Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds. Most organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, but they may also include any number of other elements (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, sulfur).
The study of the characteristics and changes of matter, as well as the interactions between matter and energy, is the focus of the field of chemistry known as physical chemistry. Therefore, the correct option is A.
It integrates ideas from physics and chemistry to understand the molecular behavior of molecules and atoms. Thermodynamics, kinetics, quantum mechanics, spectroscopy, and statistical mechanics are among the subjects studied by physical chemists.
Their work advances many disciplines, including biology, chemical engineering and materials science. By understanding the fundamental ideas of physical chemistry, scientists can create new materials, predict and explain chemical reactions, and understand the subtleties of molecular interactions in many systems.
Therefore, the correct option is A.
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The process of glycolysis produces 4 ATP total, but we say that the net ATP production is 2 ATP. What happened to the two other ATP molecules
A) Identify a signaling molecule from the model present. Explain how receptors play a role in cell differentiation.
B) Identify the dependent variable and two controls the experimenters used when conducting this experiment.
C) Evaluate if the number of Variant 1-Type cells with mating projections was significantly different from those of the Wild Type. Use chi-square analysis.
D) Scientists propose that a mutation has occurred that either changed the mating pheromone or receptor site on the Variant 1-Type yeast cells. Predict where the mutation occurred. Justify your prediction with evidence from the experiment and scientific reasoning, based on your knowledge of cell-signaling pathways.
Answer:
A) A signaling molecule from the model shown is the pheromone. The pheromone binds to the receptor to create the cellular response in yeast to stop growth and produce shmoo. Shmoo is a nodule that allows the yeast cells to join together. Receptors play a role in cell differentiation, because the signaling molecules bind to the receptor in order to produce a response. When the pheromone binds to the receptor, a series of steps are followed in the transduction pathway in order to create shmoo, a differentiation in the cell. Without the receptor, the signaling pheromone would not be able to trigger the transduction pathway that ultimately results in the differentiation of the cell. Only signaling molecules with a specific shape and size can bind to a specialized receptor and cause a cellular response. Different yeast cell types may have varying receptors, affecting the ability of each pheromone to bind to the receptor to create a mating differentiation and, therefore, the rate of mating.
B) The dependent variable of the experiment is the number of cells that differentiated. The number of cells that differentiated depended on the type of yeast exposed to the pheromones. In this experiment, the experimenters controlled the sample size and the application of the pheromones. Each treated group consisted of 1,000 cells and was given the same concentration of pheromones. The same three pheromones, Wild Type-created, Variant 1-created, and Variant 2-created, were also used for each yeast cell type. These controls allowed the experimenters to observe how yeast cell type affects the rate of mating without the influence of other factors that could have skewed the results.
C) Chi-square analysis can be used to determine if the number of Variant 1-Type cells with mating differentiations significantly differed from those of the Wild Type. The Variant 1-Type yeast cells are being compared to the Wild Type cells, so the Variant-1 Type cells are the observed data and the Wild Type cells represent the expected data. In order to find the chi-square value, the square of the difference between the observed and expected values divided by the expected value must be calculated for each category. For the Wild Type-created pheromone type, there were 450 differentiated cells in the Wild Type cells and 203 in the Variant 1-Type cells. By using these values in the formula, a value of approximately 135.58 results. There were 606 differentiated Wild Type cells and 411 differentiated Variant 1-Type cells in the groups exposed to the Variant 1-created pheromone, showing a value of about 62.75. The value for the Variant 2-created pheromone category can be calculated as 16.82, with 50 differentiated Wild Type yeast cells and 21 differentiated Variant 1-Type cells. Then, these values are added to find the final chi-square value, 215.15, which can be compared to a critical chi-square value to determine the significance of the difference. The critical value with a 95% confidence for three categories is 5.99. The calculated chi-square value is far greater than the critical value, showing a significant variation between the number of cells with mating projections in the Wild Type and Variant 1-Type yeast cells. This also rejects the null hypothesis that there is not an important variation in the values, supporting the alternative hypothesis that a factor is affecting the rates of mating in Variant 1-Type yeast cells.
