)chromate(III), where the K metal is outside the sphere and the ligand is oxalate which is a bidentate ligand with 2- charge. The formula of the compound is  K₃ [Cr (ox)₃].

The second complex is Tris(ethylenediamine) cobalt(III) pentacyanoiodomanganate(II) which is an ionic pair of complexes. One anionic part and the cationic part and the formula is  [Co (en)₃]³⁺ [Mn (CN)₅]³⁻ .

The last one is Diamminediaquabromochloroaluminum nitrate, where nitrate ion is outside the coordination sphere and the formula is [Al (NH₃)₂(H₂O)₂ Br Cl] NO₃⁻.

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Consider the buffer system of hydrofluoric acid, HF, and its salt, NaF. HF(aq)+H2O(l)?H3O+(aq)+F?(aq) 1) The purpose of this buffer system is to: a) maintain [HF] b) maintain [F?] c) maintain pH 2) If OH? is added, it is neutralized by: a) the salt b) H2O c) H3O+

Answers

The purpose of the buffer system is to maintain pH (option C)If OH is added, it is neutralised by H₃O⁺ (option C)

What is a buffer system?

Buffer is a solution used to stabilize the pH (acidity) of a liquid.

A buffer system in chemistry is a type of solution that is able to resist changes in its pH when small amounts of an acidic or basic substance is added to it.

Many chemical reactions are carried out at a constant pH. In nature, there are many systems that use buffering for pH regulation

According to this question, a buffer system of hydrofluoric acid, HF, and its salt is given. The purpose of the buffer system is to stabilise the pH of the hydrofluoric acid solution.

Also, hydroxide ion (OH) can be added to the solution to neutralise the acid content of the solution as characterized by the presence of hydronium ions (H₃O⁺).

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smallest to largest- atom, electron,neutron solution compound nucleus

Answers

Answer:

electron- neutron- nucleus- atom- solution compound

Explanation:

A simple ideal brayton cycle operates with air with minimum and maximum temperatures of 27.

Answers

9-88 An easy goal Air with a maximum and minimum temperature od 27°C and 727°C is used in the Brayton cycle.

The Brayton cycle process is what.

A thermodynamic cycle called the Brayton cycle is employed in various heat engines. In particular, several jet engines and gas turbine engines utilise it. The cycle entails compressing outside air, combining it with fuel, and then lighting the resulting mixture, which expands and generates power.

Are the Rankine and Brayton cycles identical?

The thermodynamic cycle types Occur in order and Brayton cycle both exist. The main distinction between the Rankine cycle and the Sco2 cycle is that the former is a cycle of vapour, while the latter is a cycle of vapour and liquid phases.

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The molar mass of h2o is 18. 02 g/mol. The molar mass of o2 is 32. 00 g/mol. What mass of h2o, in grams, must react to produce 50. 00 g of o2? 14. 08 grams 28. 16 grams 44. 40 grams 56. 31 grams.

Answers

According to the given statement 56.31g mass of H₂O, in grams, must react to produce 50. 00 g of O₂.

What in chemistry is a molar mass?

The volume in grams of one mole of a compound is its molar mass. The molar mass of a substance can be found by adding the molality of its constituent atoms, as demonstrated in this video. The computed molar mass can then be used to convert both mass and the quantity of moles in the substance.

Briefing:

2H₂O ---> 2H₂ + O₂

Step 1: calculating moles O₂

⇒For each mole O₂ we have 2 moles of H₂

1) (50.00g O₂)/(32.00g/mol O₂) = 1.563mol O₂

⇒For each mole O₂ we have 2 moles of H2, so we multiply moles of O₂ by 2 to get moles of H₂O

Step 2: Calculating moles H₂O

2) (1.563mol O₂)(2mol H₂O/1mol O₂) = 3.125mol H₂O

Step 3: Calculating mass H₂O

3. (3.125mol H₂O) * (18.01g/mol H₂O) = 56.31g H₂O

We need 56.31g H₂O to make 50.00g O₂.

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classify each molecule as a purine or a pyrimidine.

Answers

Answer:

Purines make up two of the four nucleobases in DNA and RNA: adenine and guanine and Pyramidines make up the other bases in DNA and RNA: cytosine, thymine.

