The two main physical changes in hominins were the ability to walk on two legs and the evolution of smaller, blunt canines.
Sahelanthropus tchadensis, the oldest known hominid, lived between 6 and 7 million years ago.They had a substantially complete skull, with the foramen magnum—the opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal chord passes—positioned and oriented so that they could stand and walk on two legs, similar to modern humans with a vertical spinal column.
Bipedalism gave them complete arm freedom, allowing them to build and utilize tools more effectively, reach up to pick fruit from trees, and use their hands for social interaction and exhibition. They can easily transport both infants and tools.
These species would have benefited from this hybridization of terrestrial and arboreal behaviour in the mixed woodland habitat they inhabited. Males' canines are smaller and more bluntly shaped than those of modern humans, but they are larger and more pointed than those of male apes. They no longer need large canines like earlier apes since they had begun employing more sophisticated tools.
The canine teeth are extremely crucial for speaking, biting, and many other essential tasks.
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1. What makes Charles Darwin an important person to learn about?
Answer: Charles Darwin is an important person to learn about because he is the scientist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. This theory explains how species change over time through the process of natural selection, where individuals with traits that are better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection has had a profound impact on the scientific understanding of the natural world, and it is considered to be one of the most important scientific theories of all time. It has been supported by a vast body of scientific evidence and has helped to explain a wide range of phenomena in biology, including the diversity of life on Earth and the adaptations of organisms to their environment.
In addition to his contributions to science, Darwin is also an important figure in the history of science. He was one of the first scientists to systematically study and document the process of evolution, and his work laid the foundation for many of the advances that have been made in the field of biology over the past 150 years. His ideas have also had a significant impact on other fields, including psychology, sociology, and anthropology. As such, learning about Charles Darwin and his contributions to science can help us to better understand the natural world and the forces that shape it.
PLS HELP!!!!
Which option best describes a scientific consensus?(1 point)
A. a general agreement among a few scientists that is supported by experimentation and investigation
B. an observation made by a scientist that is supported by experimentation and investigation
C. a general agreement among many scientists that is supported by evidence and reasoning
D. an observation made by a scientist that is supported by evidence and reasoning
_______________________________________________________
How is “lock and key” used to describe the action of enzymes? (1 point)
A. Enzymes are able to create gaps in cell walls that allow products to leave cells.
B. Enzymes have a shape that specifically fits the reactants, like a key in a lock.
C. Enzymes have a shape that specifically fits the reactants, like a key in a lock.
D. Enzymes have a shape that specifically fits the products, like a key in a lock.
The option that best describes a scientific consensus is a general agreement among many scientists that are supported by evidence and reasoning.
The correct option is C.
The lock and key model of enzyme catalysis is described as follows:
Enzymes have a shape that specifically fits the reactants, like a key in a lock.
The correct option is B.
What is a scientific consensus?A scientific consensus is a common agreement about a particular idea or theory that has achieved general acceptance among scientists.
A scientific consensus is arrived at after several corresponding experiments or research on a particular theory or idea by scientists all over the world.
When a scientific consensus is reached, the idea becomes a theory upon which other scientific ideas are based on and used to explain other ideas.
Enzymes are specific in their action and the mechanism of their action has been described using the lock and key model.
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Which of the following was the earliest device used in the underwater exploration
leading edge The lead line, which originated in Egypt and is perhaps the earliest known navigational device, is a measuring device used to determine the depth of the water and collect a sample of the ocean bottom.
What is Lead Line?
A method of determining the depth of the water close to coastlines before the invention of echo sounders or sonar. It was most likely the first tool used by coastal navigators to make travel safe, particularly in bad or cloudy weather. It consisted of a hemp line with a 3 kilogramme lead weight or plummet tied to it using a leather becket or rope strop (7 lb). A ball of tallow might be placed into the weight's cup-shaped bottom end, which is how the lead is armed. It was frequently easy for people on board to determine what kind of sea bottom the ship had underneath it by the debris that stuck to the tallow.