D) The significant variation between the data values could have resulted from a mutation in the Variant 1-Type cells. This mutation likely changed the receptor site of the cell by affecting its shape. Without the proper shape of specialized receptor sites, the pheromones are inhibited from binding to the receptor. When signals bind to receptors, the signal is received and a sequence of changes occurs throughout the transduction pathway in order to produce a response. Since pheromones cannot bind to the receptor sites to produce a response as easily, the overall cellular response of differentiation cannot be produced as often. The mutation resulted in the inability for signals in the pheromones to be received and communicate the correct response. Therefore, the mutation in the receptor site Variant 1-Type cells explains the significant variation in the values between the Variant 1-Type cells and the Wild Type cells. The data in the experiment shows that different pheromones resulted in differing amounts of cell differentiation in the Variant 1-Type yeast cells. This further suggests that the mutation affected the receptor site, not the pheromones, as the pheromones could still bind in some cells and the differences in the pheromones were not lost. The data indicates that the receptor sites of Variant 1-Type cells were changed by a mutation, creating a significant difference between the number of differentiated cells in the Wild Type and Variant 1-Type yeast cells.
Ligands are called signaling molecules because they bind to receptors and carries information.
A) The signaling molecule in the model is the pheromone. It binds to the receptor to generate a cellular response in the yeast system. It inhibits the growth of yeast cells and secretes shmoo.
Receptors are important in cell differentiation as they bind with receptors and create shmoo via the transduction pathway.
In the absence of a receptor, the transduction pathway will not occur and shmoo will not be produced.
Signaling molecules having specific shapes and sizes can only bind to receptors.
B) In the above experiment, a dependent variable is the number of cells differentiated. The number of cells differentiated depends on its exposure to pheromones.
The application of pheromones and the sample size of cells were in control by the experimenters. The yeast cell types were exposed to Variant 1-created, Variant 2-created and Wild Type-created pheromones equally.
This helped the researchers in determining the rate of mating without any influence of other factors.
C) Chi-square can be used to evaluate the number of variant 1 type cells with that from wild type.
The observed data includes variant type 1 cells and the expected data includes the wild type cells.
[tex]\rm Chi - square = \dfrac{( Observed - Expected \:values)^{2}}{ \:Expected \:values}[/tex]
The required value with a 95% certainty for the three types is 5.99. The calculated chi-square value is greater than that of critical values.
This shows the difference in the mating of variant and wild type varieties. It also repudiates the null hypothesis.
D) The mutation likely occurred on the receptor site of the variant type that changed the shape of the site binding.
The change in the receptor site will inhibit the pheromones from binding. This will affect the cell differentiation and transduction pathway.
Therefore, mutation on the receptor site indicated the variant and the wild type have different cell differentiation and mating rates. The mutation is responsible for the varied data and not pheromones.
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Bryant Vaughn first worked for United States government as a forensic botanist in 1975, _____ after pollen analysis was first used by Lennart von Post.
Bryant Vaughn first worked for the USA government as a forensic botanist in 1975, 59 YEARS after pollen analysis was first used by Lennart von Post. L. von Post is considered the father of palynology.
Palynology refers to the discipline that studies plant pollen in both living and fossil forms of life.
Lennart von Post was a naturalist and geologist who is generally regarded as the father of modern palynology.
L. von Post published in 1916 a quantitative analysis of pollen grains entitled “Forest-tree pollen in south-Swedish peat layers”.
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Which statement describes the way the paramecium reproduces asexually
A,it happens by cell division that include mitosis.
B,it happens by the formation of gametes.
C,it happens by cell division that include meiosis.
D.it happens by fertilization of an egg by sperm.
The statement that describes the way the paramecium reproduces asexually is as follows: it happens by cell division that include mitosis (option A).
What is asexual reproduction?Asexual reproduction is one of the two types of reproduction that involves neither meiosis nor fusion of gametes.
This means that in asexual reproduction, new offsprings are produced by a single parent. The new individuals produced are genetically and physically identical to each other i.e., they are the clones of their parents.
This is possible because the single parent cell divides mitotically to produce identical daughter cells.
Therefore, option A is correct regarding the way paramecium reproduces asexually.
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a section of a dna molecule that controls the thumb is called a
Answer:
gene
Explanation:
Is it True or false?
There are two types of reproduction, sexual and asexual Sexual reproduction involves two parents, while asexual reproduction only involves one,
Sort the reproductive processes below according to whether they are asexual or sexual.