Explanation:

Pyrimidines are heterocyclic compounds with  single  rings whereas purines are heterocyclic compounds with fused  ring. Among the given nitrogen bases, adenine is purine  and cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines .

What are nitrogen bases in DNA ?

In DNA molecule, the two strands are connected together like a stair case with steps. The steps here are called nitrogen bases. There are 4 different types of nitrogen bases in DNA molecules.

The nitrogen bases are namely, adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. The adenine of one strand is bonded to thymine of the other strand through 2 hydrogen bonds. Whereas, cytosine and guanine are connected by three hydrogen bonds.

Adenine and guanine are purine bases and thymine and cytosine are pyrimidine bases. The fused heterocyclic rings with an imidazole ring is called purines. Single ring heterocyclic bases are the pyrimidines.

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Your question is incomplete. But your complete question is as follows:

classify each molecule as a purine or a pyrimidine.

adenine

cytosine

thymine

based on figure 1, which of the following statements best predicts the effect that a change from a moderately acidic environment (phph near 6) to a basic environment will have on peroxidase activity?

Answers

Peroxidase activity increases and then decreases due to a change from a moderately acidic environment (pH near 6) to a basic environment.

What is peroxidase activity?

Peroxidase is an enzyme found in a wide variety of organisms, from plants to humans to bacteria. Its function is to decompose hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Hydrogen peroxide is one of the toxins produced as a by-product of using oxygen to breathe. (The fact that hydrogen peroxide is toxic makes it useful in first aid kits.

Peroxidase activity is strongly influenced by pH factors. Peroxidase works best at pH 7, but increasing or decreasing pH adversely affects its activity. Therefore, when moving from a weakly acidic environment close to pH 6 to a basic one, the peroxidase activity increases as the neutral environment approaches and decreases as the basic environment approaches, so that the peroxidase activity varies with the pH of the solution.

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The complete question is as follows:

Researchers investigated the influence of environmental pH on the activity of peroxidase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen gas. In an experiment, the researchers added a hydrogen peroxide solution containing guaiacol to several identical test tubes and adjusted the solution in each test tube to a different pH . The researchers included the guaiacol because it caused the solutions to change color as the reactions proceeded, which the researchers relied on for measuring reaction rates. Finally, the researchers added the same amount of peroxidase to each test tube and measured the rate of each reaction at 23°C . The results of the experiment are represented in Figure 1.

Based on Figure 1, which of the following statements best predicts the effect that a change from a moderately acidic environment ( pH near 6) to a basic environment will have on peroxidase activity?

answer choices

Peroxidase activity will decrease.

Peroxidase activity will increase.

Peroxidase activity will stay the same.

Peroxidase activity will increase at first and then decrease.

What mass of magnesium bromide is formed when 1 g of magnesium reacts with 5g of bromine.

Answers

The 5.76 grams of MgBr₂ produced from the reaction of bromine and magnesium.

Balanced chemical equation

Mg + Br₂ ⇒MgBr₂

Number of moles of Mg and Br₂ present

n(Mg) = 1/24.3 = 0.0412 mol

n(Br₂) = 5/159.8 = 0.0313 mol

Checking the limiting reagent in the reaction.

Magnesium and Bromine react in 1:1 ratio

Then Limiting reagent will be bromine. The values of bromine will be used to calculate amount of magnesium bromide(Molar mass =5.76g).

0.0313 x 184.1 = 5.76 grams.

Hence, 0.0313 mole of bromine will produce 5.76 grams of magnesium bromide.

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how to solve for what volume, in ml, of 0.404 m li2co3 solution is required to react with 49.9 ml of 0.267 m hno3.

Answers

The 32.99 ml of 0.404 m Li₂CO₃ solution is required to react with 49.9 ml of 0.267 m HNO₃.

A portion of the Li₂CO₃ solution is taken and mixed with HNO₃.

The equation used when dealing with concentration is as follows;

M1v1 = M2v2

M1 = 0.404 M Li₂CO₃ solution

v1 = ?

M2 = 0.267 M HNO₃

v2 = 49.9 ml of HNO₃

substituting the values in the equation;

0.404 M  x V1 = 0.267 x 49.9 ml

V1 = 32.99 ml

a volume of 32.99 ml is taken from 0.404 M from Li2co3 solution and neutralized with  49.9 ml of 0.267 m HNO₃.