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Complete question:
Which of the following was the earliest device used in the underwater exploration.
a) Lead line
b) Log line
c) Sand glass
d) Compass
Allele frequencies within a population can be altered by all except which of these processes?A. MigrationB. MutationC. Natural selectionD. Inbreeding
All except inbreeding can alter the allele frequencies within a population.
The Hardy-Weinberg theorem also describes populations in which allele frequencies are not shifting. Such populations are not evolving by definition. We can deduce the theorem's implications for what drives changes in allele frequencies. The "forces of evolution" are these variables. These four forces are natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation. The "Natural Selection" concept will cover natural selection.
In a gene pool, mutation produces new genetic variation. All new alleles develop in this manner. The mutations that affect evolution in sexually reproducing organisms are those that take place in gametes. Individuals moving into or out of a population cause gene flow. Allele frequencies may be significantly impacted by a high migration rate. A small population's genetic drift is a random shift in allele frequency.
Hence, allele frequency is altered from mutation, gene flow and genetic drift.
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What does it mean to have multiple alleles for a specific trait?
There are qualities that have three or more different types of alleles in both humans and other species (genes). We refer to a trait as having multiple allele inheritance when it has three or more different alleles.
What does it signify when a trait has many alleles?It is believed that most human genes have more than two typical alleles or variants. Multiple allele traits are those caused by a single gene that have more than two alleles.
Why do genes have numerous alleles?When a population contains a large number of different gene variants, many alleles exist. Each organism in a diploid organism, or one with two copies of every gene, has the capacity to express two alleles simultaneously.
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Production of oxygen during photosynthesis
is the primary goal of photosynthesis.
S
direct result of the electron transport chain.
is the byproduct of the breakdown of water.
occurs during the light-independent reactions
Chlorophyll takes energy from sunlight during the light-dependent processes that occur at the thylakoid membrane and then transforms it into chemical energy using water. As a consequence of the water's hydrolysis, oxygen is released by the light-dependent processes.
What is the purpose of photosynthesis in general?The primary goal of photosynthesis is to transform solar radiation into chemical energy that may be utilised to produce food.
The process of breaking down sugar in the presence of oxygen in the mitochondria of organisms (animals and plants) releases energy in the form of ATP.
While carbon dioxide is reduced inside the plant cell, water is oxidised, which means it loses electrons.
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Blood pressure is usually measured in the ________ artery with a sphygmomanometer.
where did human waste go before the creation of waste water legislation and waste water treatment plants in new york and elsewhere in the us?
Waste was disposed of through covered up holes in the earth before the creation of waste water legislation and waste water treatment plants
AMRDs and antimicrobials have a substantial point source in WWTPs. WWTPs emit both solid and liquid by-products that can spread AMRDs. They are relatively nutrient-rich, highly contaminated settings that accept waste from a range of AMRD-loaded locations, including hospitals, industrial, and agricultural sites.
A technique called wastewater treatment is used to clean up impurities from wastewater and turn it into an effluent that can be reintroduced to the water cycle. The wastewater is reused or has an acceptable impact on the environment after it is added back into the water cycle (called water reclamation).
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When a population of monkeys migrates to a new habitat across a river and encounters another population of the same species, what evolutionary effect may occur as a result?
Gene flow is an evolutionary effect which may occur when a population of monkeys migrates to a new habitat across a river and encounters another population of the same species.
Gene flow, also known as gene migration, describes a situation where genetic material is transferred from one population of a species to another population as a result of the movement of a small number of individuals or a population.
The transfer of genetic material from one group to another is referred to as gene flow.
Through migration, gene flow can occur between two populations of the same species and is mediated via vertical gene transmission from parent to offspring and reproduction.
Gene flow is brought about by the movement of gametes and the emigration of individuals from one group to another.
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mycobacterium tuberculosis is taken up by lung macrophages but is not digested. what protects these bacteria in the macrophage so that they can survive and reproduce in the lungs?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacteria that causes tuberculosis (TB). Although the TB germs typically assault the lungs, they can also affect the kidney, spine, and brain. Not every person who contracts the TB germs gets ill.