ITEM BANK: Move to Bottom
Creation of an egg
Creation of fruit
Mushrooms producing spores
Production of seeds
Stem cuttings of plants
Sexual
Asexual
Budding in yeast
drag and drop answer here
drag and drop answer here
Creation of an egg- sexual
Creation of a fruit - sexual
Mushrooms producing spores - Sexual
Production of seeds - Sexual
Budding in yeast - Asexual
Stem cuttings of plants - Asexual
help help pls
choose the right letter
29. The ABO blood type gene is an example of which means that heterozygous display two phenotypes at the same time.
A. Fading
B.Incomplete dominance
C. Codominance
D. Advanced hybridism
Answer:
Codominance i believe :)
why is it necessary for the human body to maintain homeostasis?
Answer:
Conditions in the body must be constantly controlled because cells depend on the body's environment to live and function. The maintenance of the conditions by homeostasis is very important because in the wrong body conditions certain processes (osmosis) and proteins (enzymes) will not function properly.
hope this helps
Which two atoms form an ionic bond?
A.sodium and bromine
B. two sodium atoms
C. two oxygen atoms
D fluorine and chlorine
Answer:
sodium and bromine
Explanation:
The one valence electron from sodium would be transferred to the bromine atom so they can both have an octet.
Which two atoms form an ionic bond?
Answer : A
Explanation : Ionic bond is a type of chemical bond and binds the chemical molecules together. Ionic bond is formed by the transfer of electrons from an electropositive element ( metal) to the electronegative element (non metal).
Sodium is an electropositive element and contains one positive charge. Bromine is an electronegative element with a single negative charge over it. Sodium gives the electron to bromine and results in the formation of ionic bond.
Thus, the correct answer is option (C).
Hope this helps you!
how many DNA molecules were in the beginning of the gif?
Answer:The result of DNA replication is two DNA molecules consisting of one new and one old chain of nucleotides
Explanation:
i just did :)
which is not an abiotic factor that could affect a population?
Answer:
some important abiotic factors Space, water, and climate all help determine a species population.
Explanation:
if mammalian cells receive a go-ahead signal at the g1 checkpoint, they will:
If mammalian cells receive a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint, they will complete the cell cycle and divide normally.
What is the Cell Cycle?The cell cycle may be defined as the entire sequence of events happening from the end of one nuclear division to the beginning of the next nuclear division.
There are three major checkpoints in the cell cycle. One at the end of the G1 phase, the second at the end of the G2 phase, and while third is during the M phase.
Therefore, if mammalian cells receive a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint, they will complete the cell cycle and divide normally.
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a _________ is an example of an endotherm, and a ________ is an example of an ectotherm.
Answer: People, polar bears, penguins, and prairie dogs, like most other birds and mammals, are endotherms. Iguanas and rattlesnakes, like most other reptiles—along with most fishes, amphibians, and invertebrates—are ectotherms.
Which of the following is an advantage of sexual reproduction?
A. Produce identical copies of an organism.
B. Produce natural variation to adapt to environmental change.
C. Quickly populate a new habitat.
D. Reproduce very quickly.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Produce natural variation to adapt to environmental change is an advantage of sexual reproduction. Correct Option is 2.
The advantage of sexual reproduction is that it produces genetic variation within a population. During sexual reproduction, offspring inherit a combination of genes from both parents, leading to unique genetic combinations. This genetic diversity results in natural variation among individuals within a population.
This variation is advantageous because it allows a population to better adapt to changing environmental conditions. In a changing environment, some individuals may possess traits that are better suited to the new conditions, making them more likely to survive and reproduce. Through natural selection, these advantageous traits can become more prevalent in the population over time, enhancing the population's overall ability to adapt and thrive.
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Where does the CO2 produced during the Krebs Cycle come from
Answer:
Uhhh the answer is in the explanation
Explanation:
The citric acid cycle, shown in —also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) or the Krebs cycle—is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate—derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins—into carbon dioxide.
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in the human body?
Answer:
31 pairs is correct
Explanation:
based on the magnetic field line diagrams, what will happen next with these two sets of magnets?