Hence, mixing of Li₂CO₃ and  HNO₃ is neutralization reaction.

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How many electrons does a Br- ion have?

Answers

Answer:

36 electrons

Explanation:

draw the skeletal (line-bond) structure of (r)-1-ethyl-3-ethynylcyclohex-1-ene. use a dash or wedge bond to indicate stereochemistry of substituents on asymmetric centers, where applicable.

Answers

The skeletal line-bond structure of (r)-1-ethyl-3-ethynyl-cyclohex-1-ene is as follows:

A disubstituted cyclohexene molecule contains an ethyl group on C1 and an ethynyl group on C3.

To represent the dash or wedge bond structure we have to first identify the asymmetric centers in the molecule.

An organic compound's skeletal structure was made up of a group of atoms that also are joined together to form the compound's fundamental structure. Chains, branches, and/or rings of bound atoms can make up the skeleton. Heteroatoms were skeletal atoms that are not carbon as well as hydrogen.

The asymmetric center in the cyclohexene molecule is C-3 in the cyclohexene so the dash and wedge structure can also be shown as follows:

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hi
i need help with this

Answers

The dissociation equations are shown as;

a) [tex]HCl ------ > H^+ + Cl^-[/tex]

b) [tex]H C_{2} H_{3}O_{2} ---- > C_{2} H_{3}O_{2} ^- +H^+[/tex]

C) [tex]NH_{4} ----- > NH_{3} + H^+[/tex]

D) [tex]C_{6} H_{5} NH_{3} ^+ ------- > C_{6} H_{5} NH_{2} + H^+[/tex]

E) [tex][Al(H_{2} O)_6}] ^{3+} ------ > Al^{3+}[/tex]

What is dissociation?

The term dissociation has to do with the procedure by which a substance can be broken up into its components. The components of a substance are those that have to come together so as to form the compound.

When the compound is to be broken up, the components that came together to make up the compound can broken up and then we have the original compounds tat we have at the start of the reaction.  In this case, the decomposition equations have been shown with the exclusion of water.

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How many grams of sulfur (s) are needed to react completely with 246 g of mercury (hg) to form hgs?.

Answers

The 39.2g grams of sulfur (s) are needed to react completely with 246 g of mercury (hg) to form hgs.

What is mole?

The term "mole" refers to the quantity of a substance that contains the same number of elementary particles (ions, molecules, or atoms) as there are carbon atoms.

What is mass?

A measure of the fundamental attribute of all matter, inertia, in a numerical form. It is essentially the resistance a body of matter offers to a change in its speed or location as a result of the application of a force. A body's mass determines how much change it produces, with larger bodies producing smaller changes.

Therefore, 39.2g grams of sulfur (s) are needed to react completely with 246 g of mercury (hg) to form hgs.

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any of the series of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a double bond, including ethylene and propylene

Answers

Any of the series of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a double bond, including ethylene and propylene are called Alkenes.

What are Unsaturated Hydrocarbons?

Unsaturated hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms. They are also known as alkenes or alkynes depending on the number of double bonds present. Examples of unsaturated hydrocarbons include ethene (C2H4), propene (C3H6) and butadiene (C4H6).

Define Alkenes?

Alkenes are a class of hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond. They are also known as olefins or unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alkenes are used in the production of polymers, fuels, lubricants, and solvents.

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Compare the electronic configuration of Helium, Neon and Argon and establish what is their characteristic in common, And its relationship with the fact that they do not react with other elements when exchanging electro

Answers

The electronic configuration of

Helium is - 1s2,

Neon is [He]2s²2p⁶

Argon is 1s²2s²2p⁶ or Ne 3s² 3p⁶

The common characteristic is that their outermost shells are filled making them noble gases.

What is electronic configuration?

We can define the electronic configuration as the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in molecular orbitals.

Helium has 2 electrons in its  atomic number is 2  

Neon has 2,8 electrons in its shell atomic number 10.

Argon has 2,8,8 electrons in its shell and atomic number 18  Argon electron configuration will be 1s²2s²2p6  It is called a noble gas.

They do not react with other elements because their electronic shells are filled completing their octet configuration, and are stable and inert. They are called noble or inert gases.

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An acid is a molecule that releases (donates)

Answers

Answer:

Releases hydrogen ions (H+) when in solution.

