What intangible benefits might an organization obtain from the development of an

information system?​

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

The immaterial benefits stem from the development of an information system and cannot easily be measured in dollars or with confidence. Potential intangible advantages include a competitive need, timely information, improved planning and increased flexibility in organisation.

Explanation:

Intangible advantages

Take faster decisionsCompetitive needMore information timelyNew, better or more information availability.

Lower productivity and the lack of 'think outside' employees and managers as well as greater sales include the intangible costs of such an operational environment. All these factors improve when employees spend less of their time in addressing current methods of operation and are concerned about whether they will have a job or an employer in six months or a year. The automation level envisaged in this new system should enhance the overall efficiency of management. The operative controls and design functions should be simplified by tight system integrations with accessible automated database sources. However, it is difficult to describe the exact form of these simplifications.

Tangible costs of the new system include costs of analysis, design and construction of the system, such as the recruitment of contractors or new employees, and the assignment of existing staff. Also consideration shall be given to hardware, software purchased and operating costs. Intangible costs include disturbances to the current activities caused by development and deployment and potential adverse effects on the morals of employees.

While the new system may feel good in the long term, short-term stress and other negative consequences will still be present. In the way that Reliable does virtually everything, the system is the focus of a major change. An organisation's monumental change has widespread negative effects on operations and employees.


Related Questions

The following pseudocode describes how a widget company computes the price of an order from the total price and the number of the widgets that were ordered. Read the number of widgets. Multiple the number of widgets by the price per widget of 9.99. Compute the tax (5.5 percent of the total price). Compute the shipping charge (.40 per widget). The price of the order is the sum of the total widget price, the tax, and the shipping charge. Print the price of the order

Answers

Answer:

The program in Python is as follows:

widget = int(input("Widgets: "))

price = widget * 9.9

tax = price * 0.55

ship = price * 0.40

totalprice = price + tax + ship

print("Total Price: $",totalprice)

Explanation:

The question is incomplete, as what is required is not stated.

However, I will write convert the pseudocode to a programming language (in Python)

Get the number of widgets

widget = int(input("Widgets: "))

Calculate price

price = widget * 9.9

Calculate the tax

tax = price * 0.55

Calculate the shipping price

ship = price * 0.40

Calculate the total price

totalprice = price + tax + ship

Print the calculated total price

print("Total Price: $",totalprice)

the grade point average collected from a random sample of 150 students. assume that the population standard deviation is 0.78. find the margin of error if c = 0.98.

Answers

Answer:

[tex]E = 14.81\%[/tex]

Explanation:

Given

[tex]n = 150[/tex]

[tex]\sigma = 0.78[/tex]

[tex]c = 0.98[/tex]

Required

The margin of error (E)

This is calculated as:

[tex]E = z * \frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}[/tex]

When confidence level = 0.98 i.e. 98%

The z score is: 2.326

So, we have:

[tex]E = 2.326 * \frac{0.78}{\sqrt{150}}[/tex]

[tex]E = 2.326 * \frac{0.78}{12.247}[/tex]

[tex]E = \frac{2.326 *0.78}{12.247}[/tex]

[tex]E = \frac{1.81428}{12.247}[/tex]

[tex]E = 0.1481[/tex]

Express as percentage

[tex]E = 14.81\%[/tex]

The compound known as butylated hydroxytoluene, abbreviated as BHT, contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. A 1.501 g sample of BHT was combusted in an oxygen rich environment to produce 4.497 g of CO2(g) and 1.473 g of H2O(g). Insert subscripts below to appropriately display the empirical formula of BHT.

Answers

Answer:

C15H24O

Explanation:

n(C) = 4.497 g/44g/mol = 0.1022

Mass of C = 0.1022 × 12 = 1.226 g

n(H) = 1.473g/18 g/mol = 0.0823 ×2 moles = 0.165 moles

Mass of H = 0.0823 × 2 ×1 = 0.165g

Mass of O= 1.501 -(1.226 + 0.165)

Mass of O= 0.11 g

Number of moles of O = 0.11g/16g/mol = 0.0069 moles

Dividing through by the lowest ratio;

0.1022/0.0069, 0.165/0.0069, 0.0069/0.0069

15, 24, 1

Hence the formula is;

C15H24O

Answer

The formula is C1SH240

Given the following tree, use the hill climbing procedure to climb up the tree. Use your suggested solutions to problems if encountered. K is the goal state and numbers written on each node is the estimate of remaining distance to the goal.