Before killing a macrophage, M. tuberculosis cells first group together and "gang up" on it. The macrophage then engulfs the clump and perishes from bacterial overpowering. The germs are not eliminated as a result, and they multiply quickly inside the decomposing macrophage. M. tuberculosis can lay dormant inside the host cells for years while still having the ability to get active. M. tuberculosis can avoid the host's active immune system thanks to its dormancy or latency. The host-pathogen surface of MTB has a specific envelope made of particular lipids, which aids in immune escape [112]. According to Chen et al., phagocyte MTB escapes into the cytoplasm in order to prevent lysosome death.
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Which of the following must take place before cell division can occur?
A.
the replication of a cell's genetic material
B.
the joining together of two unique cells
C.
the infection of a cell by a parasite
D.
the removal of a cell's organelles
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Before cell division occurs there must be replication (copying)of the DNA.
This happens during the interphase where two exact cells are produced.
Our sense of taste originally was thought to involve only the following four
sensations
A) sweet, salty, starch, and bitter.
B) salty, fatty, bitter, and sweet.
C) sour, bitter, sweet, and starchy.
D) bitter, sweet, sour, and salty.
E) fruity, fatty, silky, and coarse.
Answer:
D) bitter, sweet, sour, and salty
Explanation:
Our sense of taste originally was thought to involve only the following four sensations: bitter, sweet, sour, and salty. These four sensations are the primary tastes that humans can detect, and they are thought to be the basis of our sense of taste. Other tastes, such as fat and umami (savory), are thought to be detected by other senses, such as touch and smell.
Answer: C
Explanation:
. What determines whether the relationship between a fungus and a plant is commensalism, mutualism, or parasitism?
A.) Where the fungus is located in the plant.
B.) How long the fungus survives in the plant.
C.) Whether the fungus reproduces in the plant with spores, seeds, or runners.
D.) Whether the effect of the fungus on the plant is neutral, positive or negative.
Whether the effect of the fungus on the plant is neutral, positive or negative determines whether the relationship between a fungus and a plant is commensalism, mutualism, or parasitism.
Plant and fungi characteristics
Symbiotic interactions called mycorrhizae develop between fungi and plants. In exchange for improved water and nutrient uptake, the fungi invade the roots of a host plant and receive carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis from the plant.
Chlorophyll exists in plants. Chlorophyll does not exist in fungi. Most plants have stems, roots, and leaves. Hyphae are part of the fungus's body (they interconnect to form mycelium). Their cells each have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles since they are both eukaryotic, which means they are both members of the Eukarya domain. Both of them are stationary, include many cells, have cell walls, and are frequently multicellular.
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4) A hospital in Vienna noted that many of their female patients were dying of "childbed fever" after they had given
birth in the hospital. The rates of this fever were much higher in the hospital than they were for women who had given
birth at a different clinic. In fact, 10% of the women at the hospital contracted fever compared to 4% at the clinic.
Ignatz Semmelweis thought that the fever was being transmitted on the hands of doctors when they went from the
He asked the doctors to wash their hands and the number of cases of "childbed fever"
morgue to examine women.
He also noted that a doctor contracted the same fever after he cut himself with a scalpel that had been
were reduced.
used on an autopsy.
Semmelweis concluded that the fever was caused by some element that could be transferred from person to person.
REASONING: If fever is something that could be transferred from person to person, then...
Answer:
Explanation:
#
Which scientist developed the planetary model that stated electrons were found in specific energy levels around the nucleus?
Ernest Rutherford developed the planetary model that stated electrons were found in specific energy levels around the nucleus.
The Rutherford model, also known as the Rutherford atomic model, nuclear atom, or planetary model of the atom, is a description of the structure of atoms that was put out in 1911 by physicist Ernest Rutherford, who took birth in a city of New Zealand. According to the idea, an atom consists of a small, compact, positively charged core called a nucleus, which is where almost all of the mass is concentrated.