Explanation:

According to the Bronsted-Lowry definition of an acid, it is a substance that has protons it can donate. These protons are in the form of the H+ ion.

predict the ordering, from shortest to longest, of the bond lengths in co, co2, and co2−3. but why does (CO3)2− have a longer bond length than CO2?

Answers

The bond length order becomes: CO < CO₂ < CO₃⁻².

What is bond order?

The total amount of covalent bonds that two atoms have together. A single bond exists when two atoms share one pair of electrons (bond order = 1). Two pairs of electrons make up a double bond (bond order = 2), whereas three pairs of electrons form a triple bond (bond order = 3).

CO has triple bond.

CO₂ has double bond and

CO₃⁻² has a nature in between double and triple bond.

Thus, the bond length order becomes: CO < CO₂ < CO₃⁻².

As, we all know, bond order has an inverse relationship with bond length. That is, longer bonds are stronger bonds. CO has a bond order of 3 (triple bond), CO₂  has a bond order of 4 (two double bonds), and CO₃⁻² has a bond order of 1.33. ( bond nature between single and double bonds). That's why CO₃⁻² have a longer bond length than CO₂.

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Think of one of the demonstrations or experiments in this lesson that you found very memorable. Explain how this demonstration or experiment helped you understand one of the Key Concepts listed above.

Answers

Answer:

The demonstration involving plastic containers and food coloring was very memorable. This experiment helped me understand the concept of diffusion, which is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration. For example, this experiment showed me how the food coloring molecules move from the container with more food coloring to the container with less food coloring until the attention of food coloring is equal in both containers. This helped me understand how diffusion works in real-life.

Explanation:

h3no lewis structure

Answers

Answer:

It is attached below.

Explanation:

The Lewis structure for H₃NO, also known as ammonia oxide or nitroxyl is given in the image.

Count the total number of valence electrons:

Hydrogen (H) has 1 valence electron.

Nitrogen (N) has 5 valence electrons.

Oxygen (O) has 6 valence electrons.

Total valence electrons = (3 × 1) + 5 + 6 = 14

Determine the central atom:

In this case, nitrogen (N) is the central atom, as it is less electronegative than oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H).

Connect the atoms with single bonds:

Place a single bond (represented by a line) between nitrogen (N) and each hydrogen (H). This accounts for 3 electrons.

Distribute the remaining electrons:

Place the remaining 11 electrons as lone pairs around the atoms to satisfy the octet rule. In this case, nitrogen (N) will have a lone pair, and oxygen (O) will have a lone pair.
Each line represents a single bond, and the lone pairs are represented by pairs of dots or dashes. The hydrogen atoms are bonded to the nitrogen atom, and the oxygen atom has a lone pair.

Hence, the Lewis structure is in the image.

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If the reaction of 150. G of ammonia with 150. G of oxygen gas yields 87. G of nitric oxide (no), what is the percent yield of this reaction?.

Answers

The percentage yield of the given reaction is 77.33%.

What is percentage yield?
Reactants
frequently produce fewer product quantities than predicted by the chemical reaction's formula. The percentage of a theoretical yield that's been produced in a reaction is calculated using the percent yield formula. Working through a stoichiometry problem yields the theoretical yield, which is the ideal quantity of the final product. The actual yield is determined by calculating the volume of the product formed. We can determine the percentage yield by dividing the actual yield by the theoretical yield.

Moles is calculated by using the formula:
Moles of Ammonia:
Given mass of ammonia = 150g
Molar mass of ammonia = 17 g/mol
Putting values in above equation, we get:

Moles of Oxygen
Given mass of oxygen = 150g
Molar mass of oxygen = 32 g/mol
Putting values in above equation, we get:
For the given chemical equation:

By Stoichiometry,
5 moles of oxygen reacts with 4 moles of ammonia.
So, 4.6875 moles of oxygen will react with =  of ammonia
As, moles of ammonia required is less than the calculated moles. Hence, ammonia is present in excess and is termed as excess reagent.
Therefore, oxygen is considered as a limiting reagent because it limits the formation of products.