Answers

I see that using the hill climbing procedure to climb up a tree

Read integers from input and store each integer into a vector until -1 is read. Do not store -1 into the vector. Then, output all values in the vector (except the last value) with the last value in the vector subtracted from each value. Output each value on a new line. Ex: If the input is -46 66 76 9 -1, the output is:
-55
57
67

Answers

Answer:

The program in C++ is as follows:

#include <iostream>

#include <vector>

using namespace std;

int main(){

vector<int> nums;

int num;

cin>>num;

while(num != -1){

 nums.push_back(num);

 cin>>num; }  

for (auto i = nums.begin(); i != nums.end(); ++i){

    cout << *i <<endl; }

return 0;

}

Explanation:

This declares the vector

vector<int> nums;

This declares an integer variable for each input

int num;

This gets the first input

cin>>num;

This loop is repeated until user enters -1

while(num != -1){

Saves user input into the vector

 nums.push_back(num);

Get another input from the user

 cin>>num; }

The following iteration print the vector elements

for (auto i = nums.begin(); i != nums.end(); ++i){

    cout << *i <<endl; }

A technician is able to connect to a web however, the technician receives the error, when alternating to access a different web Page cannot be displayed. Which command line tools would be BEST to identify the root cause of the connection problem?

Answers

Answer:

nslookup

Explanation:

Nslookup command is considered as one of the most popular command-line software for a Domain Name System probing. It is a network administration command-line tool that is available for the operating systems of many computer. It is mainly used for troubleshooting the DNS problems.

Thus, in the context, the technician receives the error "Web page cannot be displayed" when he alternates to access different web page, the nslookup command is the best command tool to find the root cause of the connection problem.

Think about that the C, B and S parameters of a Cache. Think about what happens to compulsory, capacity, conflict misses, if only each of the following parameter changed (the other two are kept the same)?
(i) C is increased (S, B same)
(ii) S is increased (C, B Same)
(iii) B is increased (C, S Same)

Answers

Answer:

(i) C is increased (S, B same)

Explanation:

Cache are items which are stored in the computer at a hidden place. These are sometimes unwanted and they may hinder the speed and performance of the device. They exist to bridge speed gap.

Write the algorithm for finding the perimeter of a rectangle using English like form step by step

Answers

L+L+W+W= Permiter
Or Lenght+Lenght+Width+Width= Perimeter
That’s all just add all the 4 sides

HELP ITS A TESTTT!!!Which symbol shows auto correct is in use?

A-a white light bulb
B-A green plus sign
C-A flashing red circle
D-A yellow lightning bolt

Answers

After careful consideration the answer to this problem looks to be D

Answer:

D

Explanation:

In this project you will write a set of instructions (algorithm). The two grids below have colored boxes in different
locations. You will create instructions to move the colored boxes in grid one to their final location in grid two. Use the
example to help you. The algorithm that you will write should be in everyday language
(no pseudocode or programming language). Write your instructions at the bottom of the
page.
Example: 1. Move
the orange box 2
spaces to the right.
2. Move the green
box one space
down. 3. Move the
green box two
spaces to the left.
Write your instructions. Review the rubric to check your final work.
Rules: All 6 colors (red, green, yellow, pink, blue, purple) must be move to their new location on the grid. Block spaces are
barriers. You cannot move through them or on them – you must move around them

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

Pink: Down 5 then left 2.

Yellow: Left 3 and down 2.

Green: Right 7, down 4 and left 1.

Purple: Up 6 and left 9.

Red: Left 7, down 5 and left 1.

You can do the last one, blue :)

Answer:

Explanation:

u=up, d=down, r=right, l=left

yellow: l3d2

pink: d5l2

green: r7d4l1

purple: u6l9

red: l7d5l1

blue: r2u7l5

While saving a document to her hard drive, Connie's computer screen suddenly changed to display an error message on a blue background. The error code indicated that there was a problem with her computer's RAM. Connie's computer is affected by a(n) __________.

Answers

Answer:

The right answer is "Hardware crash".

Explanation:

According to the runtime error message, this same RAM on your machine was problematic. This excludes file interoperability or compliance problems as well as program error possibilities.Assuming implementation performance problems exist, the timeframe that would save the information would be typically longer, but there's still a lower possibility that the adequacy and effectiveness color will become blue but instead demonstrate warning would appear.

Thus the above is the right solution.

What do application in productivity suites have in common

Answers

Answer:

The function of the suites application is to create presentations and perform numerical calculations.

