Answer:
False. It is generally not possible for an attacker to determine in advance exactly where the targeted buffer will be located in the stack frame of the function in which it is defined. The location of a buffer in the stack frame can depend on various factors such as the compiler used, the optimization level, the architecture of the machine, and the specific code being executed. As a result, an attacker would typically need to use other techniques, such as heap spraying or return-oriented programming, to control the location of a buffer in memory and potentially exploit a vulnerability.
Explanation:
which of the following components forms the foundation of every computer-based information system and includes resources such as hardware, software, and data center facilities?
Every computer-based information system is built upon components of the technological infrastructure.
What exactly does "technology infrastructure" mean?To support the applications and information management needs of the business, the technological infrastructure consists of hardware and software components. Infrastructure for technology has these parts. devices for computers. computer programs. Networking and communication systems.
Why does technology matter going forward?It can provide a sense of belonging, access, knowledge, and empowerment. As we develop the technologies for the future, we might attempt to create a better world over time. This might mean many things because technology affects every part of our lives.
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windows 10 can automatically activate the operating system with a valid product key during the initial installation phase. T/F
Windows 10 can automatically activate the operating system with a valid product key during the initial installation phase is true.
Does Windows 10 need to be activated?Microsoft makes Microsoft 10 available for use without activation. However, a product key is a unique software-based key for a computer application. It is also referred to as a software key, serial key, or activation key. It attests to the originality of the program copy.
Once the trial period is over, users must activate the OS. While failing to activate won't stop a PC or laptop from operating, some functionality will be restricted. Without activation, Windows 10 can still be used.
Therefore, You will be required to input a valid product key during the installation. When the installation is finished, Windows 10 will be online-activated immediately. To check activation status in Windows 10, select the Start button, and then select Settings > Update & Security > Activation .
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Is it possible in Swift to group case matches together with a common set of statements to be executed when a match for any of the cases is found. For example, is the following allowed?
case 3, 5, 7:
// code for case
A. Yes
B. No
Answer:
A. Yes, it is possible in Swift to group case matches together with a common set of statements to be executed when a match for any of the cases is found.
Explanation:
To group case matches together, you can use a comma-separated list of patterns after the keyword "case", as shown in your example. When a match is found for any of the cases in the list, the code block following the "case" statement will be executed.
Here is an example of how you could use this feature in a switch statement in Swift:
let x = 3
switch x {
case 3, 5, 7:
print("x is 3, 5, or 7")
default:
print("x is not 3, 5, or 7")
}
the parallelism of a multithreaded computation is the maximum possible speedup that can be achieved on any number of processors
The greatest speedup that any number of processors may achieve is the parallelism T1/T8. For any number of processors more than the parallelism T1/T8, perfect linear speedup cannot be achieved.
What does a computation that uses several threads do?The overall amount of time needed to complete a multithreaded computation on a single processor is called the work. Therefore, the work is an accounting of the total time spent on each thread.
What does a parallel computer accomplish?The total quantity of computing effort that is completed is referred to as work in physics. With P processors, an ideal parallel computer can complete up to P units of work in one time step.
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Determine all cache accesses and the state of the data cache at any given time. From this you can determine any additional cycles from data cache misses. You must calculate the number of bits for the offset, index, and tag, determine the number of hits and misses, show the contents of the cache, and use the number of misses to determine any additional clock cycles required. The total clock cycles would be the total cycles for all iterations from Part 2 plus any additional memory access cycles from cache misses from Part 3.
The smallest and fastest part of a computer system's memory is the cache. The registers, which make up a very minor portion of the computer CPU, are quick storage components.
Why does the cache memory access time take less time than the main memory access time?Cache memory must be substantially smaller than main memory in order to be situated near to the CPU. As a result, it has less room for storage. Due to the increased performance of the more complicated chip, it is also more expensive than main memory.
What distinguishes Level 1 from Level 2 and Level 3 cache benefits?Since it is the smallest and nearest to the CPU, Level 1 (L1) cache memory is the quickest type. On the processor chip, Level 2 (L2) has a larger capacity but a slower speed. The computer that uses the L2 cache has the biggest capacity Level 3 (L3) cache memory.
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(T/F) Desktop Management software requires managers to install software such as antivirus updates or application updates on client computers manually.