The answer is A
The magnets in step 1 will repel and the ones in set 2 will attract
Answer: its A
Explanation:
Some fossil snakes have remnants of hip bones and legs even though these animals had no legs. These remnant structures are best described as:
Some fossil snakes have remnants of hip bones and legs even though these animals had no legs. These remnant structures are best described as: vestigial structures.
Vestigial structures are organic structures that do not appear to fulfill any important biological function in the organism that possesses them.
These structures are preserved as an inheritance of the evolutionary process, because at some point in the history of evolution an ancestor of the current species had that structure.These types of structures, which can be bones, organs, structures in the skin or any other part of the body, no longer offer any meaningful function for the body.The presence of vestigial structures in animals is considered proof that evolution and natural selection exists.
Therefore, we can conclude that some fossil snakes have remnants of hip bones and legs even though these animals had no legs. These remnant structures are best described as vestigial structures.
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Protein is digested completely in the
Answer:
from the stomach to the small intestine
How can the rate of photosynthesis be measured using products or reactants.
Answer:
Theory of Measurements:
Leaf photosynthetic rate is measured by enclosing a leaf in a closed, transparent chamber and measuring the decrease in carbon dioxide concentration as a function of time.
Out in the distance you see
What are the two arms of chromosome called?
a. Centromere
b. Chromatid
c. Nucleotides
d. Histones
In which process are glucose and oxygen the reactants?
cellular respiration
photosynthesis
ATP production
ADP production
Answer:
Cellular Respiration
Explanation:
Respiration = Glucose + Oxygen -> Water + Carbon Dioxide
the principal mineralocorticoid is _____________ that helps regulate levels of _____________ in the blood and body fluids.
Answer:
The principal mineralocorticoid is aldosterone that helps regulate levels of sodium and potassium ions in the blood and body fluids.
Where does energy go in respiration
Answer:
Summary. Through the process of cellular respiration, the energy in food is converted into energy that can be used by the body's cells. During cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen are converted into carbon dioxide and water, and the energy is transferred to ATP.
Describe the structure and bonding of gold
Answer:
structure
The arrangement of atoms in gold follows what's called a "face centred cubic" (fcc) structure. Put simply, the atoms in gold form cubes, with an atom at each of the corners, and another atom in the centre of each of the faces (you can see what this looks like in the image below).
bonding
Silver, iron, platinum, gold, and copper all form metallic bonds. Unlike covalent bonding, metallic bonding is non-directional. The strong bond consists of positively charged metal atoms in fixed positions, surrounded by delocalized electrons.
Explanation:
Gold's atoms are face-centered cubic (fcc) and has metallic bonding in it's structure.
What is the bonding and structure of gold?Because a cloud of electrons holds the atomic nuclei of gold together, gold is soft. Instead of having a set of electrons allocated to one nucleus, this cloud floats through the gold framework. Metallic bonds are the forces that exist between the nuclei and the electron cloud.
In gold, atoms are arranged in a configuration known as a "face-centered cubic" (fcc) structure. Simply put, the gold's atoms take the shape of cubes with one at each of their four corners and another in the middle of each of their six faces.
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How can the locations where ancient fossils are found to be used as evidence for continental drift?
Answer:
his continental drift
Explanation:
Wegener used fossil evidence to support his continental drift hypothesis. The fossils of these organisms are found on lands that are now far apart. ... Wegener suggested that these creatures were alive in warm climate zones and that the fossils and coal later had drifted to new locations on the continents.
What caused the formation of the moons layer
Answer:
when an object smashed into early Earth. .Explanation: no explanation just the answer
An environment in which nonliving substances and living organisms work together is called
A) a population
B) a community
C) an ecosystem
Hi can someone help me w this? thanks!
Answer:
the answer is
c.) ecosystem
Explanation:
ecosystem is a community of living things and non living things that interact in the same environment
Extra Information:. Population- is a group of individuals of the same species living within an area
. Species - is a group of individuals that can reproduce naturally with one another and create a fertile offspring
.Community- is a group of living and non living things in the same environment
.Biotic factors - living things such as plants,animals,bacteria,fungi ... that are found in ecosystems
.Abiotic factors - non living things such as water,air,sans,light.. that are found in ecosystems
HOPE THIS HELPDS :D
Answer:
ecosystem
Explanation:
ye