Explanation:

How are dates and times stored by Excel?​

Answers

Answer:

Regardless of how you have formatted a cell to display a date or time, Excel always internally stores dates And times the same way. Excel stores dates and times as a number representing the number of days since 1900-Jan-0, plus a fractional portion of a 24 hour day: ddddd. tttttt

Explanation:

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Dates are stored as numbers in Excel and count the number of days since January 0, 1900. Times are handled internally as numbers between 0 and 1. To clearly see this, change the number format of cell A1, B1 and C1 to General. Note: apparently, 42544 days after January 0, 1900 is the same as June 23, 2016

pleeeese help me for these questions

Answers

1 Account

2 online

3 access

4 password

5 internet

6 email

Write a c++ program to find;
(I). the perimeter of rectangle.
(ii). the circumference of a circle.

Note:
(1). all the programs must allow the user to make his input .
(2).both programs must have both comment using the single line comment or the multiple line comment to give description to both programs.​

Answers

Answer:

Perimeter:

{ \tt{perimeter = 2(l + w)}}

Circumference:

{ \tt{circumference = 2\pi \: r}}

Just input the codes in the notepad

Which of the following CALL instructions writes the contents of EAX to standard output as a signed decimal integer?
a. call WriteInteger
b. call WriteDec
c. call WriteHex
d. call WriteInt

Answers

Answer:

d. call WriteInt

Explanation:

Required

Instruction to write to decimal integer

Of the 4 instructions, the call WriteInt instruction is used write to a decimal integer.

This is so, because the WriteInt instruction writes a signed decimal integer to standard output.

This implies that the output will have a sign (positive or negative) and the output will start from a digit other than 0 (i.e. no leading zero)

computer is an ............. machine because once a task is intitated computer proceeds on its own t ill its completion.​

Answers

Answer:

I think digital,versatile

computer is an electronic digital versatile machine because once a task is initiated computer proceeds on its own till its completation.

What is the name given to software that decodes information from a digital file so that a media player can display the file? hard drive plug-in flash player MP3

Answers

Answer:

plug-in

Explanation:

A Plug-in is a software that provides additional functionalities to existing programs. The need for them stems from the fact that users might want additional features or functions that were not available in the original program. Digital audio, video, and web browsers use plug-ins to update the already existing programs or to display audio/video through a media file. Plug-ins save the users of the stress of having to wait till a new product with the functionality that they want is produced.

Answer:

B plug-in

Explanation:

Edge2022

Viết chương trình kiểm tra số nguyên dương N có phải là số nguyên tố không?

Answers

Could you say that in English please? I can try helping

What does Falstaff do to protect himself in battle? ​

Answers

bark bark bark bark bark bark bark bark bark bark bark bark bark bark bark bark bark bark bark bark bark bark bark

What type of editor is used to edit HTML code?What type of editor is used to edit HTML code?

Answers

For learning HTML we recommend a simple text editor like Notepad (PC) or TextEdit (Mac).

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Answer:

If you want to use HTML editor in windows, you can use notepad. And if you want to use HTML editor on your phone than you need to install any editor on your phone.

Explanation:

If you want to use another app than notepad in pc, laptop, mac, OS or Linux, you can download a editor known as Visual Studio Code. If you want to do another language you can also do it in it. You can do all programming languages in it.

Heinrich Koch is a second-year college student. Last semester his best friend had his laptop stolen. The laptop was an old computer that he planned to replace soon, but the greatest loss was his data: he had not performed a backup and all his data was lost. Heinrich himself does not perform data backups but knows that he needs to do that on a regular basis. He has decided to use an online backup service that will automatically back up his data whenever it changes. Evaluate and compare reviews of online backup services. Consider iDrive, Carbonite, Acronis True Image, BackBlaze, and others you might find in your research. Recommend a service that you consider the best solution for Heinrich. Discuss your reviews and mention speed, security, and features in your recommendation.

Answers

Answer:

Acronis True Image is the one I would recommend out of these mentioned online backup services.

Explanation:

The evaluations and reviews of each of the online backup services are as follows:

a. iDrive

For this, we have:

Speed = 60% - fair

Security = 100% - excellent

Privacy = 88% - very good

Features = 95% - excellent

Pricing = 85% - Very good

Because of its various features, pricing, and usability, IDrive reviews suggest that it is a very efficient online backup solution. However, there have been complaints concerning its speed and the fact that there are no monthly plans available.

b. Carbonite

For this, we have:

Speed = 60% - fair

Security = 100% - excellent

Privacy = 87% - very good

Pricing = 85% - very good

File backup and restoration = 75% - good

Carbonite reviews reveal that it is simple to use and provides limitless backup for one device. The main drawback is that it has extremely poor backup speeds.

c. Acronis True Image

This is fast, simple and intuitive

It has complete control over the backup updates, including how and when they occur.