Managers must manually install software, such as antivirus updates or application updates, on client computers when using desktop management software. The answer is False.
What is Desktop Management software?All computer systems inside a company are managed and secured by a desktop management programme, which is a complete tool. The management of other devices used by the organization, such as laptops and other computer devices, is also a part of "desktop" administration, despite the name.
Without requiring physical access to the endpoints, such as desktop computers or mobile devices, desktop management software enables IT teams to locate, manage, and control endpoints on both local and remote sites.
Keeping user PCs up to date can be difficult for IT managers, especially with the ongoing need to upgrade software to prevent security breaches.
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create a logical model identify entities and attributes input the data into the tables database create a conceptual model implement the database
A logical model includes depictions of entities, properties, relationships, special identifiers, sub types, and super types, as well as restrictions on how relationships can be formed.
What is data model?
A logical model may also reference one or more domain or glossary models or include objects from a domain model. Relational data models, network data models, and hierarchical data models are three examples of this sort of data model. Data are represented as relations, or tables, in the relational model. System for managing orders simply. This is a conceptual data model for a straightforward wholesale retail order management system. Even though some consumers might not have sent any orders yet, customers send orders to the store. Each order item for a product is one of many order items that make up the order.
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when there are several classes that have many common data attributes, it is better to write a(n) to hold all the general data. T/F
Class attributes are characteristics that belong to the class itself. Every instance of the class will share them. As a result, they are always equal in value.
Which UML part contains a list of the class's data attributes?A rectangle with three compartments stacked vertically serves as the UML representation of a class.
a group of sentences that specify a class's methods and data properties?The object made from the class is known as the instance. A class instance is any object that is produced from a class. is a sequence of sentences that specify the methods and data properties of a class. Every method of a class must take the self parameter.
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comptia calls regularly updating operating systems and applications to avoid security threats patch management. T/F
The given statement, compTIA calls regularly updating operating systems and applications to avoid security threats patch management, is TRUE.
What is compTIA?CompTIA is not a plan or even a strategy. The Computing Technology Industry Association is what it is, actually. Through training, certifications, education, market research, and philanthropy, CompTIA seeks to encourage the growth of the industry. While providing instruction in contemporary information technology, it also promotes creativity and opens doors by providing applicants with the tools they need to succeed. The company's strategy is also autonomous and vendor-neutral, providing completely agnostic information that doesn't rely on familiarity with certain frameworks or tools.
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Before a newly purchased software package is ready for use, it should undergo integration, system, volume, and user acceptance a. research b. testing C. customization d. implementation
Testing has a well-defined definition, whereas acceptance denotes consent or approval.
What Is User Acceptance Testing?A software product's user might either be the person who purchased the software or the person who asked for it to be made (client).The definition will be as follows if I abide by my rule:Beta testing or end-user testing are other terms for user or client testing of software to assess whether it can be accepted or not. User acceptance testing (UAT) is the process of doing this. The functional, system, and regression testing are followed by this last testing.This testing's primary goal is to confirm that the programme satisfies the necessary business requirements. The end users who are acquainted with the operational needs perform this validation.Various forms of acceptance testing include UAT, alpha, and beta.The user acceptance test is the final testing performed before the program is made available to the public, therefore it goes without saying that this is the final opportunity for the customer to test the software and determine whether it is appropriate for the task at hand.To Learn more About Testing refer to:
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eigrp authentication ensures that routers only accept routing information from other routers that have been configured with the same password or authentication information
EIGRP supports MD5 for authentication. When enabled, routers verify the origin of each packet containing a routing update.
Why is it important to configure authentication with EIGRP?
It's critical to keep in mind that this system is only for authentication. The routing update packets are not encrypted by the routers before they are sent via the network. These packets are simply authenticated using MD5. This stops users from deliberately or unintentionally inserting routes into your network.
EIGRP supports MD5 for authentication. When enabled, routers verify the origin of each packet containing a routing update. False EIGRP adjacency cannot be established by an attacker thanks to the following settings. The result of bogus adjacency may be poisoning of the routing table or CPU overuse.
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Whether you purchase online or by standing in line, the system-level transaction details are essentially the same and they require the same basic database structures and relationships.True
False
The system-level transaction details are essentially the same whether you make a purchase online or in person, and both scenarios call for the same fundamental database structures and relationships. This assertion is accurate.