The light, negatively charged electrons then orbit the nucleus at a slight distance, much like planets orbit the Sun. Under the guidance of Rutherford and German physicist Hans Geiger in 1909, Ernest Marsden, a student, conducted a series of experiments that revealed the scattering of alpha particles from thin gold foil.
This resulted in the hypothesis that the nucleus was tiny and dense.
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Normal cells have a contact inhibition feedback mechanism that prevents the cells
from replicating when other cells are touched. A diagram of cells with contact
inhibition and cells without contact inhibition is shown.
Which statement best describes what will happen to cells in an organism that lack
contact inhibition?
ANSWER CHOICES
The cells will stop replicating once one layer is produced as other body cells will crowd them out.
The cells replicate into the food supply for each cell is used, causing each cell to die
The cells will continue to grow causing a tumor in the body
The cells will replicate normally replacing body cells that die
The statement that best describes what will happen to cells in an organism that lacks contact inhibition is that the cells will continue to grow to cause a tumor in the body.
The correct option is C.
Contact inhibition refers to a process by which cells that are growing when they come in contact with each other will stop the growth of more cells.
Contact inhibition is a form of feedback inhibition mechanism that enables cells to prevent the excessive growth of cells in the body.
Normal cells have a contact inhibition feedback mechanism. However, some cells lack this feedback mechanism of regulation. Hence, the cells have excessive growth resulting in the formation of tumors.
Examples of cells that lack this feedback mechanism of regulation are cancer cells.
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if natural fires and herbivores can both reduce the abundance of competitively superior plants, how should this affect the number of other plant species that can persist in the community?
It can cause woody plants to proliferate and outcompete plants that have adapted to fire, reducing the number of plant species that can survive in the community.
Resources are often scarce in a habitat, and many species could compete for them. Plants in a garden, for example, may compete for soil nutrients, water, as well as light. Interspecific competition has a negative overall effect on both species involved. That is, if the other species did not exist, each species would fare better.
Interspecies competition occurs when two species compete for the same limited resource. Both species suffer as a result of competition. The ecological role of a species is defined by the set of conditions, resources, as well as interactions that it requires. According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species cannot coexist if they occupy the same niche.
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phenylketonuria is an inherites disease caused by a recessive allele. is a women and her husband who are both carriers, have a child, what is the probability of having a child that does not express pku?
The probability of having a child that does not express PKU when the women and her husband both are carriers will be 25 %.
PKU is a genetic disease where the levels of phenylketonuria are high in the blood of the affected person. This happens due to the mutation in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene. The gene is responsible for the breakdown of the phenylalanine in the body.
Carriers are the heterozygous individuals that carry one dominant and one recessive allele for the trait. When two heterozygous individuals cross the probability of offspring having homozygous recessive or dominant genotype is 25 % for each. While the probability of obtaining heterozygotes is 50%.
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sam is a high school student who complained of fatigue. his physician determined sam had enlarged lymph nodes in his neck and increased leukocytes. the physician diagnosed sam with a viral condition called:
The physician diagnosed Sam with a viral condition called Mononucleosis.
Frequent symptoms of mono include fever, lymphadenopathy, and tonsillar pharyngitis. In the 1920s, a group of students with comparable pharyngeal illnesses and blood laboratory results showing lymphocytosis and unusual mononuclear cells were first diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis. Only until an exposed healthcare worker tested positive for heterophiles was the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) determined to be the cause of mononucleosis. Reviewing the origin, aetiology, and clinical manifestations of mononucleosis, this exercise emphasizes the importance of the interprofessional team in managing the condition.
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if cooking a beef roast with significant amounts of collagen, how can the meat be most effectively tenderized? a.mechanically tenderize meat or cut the collagen from the meat b.use a moist-heat cooking method to change the collagen to gelatin c.slice thinly across the grain of the meat d.roast to rare or medium rare
Option B - Whenever roasting beef that contains a lot of collagen, To make gelatin, cook the collagen using a wet heat method.