It is not expensive.

Acrnonis True image is a powerful backup storage service. It enables data and file backup and restoration from USB drives.

Many reviewers of Acrnonis True image have stated that they have had no issues with its service, that it is worth purchasing, and that there are no concerns.

d. Backblaze

For this, we have:

Speed = 75% - good

Security = 75% - good

Privacy = 70% - decent

Pricing = 100% - excellent

Support = 95% - excellent

Features = 65% - decent

File back-up and restoration = 70% - decent

Backblaze is one of the most popular internet backup services. This storage service, however, does not allow for ustomization.

Recommendation

Acronis True Image is the one I would recommend out of these mentioned online backup services. This is due to the fact that it delivers a large amount of accurate and high-quality data storage. It is quick, simple and intuitive, which is what most people care about. Furthermore, reviewers have stated that this service is quite effective and that there have been very few issues with it. The other services demonstrate that their services have flaws, such as lack of customization and slowness.

Reverse Word Order: Write a program that reverses the order of the words in a given sentence. This program requires reversing the order of the words wherein the first and last words are swapped, followed by swapping the second word with the second to last word, followed by swapping the third word and the third to last words, and so on.

Answers

Answer:

function reverseArray(arr) {

   if (arr.length > 1) {

      arr = [arr[arr.length-1], ...reverseArray(arr.slice(1, -1)), arr[0]]

   }

   return arr;

}

function reverseSentence(sentence) {

   let words = reverseArray( sentence.split(" ") );

   return words.join(" ");

}

console.log( reverseSentence("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog's back") );

console.log( reverseSentence("one two three") );

console.log( reverseSentence("one two") );

console.log( reverseSentence("Single") );

Explanation:

This is a solution in javascript leveraging several powerful constructs in that language, such as the spread operator.

After reading all L02 content pages in Lesson 02: Inheritance and Interfaces, you will complete this assignment according to the information below.Do not use the scanner class or any other user input request. You application should be self-contained and run without user input.Assignment ObjectivesPractice on implementing interfaces in JavaFootballPlayer will implement the interface TableMemberOverriding methodswhen FootballPlayer implements TableMember, FootballPlayer will have to write the real Java code for all the interface abstract methodsDeliverablesA zipped Java project according to the How to submit Labs and Assignments guide.O.O. Requirements (these items will be part of your grade)One class, one file. Don't create multiple classes in the same .java fileDon't use static variables and methodsEncapsulation: make sure you protect your class variables and provide access to them through get and set methodsAll the classes are required to have a constructor that receives all the attributes as parameters and update the attributes accordinglyAll the classes are required to have an "empty" constructor that receives no parameters but updates all the attributes as neededFollow Horstmann's Java Language Coding GuidelinesOrganized in packages (MVC - Model - View Controller)Contents

Answers

Solution :

App.java:  

import Controller.Controller;

import Model.Model;

import View.View;  

public class App

{  

public static void main(String[] args) // Main method

{  

Model model = new Model(); // Creates model object.    

View view = new View(); // Creates view object.    

Controller controller = new Controller(view, model); // Creates controller object that accepts view and model objects.    

}

}  

[tex]\text{Controller.java:}[/tex]  

package Controller;  

[tex]\text{impor}t \text{ Model.Model;}[/tex]

import View.View;  

[tex]\text{public class Controller}[/tex]

{

Model model; // Model object    

View view; // View object

public Controller(View v, Model m) // Method that imports both model and view classes as objects.

{

model = m;    

view = v;  

//view.basicDisplay(model.getData()); // basicDisplay method from View class prints FootballPlayer objects as Strings from Model class.  

view.basicDisplay(model.getMembers().get(1).getAttributeName(3));    

view.basicDisplay(model.getMembers().get(1).getAttribute(3));    

view.basicDisplay(model.getMembers().get(1).getAttributeNames());    

view.basicDisplay(model.getMembers().get(1).getAttributes());    

view.basicDisplay("size of names=" + model.getMembers().get(1).getAttributeNames().size());    

view.basicDisplay("size of attributes=" + model.getMembers().get(1).getAttributes().size());

}  

}  

FootballPlayer.java:

package Model;  

import java.util.ArrayList;  

public class FootballPlayer extends Person implements TableMember { // Used "extends" keyword to inherit attributes from superclass Person, while using "implements" to implement methods from TableMember interface.    

private int number; // Creating private attribute for int number.    

private String position; // Creating private attribute for String position.  

public FootballPlayer(String name, int feet, int inches, int weight, String hometown, String highSchool, int number, String position) // Full parameter constructor for FootballPlayer object (using "super" keyword to incorporate attributes from superclass).