An online transaction is what?Online transactions are used by consumers to pay for the goods or services they purchase.
What happens in the online transaction first?Registration: Registration for online purchases is the initial step. The customer must register on a website like Flipkart or Amazon in this phase. He must submit his email address, name, address, and other similar facts in order to register; the website keeps and uses these details solely.
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assuming a 1-kb page size, what are the page numbers and offsets for the following address references (provided as decimal numbers)? (a) 21205 (b) 164250 (c) 121357 (d) 16479315 (e) 27253187
Note that the Page numbers and offsets for the following address references given a 1-kb page size are:
a) Address: 21205 → Page number: 20, Offset: 905
b) Address: 164250 → Page number: 161, Offset: 202
c) Address: 121357 → Page number: 119, Offset: 333
d) Address: 16479315 → Page number: 16093, Offset: 659
e) Address: 27253187 → Page number: 26708, Offset: 963.
What is an offset and an address reference?Note that an offset is a numerical value that represents the distance of a particular location within a file, block of memory, or other data structure from a reference point. It is often used to specify the location of a particular piece of data within a larger structure.
An address reference is a value that represents the location of a specific piece of data within a computer's memory.
To determine the page numbers and offsets for the given address references, you will need to divide the address by the page size. The page number will be the result of the division, and the offset will be the remainder.
Thus, for a:
Address: 21205 → Page number: 21205 / 1024 = 20,
Offset: 21205 % 1024 = 905
for b,
Address: 164250 → Page number: 164250 / 1024 = 161, Offset: 164250 % 1024 = 202
for c,
Address: 121357 → Page number: 121357 / 1024 = 119,
Offset: 121357 % 1024 = 333
for d,
Address: 16479315 => Page number: 16479315 / 1024 = 16093,
Offset: 16479315 % 1024 = 659
for e,
Address: 27253187 => Page number: 27253187 / 1024 = 26708,
Offset: 27253187 % 1024 = 963
In conclusion,
a) Address: 21205 → Page number: 20, Offset: 905
b) Address: 164250 → Page number: 161, Offset: 202
c) Address: 121357 → Page number: 119, Offset: 333
d) Address: 16479315 → Page number: 16093, Offset: 659
e) Address: 27253187 → Page number: 26708, Offset: 963.
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Sprint Review and Retrospective
As would normally happen at the end of a Sprint or an incremental release, the Scrum Master will put together a Sprint Review and Retrospective. For this deliverable, you will take on the role of the Scrum Master and create a Sprint Review and Retrospective to summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions on the work you completed during the course of the development. In a paper, be sure to address each of the following:Demonstrate how the various roles on your Scrum-agile Team specifically contributed to the success of the SNHU Travel project. Be sure to use specific examples from your experiences.
Describe how a Scrum-agile approach to the SDLC helped each of the user stories come to completion. Be sure to use specific examples from your experiences.
Describe how a Scrum-agile approach supported project completion when the project was interrupted and changed direction. Be sure to use specific examples from your experiences.
Demonstrate your ability to communicate effectively with your team by providing samples of your communication. Be sure to explain why your examples were effective in their context and how they encouraged collaboration among team members.
Evaluate the organizational tools and Scrum-agile principles that helped your team be successful. Be sure to reference the Scrum events in relation to the effectiveness of the tools.
Assess the effectiveness of the Scrum-agile approach for the SNHU Travel project. Be sure to address each of the following:
Describe the pros and cons that the Scrum-agile approach presented during the project.
Determine whether or not a Scrum-agile approach was the best approach for the SNHU Travel development project.
Agile Presentation
Finally, you have been asked to put together a PowerPoint presentation for the leadership at your company. You will start by explaining the key facets of the Scrum-agile approach. You will also contrast the waterfall and agile development approaches to help your leadership make an informed decision. You must use properly cited sources to support your points. In your presentation, be sure to address each of the following:Explain the various roles on a Scrum-agile Team by identifying each role and describing its importance.
Explain how the various phases of the SDLC work in an agile approach. Be sure to identify each phase and describe its importance.
Describe how the process would have been different with a waterfall development approach rather than the agile approach you used. For instance, you might discuss how a particular problem in development would have proceeded differently.
Explain what factors you would consider when choosing a waterfall approach or an agile approach, using your course experience to back up your explanation.