At 160/70, collagen begins to break down into gelatin. The meat becomes dryer, but at 160F the collagen-containing connective tissues start to turn into gelatin. Muscle fibers that had been tightly bound start to easily stretch apart over time. The flesh appears more tender because of the succulence that the gelatins produce, despite the fact that the fibers are still very stiff and dry.
Therefore, we want our meat to be cooked tenderly so that the rough collagen is transformed into gelatin while minimizing moisture loss. The fact that these techniques conflict with one another is what makes cooking meat difficult or problematic. However, temperatures must be lower than 130F in order to avoid moisture loss. It takes longer and higher temperatures to transform collagen into gelatin.
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(Pedigrees) Describe the inheritance pattern shown in Figure 3, in paragraph form. Use Roman and Arabic numerals to explain the structure of the chart and to also identify the individual(s) who express the unnamed trait. Hint: The genetic parents in this pedigree would have the labels I-1 and I-2.
The inheritance pattern shown in Figure 3 is autosomal recessive (question 1), in the pedigree diagram we can oversee only a male individual that expresses the trait/condition who is II 1 (question 2). Parental individuals I1 and I2 are carriers, while the remaining individual may be carriers or not for the trait/condition (question 3).
What is a pedigree genetic diagram?A pedigree genetic diagram is a graphical representation of the genealogical relationships of the members of one family that may express or be carriers for a given genetic trait and or conditions.
In this case, the only individual who expresses the trait is II1 (dashed square), which is a male because males are represented by squares, while females are represented by circles.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that a pedigree genetic diagram is used to represent the genealogical relationships we can observe in this type of diagram.
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the receptor cells that convert light energy into neural signals are called a. bipolar cells. b. opponent processors. c. feature detectors. d. ganglion cells. e. rods and cones.
Specifically designed neurons called photo receptors are found in the retina. They transform light into electrical signals that activate physiological processes.
Rods and cones are the receptor cells that transform light energy into brain impulses. Photoreceptors are specialised cells found in the retina of the eye that react to light. The retina contains rods and cones, two different types of photo receptors. Rods only contain one kind of light-sensitive pigment and are sensitive to changes in form, light, and darkness. Cones are more sensitive to the three primary colors blue, red, and green than rods, but they are less sensitive to light than rods. Cone signals are transmitted to the brain, where they are translated into perceptions of colour.
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Physiological or psychological thinking was given official recognition in the 17th century when the Roman Church officially supported -----.
Physiological or psychological thinking was given official recognition in the 17th century when the Roman Church officially supported Cartesian dualism.
What is Cartesian dualism?The Cartesian dualism the view held by René Descartes that there are two different and incompatible classes of matter in the world. According to Cartesians, the mind is completely distinct from the physical body. The only trustworthy truths are believed to be found in the existence of a metaphysical mind, with sensation and the perception of reality thought to be the sources of falsehood and illusions.
According to René Descartes, who popularized the concept, there are two different types of foundations: mental and physical. According to this philosophy, the mind can exist independently of the body and the body is incapable of thought. In conclusion, ehen the Roman Church formally endorsed Cartesian dualism in the 17th century, physiological or psychological thinking received official recognition.
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which of the following conditions will most likely cause a normal body cell to become a cancer cell? responses the environment already contains cancer cells. the environment already contains cancer cells. the environment has an abundance of nutrients. the environment has an abundance of nutrients. the environment lacks signals that would otherwise tell the cell to stop dividing. the environment lacks signals that would otherwise tell the cell to stop dividing. the environment contains mutagens that induce mutations that affect cell-cycle regulator proteins.
The environment contains mutagens that induce mutations that affect cell-cycle regulator proteins. This condition will most likely cause a normal body cell to become a cancer cell.
Proteins, which regulate many vital functions such as cell growth, are encoded in genes. Protein function can be altered by genetic mutations. Some kinds of genetic mutations alter proteins, causing better and healthier cells to become cancerous or cancer cells
DNA repair genes play a role in the repair of damaged DNA. Cells with mutations in these genes are more likely to acquire supplementary mutations in other genes and chromosomal changes, such as chromosome duplications and deletions. These mutations, when combined, may end up causing the cells to develop into cancerous cells.