By Stoichiometry of the given reaction:
5 moles of oxygen gas produces 4 moles of nitric oxide
So, 4.6875 moles of oxygen gas will produce =  of nitric oxide

Now, to calculate the theoretical amount of nitric oxide, we use equation 1: Molar mass of nitric oxide = 30 g/mol
 Given mass of nitric oxide = 112.5 g
Now, to calculate the percentage yield, we use the formula:
Experimental yield = 87 g
Theoretical yield = 112.5 g
Putting values in above equation, we get:
Hence, the percentage yield of the given reaction is 77.33%.

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a geochemist in the field takes a small sample of the crystals of mineral compound from a rock pool lined with more crystals of . he notes the temperature of the pool, , and caps the sample carefully. back in the lab, the geochemist dissolves the crystals in of distilled water. he then filters this solution and evaporates all the water under vacuum. crystals of are left behind. the researcher washes, dries and weighs the crystals. they weigh .

Answers

Yes. Solubility is 0.070 kg/L

Solution:

Solubility = mass / Volume

Solubility = (0.210kg)/(3L) = 0.070 kg/L

Solubility is defined as the maximum amount of a substance that will dissolve in a specified amount of solvent at a specified temperature. Solubility is a characteristic property of a particular solute/solvent combination, and different substances have very different solubilities.

Adding sugar cubes to your tea or coffee is a common example of a solution. The ability of a sugar molecule to dissolve easily is called solubility. The term solubility can therefore be defined as the property of a substance to dissolve in a particular solvent. Water solubility is a measure of the amount of a chemical that can be dissolved in water at a given temperature.

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interstellar absorption lines are caused primarily by

Answers

Answer: Cold interstellar gas

Explanation:

These interstellar absorption lines are created when cold interstellar gas absorbs some of the radiation emitted by the distant star.

Provide a systematic name of the following compound below:
CCC(C)CC(C)C(C)CC

Answers

Thr IUPAC or systematic name for the compound given from the task above is an organic compound known as undecane.

What are organic compounds?

Organic compounds simply refers to those groups of chemical substances which contains carbon and hydrogen. All organics substances within their respective homologous families has the same general characteristics. From the task given above, it contains 11 carbons atoms which is bonded to 24 hydrogen atoms. That is, why the systematic name of the compound C11H24 is undecane.

Homologous series is a family of organic compound which follows a regular pattern and in which successive members differs from one another by the molecular formula of CH₂. Below are some classes of homologous families:

AlkanesAlkenesAlkynesAlkanoatesAlkanolsAlkanoic acids and so on and so forth

In conclusion, the compund CCC(C)CC(C)C(C)CC given in the problem above belongs to an alkane family.

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Solid al(no3)3 is added to distilled water to produce a solution in which the concentration.

Answers

The final concentration of  Nitrate ions is  0.034 M.

What is distilled water?

Water is heated to the point of becoming a vapour, then it is condensed back into a liquid in a different container to produce distilled water. The original container still contains any contaminants from the starting water that do not boil at or below the starting water's boiling point. Consequently, distilled water qualifies as a category of purified water.

What is concentration?

A substance's concentration in a specific volume of tissue or liquid, such as blood, is known as its solubility in science. An example of this is salt. Reduced water content causes a substance to become more concentrated.

If the concentration of salt is x M then concentration of Nitrate ions in solution is (x/3) M and that of Al3+ is x M. Given concentration of Nitrate ions is 0.10 M, so Concentration of Al3+ = (0.10/3) M = 0.033 M

B. On addition of KOH, aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3 precipitates out. Moles of Al3+ present = (0.033*100)/1000 = 0.0033 mol

For one mole of Al3+ three moles of hydroxide ions are required. So, for 0.0033 mol of Al3+, 0.0099 mol hydroxide ions are required.

So, volume of 0.050 M KOH required = [(0.0099/0.050)*1000] mL = 198 mL

So, 198 mL of 0.050 M KOH is required.

Only Potassium ions and nitrate ions are left in solution.

Final volume after precipitation = 298 mL

Moles of nitrate present = (0.10*100)/1000 = 0.010 mol

Moles of K+ ions present = (0.050*198)/1000 = 0.0099 mol

So, final concentration of Nitrate ions = {(0.010/298)*1000} M = 0.034 M

Final concentration of K+ = {(0.0099/298)*1000} M = 0.030 M

Therefore, final concentration of  Nitrate ions is  0.034 M.