What to Submit
To complete this project, you must submit the following:
Sprint Review and Retrospective
Your retrospective should be a 3- to 4-page Word document with double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, and APA formatting. Be sure to address all prompts. You are not required to use sources for the retrospective; however, any sources that you do use must be cited.
Agile Presentation
Your agile presentation should be a PowerPoint of at least 5 slides in length, including a references slide. Be sure to address all prompts. You must use properly cited sources in APA style to support your points.
A sprint review occurs at its conclusion, as its name suggests. It's when the group presents the project's outcomes. The team evaluates their performance in relation to their objectives and talks about how to make the product better.
What is the difference between a sprint review and a sprint retrospective?The distinguishes sprint reviews from sprint retrospectives. The main distinction is that a Sprint Review concentrates on improvement so the team can produce a better product, but a Sprint Retrospective concentrates on system improvement so the team can work more harmoniously and achieve flow.
While the sprint retrospective focuses on process improvement, the sprint review is more concerned with product development. The alignment of all stakeholders and developers during the sprint review meeting is necessary to produce an efficient, usable, technically sound, and user-centric product.
A sprint review occurs at its conclusion, as its name suggests. It's when the group presents the project's outcomes. The team evaluates if they achieved their objectives and talks about how they might make the product better.
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When do you use a while loop INSTEAD of a for loop? (Choose the best two answers.)
Group of answer choices
To get input from the user until they input ‘stop’.
To do number calculations.
To repeat code.
When there is an unknown number of iterations needed.
Answer:
To get input from the user until they input ‘stop’.
When there is an unknown number of iterations needed.
Explanation:
Zach believes someone is trying to log in to a computer system in order to gain access to the company's network. He wants to use Windows to determine if that is the case.Where can Zach go to check the security logs?a. Event Viewer
One of your computer's most underused features is definitely Event Viewer, and it surprises me how few even competent experts use this straight forward tool to provide such straightforward answers. Event Viewer is tricky since you have to set it up correctly.
What kind of software does a computer utilize to be controlled?A computer's operating system is a piece of software that manages and organizes the hardware components as well as runs other programs and applications. It is the primary component of the system software, and a computer cannot operate without it.
What three categories of system software exist?Application programs, device drivers, and operating systems are the three main categories of software that make up your system.
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transmission often is called fixed wireless. group of answer choices microwave infrared coax fiber-optic
Signals are sent from one microwave station to another during microwave transmission, also known as fixed wireless (shown in Figure 8-1 on page 296). A dial-up modem cannot send data as quickly as a microwave, which can do it up to 4,500 times quicker.
Which alternative name for transmission data is appropriate?
It makes it possible for devices to move between and communicate with one another in point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, and multipoint-to-multipoint environments. Digital communications and transmission of data are other names for these processes.
Is fiber-optic fixed-wireless?
Internet access using fixed wireless is frequently used in rural areas and other places without fiber-optic infrastructure. Although portable and mobile systems can be employed in fixed sites, their efficiency and bandwidth are limited in comparison to stationary systems.
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while performing disk and file maintenance on the company file server, you determine a user in the accounting department has been accidentally saving documents to all shared folders on the file server. the user's computer was recently passed to her from another user in the company, and according to company policy, the user should have access only to the accounting share.
Note that the incidence that best describes the above situation regarding Disk and file maintenenace is "The principle of least privilege was not followed."
What is the principle of least privilege?The principle of least privilege (PoLP) is a concept in information security that states that a person or entity should only have access to the data, resources, and programs required to execute a task.
The routine modifications, updating, copying, transferring, or deleting of files on a computer is known as disk and file maintenance. File maintenance is often conducted on computers or servers that serve a large number of files.
Files and folders on a computer's hard disk defragment or break down over time and with continuous use. Computer files that have been fractured are chaotic. As a result, the Operating System (OS) operates slowly and identifies processing issues, according to Support.
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Full Question:
While performing disk and file maintenance on the company file server, you determine a user in the accounting department has been accidentally saving documents to all shared folders on the file server. the user's computer was recently passed to her from another user in the company, and according to company policy, the user should have access only to the accounting share.
What best describes this situation?
true or false : Creative applications of technology can benefit society, but rarely give firms a definite competitive edge since other firms can simply copy the technology.
The ability to connect creative minds and ideas while also advancing those ideas has greatly improved thanks to technology.