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what is the viral envelope, and what does the presence (or absence) of it tell you about the type of virus?
The envelope, which is derived from the host cell membrane, surrounds the viral capsid and serves as just an additional barrier to a external environment. The vast majority of animal viruses are enveloped, whereas the vast majority of viruses that infect plants or bacteria are not.
The viral genome is packaged in a protein coat known as the capsid in virus particles. For some viruses, the capsid is surrounded by a lipid bilayer containing viral proteins, which typically include proteins that allow the virus to bind to host cells. The virus envelope is a lipid and protein structure derived from the host cell membranes. Viral genetic material is contained within protein structures known as capsids.
Viruses are classified into two types: enveloped viruses, which have an outer lipid membrane, and nonenveloped viruses, which do not. The envelope, when present, contains viral proteins that mediate binding to host cells. When there is no envelope, the outer capsid proteins perform this function. Nonenveloped viruses, in general, are more stable and can survive in the environment for much longer. The method of viral entry and exit from host cells is determined by capsids and envelopes.
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Which correctly describes the diagram?
The diagram correctly describes the phylogenetic relationships between different taxonomic groups in the classification of vertebrate animals.
What is a phylogenetic tree diagram?A phylogenetic tree diagram can be defined as a graphical representation of the relationships between different species and or taxonomic groups based on evolution, i.e., in the presence of the most recent common ancestor in all members of the groups.
A phylogenetic tree diagram is always based on homologies that are shared between taxa, which may be associated with certain morphological traits such as occurs in this case where it serves to classify groups according to the phenotypic traits that differentiate them.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that a phylogenetic tree diagram is based on the process of evolution which lead to the most recent common ancestor in the organism and or taxonomic groups represented in this tree.
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What is the gathering of a product for marketing?
The practice of evaluating the viability of a new service or product through study done directly with potential customers is known as market research, often known as “marketing research.”
What gathering of a product for marketing?The success of your business depends on the market research you do. You can learn how your business truly meets, exceeds, or falls short of your clients' or customers' expectations by conducting ongoing market research.
Therefore, This marketing data is obtained whenever a sale is made and documented. Additionally, marketing data is gathered when a sales person enters a customer's shipping preferences into a company's customer relationship management (CRM) system.
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Most of life on Earth depends on which of the following? *
O
animals that eat plants
O photosynthetic organisms
O animals that eat other animals
O consumers on the second trophic level
Answer:
Explanation:
B photosynthetic organisms did the exam good luck
two particles are moving toward each other. both particles have a strong positive charge. as they move toward each other, how will the electric charge between the two particles change
PLSSS HELPPP A A AANNANANANAN
When two particles are travelling in the same direction and both of them have a strong positive charge, they will resist one another and the forces will act in the opposite direction.
What is electric force?
The strength of the electrical force between two charges when they come together depends on the nature of the charges. If the charges are similar, the forces will repel one another; otherwise, they will do the opposite.
Accordingly, if two particles are travelling in the same direction and both of them have a strong positive charge, they will resist one another and the forces will act in the other direction.
Therefore, like charges attract and unlike charges repel.
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thus far, there is agreement that all hominins found outside africa are members of which taxonomic group?
Thus far, there is agreement that all hominins found outside Africa are members of Homo taxonomic group.
A number of breathtaking Palaeontological finds have cast doubt on the conventional theory of human evolution and the manner in which early man colonized the globe. These findings imply that Africa was not the only place where humans first evolved.
A small number of prehistoric human skulls discovered by archaeologists two hours from Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia, point to a Eurasian phase in the lengthy history of human evolution.
The skulls, jawbones, and shards of limb bones show that our ancestors left Africa far earlier than previously believed, spent a significant amount of time in Eurasia, and then returned to Africa to finish the tale of man.The Dmanisi hominins are the first members of our own genus, Homo, to be found outside of Africa, and they currently make up the most primitive group of the Homo erectus species.
They might be the ancestors of all later groups of Homo erectus, which would point to a Eurasian origin for this species.
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