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Two of the ingredients in Coca-Cola are caffeine and phosphoric acid. Draw the structure of caffeine. Would you expect caffeine to be soluble in an aqueous medium? What is the role played by phosphoric acid in Coca-Cola?

Answers

Caffeine is a water soluble molecule, so it would be expected to be soluble in an aqueous medium.

What is Caffeine?
In the methylxanthine class of stimulants, caffeine is a central nervous (CNS) stimulant. As a cognitive enhancer that improves alertness and attentional performance, it is primarily used recreationally. By preventing adenosine from binding to the adenosine A1 receptor, caffeine increases the release of the neurotransmitters acetylcholine. Caffeine can bind to and block adenosine receptors because of adenosine's similar three-dimensional structure. Additionally, caffeine raises levels of cyclic AMP by nonselectively inhibiting phosphodiesterase. The methylxanthine alkaloid caffeine is an angry, white crystalline purine that shares chemical similarities with the adenine as well as guanine bases of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (RNA).

Phosphoric acid is added to Coca-Cola to give it a tart flavor and to act as a preservative. It also helps to dissolve other ingredients, such as caffeine, which might otherwise be insoluble in the beverage.

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ampicillin amoxicillin mezlocillin and penicillin g all have

Answers

Ampicillin is a type of aminopenicillin, a semisynthetic class of β-lactams that were created for effectiveness against both gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. It is also referred to as a broad-spectrum penicillin. Penicillin was combined with an amino group or side chain to produce aminoopenicillins.

What is  β-lactams ?

Antibiotics known as β-lactams have a beta-lactam ring as part of their chemical structure. This comprises carbapenems, cephalosporins, monobactams, cephamycins, and derivatives of penicillin.

Ampicillin belongs to the penicillin drug class. It eliminates bacteria to operate. Colds, the flu, and other viral diseases cannot be treated with antibiotics like ampicillin. Antibiotic use that is not necessary raises the likelihood of developing a later infection that is resistant to antibiotic treatment.

Thus, Ampicillin is a type of aminopenicillin, a semisynthetic class of β-lactams that were created for effectiveness against both gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.

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asking questions about the behavior of ideal gases in terms of pressure, volume, temperature, and number of particles
Write a reflection about your learning in this portfolio. Your reflection should be at least 3 sentences. Use the following questions as a guide.
How did you design your investigation and plan to collect data?
What was the most difficult part of designing your investigation? Do you think your answer is the only right answer? Explain.

Answers

My reflection on idea gas behavior is that:

At higher temperatures and lower pressures, a gas typically behaves more like an ideal gas because the potential energy from intermolecular forces is less significant compared to the kinetic energy of the particles and the size of the molecules is less significant compared to the void space between them.

What is the behavior of ideal gases in terms of pressure, volume and temperature?

The  way to design the investigation and plan to collect data is based on the true assumptions of :

The volume of the gas particles is quite small.The gas particles are of similar size and do not interact with one another through intermolecular forces (attraction or repulsion).The random motion of the gas particles is consistent with Newton's Laws of Motion.

The most difficult part of designing your investigation is the gas behavior at different point or levels.

When held at a fixed temperature, the volume of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure at which it is measured.

Note that An ideal gas is one that abides with the gas laws under all possible pressure and temperature conditions. The gas must adhere to the kinetic-molecular theory in its entirety to achieve this. The gas particles must have no volume and must not interact with one another in any way that may be considered appealing.

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Which of the following is a
possible way to describe the elemental
oxygen component in the reaction
below?
S8 (s) + 1202(g) → 8SO3(g)

24 L O2
12 g O2
12 moles O2
24 atoms O2

Answers

12 moles O2 is a possible way to describe the elemental oxygen component in the reaction.

Define elemental oxygen form?

At normal temperatures and pressures, elemental oxygen is present as a gas, most frequently in the form of O2. This crucial ingredient, which is a crucial part of cellular respiration, is required for life on this planet.

This oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is taking place:

8 S - 48 e- → 8 S (oxidation)

24 O + 48 e- → 24 O- (reduction)

O2 is an oxidizing agent, whereas S8 is a reducing agent.

Because each substance contains a huge number of atoms and molecules, we use the mole (mol) to express the amount of substances in chemistry. For the researcher who discovered how many atoms there are in 12 grams of carbon, the value provided, 6.022 x 1023 is known as Avogadro's number.

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