Why is creative technology Important?A business can get a competitive edge by offering the same good or service at a lower price or by differentiating the offering in a way that makes customers willing to pay more.
It has become more simpler thanks to technology to collaborate with and advance creative brains and ideas. The fusion of creativity and technology has produced ground-breaking new concepts and ways for people to express themselves.
Any digital product or service is improved and enhanced by good design and a positive user experience, and creative technology provides new opportunities for businesses to advertise ideas, tell stories, explore concepts, and forge relationships.
Therefore, the statement is false.
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A victimless crime is committed when _____. Select 3 options.
a copyrighted image is used without permission
a copyrighted image is used without permission
a stranger accesses your internet banking
a stranger accesses your internet banking
someone downloads a pirated song or video
someone downloads a pirated song or video
a person downloads and uses pirated software
a person downloads and uses pirated software
a hacker sells a company’s financial statements
a hacker sells a company’s financial statements
A victimless crime is committed when 1. a copyrighted image is used without permission 2. a stranger accesses your internet banking 3. a hacker sells a company’s financial statements.
What is a victimless crime?Victimless crimes are illegal acts that break the laws, but there is no single victim of the crime.
They are against social values and laws.
Examples are gambling, traffic violations, etc.
Thus, Victimless crimes differ from other types of crime because it does not have an identifiable victim. This crime is against laws and social values and beliefs.
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after roughly how many seconds does the amount of information in immediate memory begin to drop off precipitously? type your numeric answer and submit numeric answer - type your numeric answer and submit
After 3 seconds the amount of information in immediate memory begins to drop off precipitously.
What exactly do you mean by instant memory?a sort or stage of memory when a person can recall details that were recently presented, like a street address or phone number, even though those details might be forgotten after being used right away. A common test to determine IQ or neurological damage is the immediate memory test.
What purposes serve IQ tests?A person's short-term and long-term memory is measured as the first step of an IQ test to determine their level of intelligence. It evaluates how quickly people can do these tasks as well as how effectively they can solve puzzles or recall information they have heard.
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to mitigate network attacks, you must first secure devices including routers, switches, servers, and supervisors.
Yes, securing devices is an important step in mitigating network attacks.
Yes, securing devices is an important step in mitigating network attacks.
What are some general recommendations for securing devices?Keep software up to date: Make sure to install the latest software updates and security patches for all devices.Use strong passwords: Use unique, complex passwords for all devices and change them regularly.Enable security features: Use security features like firewalls, encryption, and authentication to help protect devices from attacks.Monitor and maintain devices: Regularly monitor the security of your devices and maintain them in good working order to help prevent attacks.Limit access: Only allow authorized users to access your network and devices, and limit their access to only the resources they need to do their job.Use network segmentation: Divide your network into smaller segments to make it harder for attackers to gain access to sensitive areas.Use network access controls: Implement network access controls to allow or block devices from connecting to your network based on predefined rules.To Know More About firewalls, Check Out
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T F a) Void Functions can use reference parameters.
Function Calls Using Value and Reference Parameter Examples: Void function call using value parameters (can use expression, constant, or variable)
What is void function in C programming?
Except that they do not return a value when the function executes, void functions are constructed and used just like value-returning functions. The term "void" is used by void functions in place of a data type. A void function does a job before returning control to the caller; nevertheless, it does not return a value.Statements that are void functions are independent. When the function return type in computer programming is void, it means the function doesn't return a value. The word void indicates that a pointer is universal when it appears in a pointer declaration.A function called void *function() in the C programming language returns a value that, when dereferenced, is of the type void.Learn more about void function refer to :
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Windows Network Diagnostics, a GUI tool included with Windows 7 and Windows 8.x, will diagnose a network problem and instruct you on how to solve the problem. True or False
A GUI application called Windows Network Diagnostics that comes with Windows 7 and Windows 8.x will diagnose a network issue and provide you instructions on how to fix it. The assertion is accurate.
What is the purpose of GUI?
Choice points will be shown to the user that are easy to spot, understand, and utilize. In other words, GUI makes it possible for you to control your device using a mouse, a pen, or even your finger. GUI was created because text command-line interfaces were convoluted and difficult to comprehend.
What GUI examples are there?
Computer monitors, mobile devices like smartphones and tablets, and gaming consoles are a few examples of GUIs. The software on the gadget continuously scans the screen to ascertain where and how the pointing devices are moving.
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java allows you to create objects of this class in the same way you would create primitive variables. group of answer choices scanner random printwriter string
Java allows you to create objects of string class in the same way you would create primitive variables.
What does Java's String class do?Character strings are represented by the String class. Java applications implement all string literals as objects of this class, including "abc." Strings are immutable; once they are generated, their characteristics cannot be altered. Mutable strings are supported via string buffers. Since string objects cannot be changed, they may be shared.
What purposes serve the string class?Strings are collections of characters that are often used in Java programming. Items in the programming language called Java include strings. The String class is provided by the Java platform for producing and modifying strings.
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A_______type of bn is a new type of lan/bn architecture made possible by intelligent, high speed switches that assign computers to lan segments via software, rather than by hardware.
A routed backbone guarantees that broadcast messages remain in the network segment (i.e., subnet) to which they are intended and are not transmitted to all machines.
What is the name of a network’s backbone?A backbone or core network is a component of a computer network that links networks and provides a conduit for information exchange across multiple LANs or subnetworks. A backbone can connect heterogeneous networks inside the same building, across campus buildings, or over large distances.
A backbone is a high-speed line or collection of lines that forms the quickest (in terms of bandwidth) path across a network. It frequently serves as a met network. The main drawbacks are that they tend to impose time delays when compared to bridging and require more administration than bridges and switches.
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Answer
Explanation
TRUE/FALSE/excel pie charts: excel pie charts: are known by data analysts as the most accurate kinds of charts. can be used to highlight a datapoint (such as a category on the x axis). can be used to display trendlines. are not good for comparing parts of a whole.
It's false. Line charts are known by data analysts as the most accurate kinds of charts. It can be used to highlight a data point (such as a category on the x-axis), can be used to display trend lines, and are not good for comparing parts of a whole.
Characteristic of pie chartsIt is a circular graphic divided into a series of slices that represents a particular category. It is good to show and compare the component parts of a whole. All slices of the pie chart must add up to 100.It is visually simpler than other types of charts.Know more about Excel charts here:
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What does it mean when a computer makes a grinding noise?
Hard disks make sound. But not sure what you mean by "grinding". It's more of a ticking.
Why is my computer making a grinding noise?Your data may be in grave danger of being lost forever. When a hard drive fails or is about to fail, it can make those types of grinding noises. It's the start of something much, much worse. Internal destruction is usually the next step.
For a few seconds, many computers will run all of the fans at full speed. They do this at startup to ensure that the fans function properly and to dislodge any dust or dirt that may have accumulated that a low speed would not simply blow away. If there is something partially obstructing the fan, the blades may collide with it, producing a grinding noise. This has occurred to me several times.
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TRUE OR FALSE it is important to know if a computer is byte or word addressable because we need to know how many addresses are contained in main memory, cache, and in each block when doing cache mapping.
TRUE Since we need to know how several addresses are included in main memory, cache, and each block when executing cache mapping, it is crucial to understand if a computer is bytes or word addressable.
Cache: What is it?
In a computing setting, a cache is a piece of hardware or program that is used to temporarily store something, typically data. To improve the speed of recently or often accessed data, a small quantity of quicker, more expensive memory is employed. Data that has been cached is transiently kept on a local storage medium that is available to the cache clients and unrelated to the main storage. Its central processing unit (CPU), programmes, web browsers, and operating systems all frequently use cache.
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________ hackers are security experts that are paid to hack systems to find security holes for the purpose of preventing future hacking.
O Black-hat
O Gray-hat
O Red-hat
O White-hatAnswer: White-hat
White hat hackers are salaried workers or independent contractors who act as security experts for businesses and use hacking to try and uncover security flaws.
What kind of hackers get into systems for fun or to demonstrate their prowess?Black hat hackers, often known as crackers, are dishonest hackers. Black hats are unethical, occasionally break the law, break into computer systems with malicious intent, and may compromise the privacy, integrity, or accessibility of a company's systems and data.
A Red hat hacker is a who?Targeting Linux systems could be referred to as being a red hat hacker. Red hats, however, have been compared to vigilantes. Red hats aim to disarm black hats much like white hats do, although their strategies diverge greatly from those of the former.
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