{

super(name, feet, inches, weight, hometown, highSchool); // Used super keyword to include attributes from superclass.  

this.number = number; // Value assigned from getNumber method to private number instance variable for FootballPlayer object.  

this.position = position; // Value assigned from getPosition method to private position instance variable for FootballPlayer object.    

}  

public FootballPlayer() // No parameter constructor for FootballPlayer object.

{

this.number = 0; // Default value assigned to private number instance variable under no parameter constructor for FootballPlayer object.    

this.position = "N/A"; // Default value assigned to private position instance variable under no parameter constructor for FootballPlayer object.    

}  

Override

public String getAttribute(int n) // getAttribute method that is implemented from interface.

{

switch (n) { // Switch statement for each attribute from each FootballPlayer object. Including two local attributes, denoted by this. While the others are denoted by "super".

case 0:

return String.valueOf(this.number); // Use of the dot operator allowed me to discover String.valueOf method to output int attributes as a string.

case 1:

return this.position;

case 2:

return super.getName();

case 3:

return super.getHeight().toString();

case 4:

return String.valueOf(super.getWeight());

case 5:

return super.getHometown();

case 6:

return super.getHighSchool();

default:

return ("invalid input parameter");

}

}  

Override

public ArrayList<String> getAttributes() // getAttributes ArrayList method that is implemented from interface.

{

ArrayList<String> getAttributes = new ArrayList<>();    

for(int i = 0; i <= 6; i++){ // For loop to add each attribute to the getAttributes ArrayList from getAttributes method.    

getAttributes.add(getAttribute(i));    

}    

return getAttributes;

}  

Override

public String getAttributeName(int n) // getAttributeName method implemented from interface.

{

switch (n) { // Switch statement for the name of each attribute from each FootballPlayer object.

case 0:

return "number";

case 1:

return "position";

case 2:

return "name";

case 3:

return "height";

case 4:

return "weight";

case 5:

return "hometown";

case 6:

return "highSchool";

default:

return ("invalid input parameter");

}  

}  

Your IaaS cloud company has announced that there will be a brief outage for regularly scheduled maintenance over the weekend to apply a critical hotfix to vital infrastructure. What are the systems they may be applying patches to

Answers

Answer: Load Balancer

Hypervisor

Router

Explanation:

The systems that they may be applying the patches to include load balancer, hypervisor and router.

The load balancer will help in the distribution of a set of tasks over the resources, in order to boost efficiency with regards to processing.

A hypervisor is used for the creation and the running of virtual machines. The router helps in the connection of the computers and the other devices to the Internet.

Examine the following output:
4 22 ms 21 ms 22 ms sttlwa01gr02.bb.ispxy.com [154.11.10.62]
5 39 ms 39 ms 65 ms placa01gr00.bb.ispxy.com [154.11.12.11]
6 39 ms 39 ms 39 ms Rwest.plalca01gr00.bb.ispxy.com [154.11.3.14]
7 40 ms 39 ms 46 ms svl-core-03.inet.ispxy.net [204.171.205.29]
8 75 ms 117 ms 63 ms dia-core-01.inet.ispxy.net [205.171.142.1]
Which command produced this output?
a. tracert
b. ping
c. nslookup
d. netstat

Answers

Answer:

a. tracert

Explanation:

Tracert is a computer network diagnostic demand which displays possible routes for internet protocol network. It also measures transit delays of packets across network. The given output is produced by a tracert command.

The _________ attack exploits the common use of a modular exponentiation algorithm in RSA encryption and decryption, but can be adapted to work with any implementation that does not run in fixed time.
A. mathematical.
B. timing.
C. chosen ciphertext.
D. brute-force.

Answers

Answer:

chosen ciphertext

Explanation:

Chosen ciphertext attack is a scenario in which the attacker has the ability to choose ciphertexts C i and to view their corresponding decryptions – plaintexts P i . It is essentially the same scenario as a chosen plaintext attack but applied to a decryption function, instead of the encryption function.

Cyber attack usually associated with obtaining decryption keys that do not run in fixed time is called the chosen ciphertext attack.

Theae kind of attack is usually performed through gathering of decryption codes or key which are associated to certain cipher texts

The attacker would then use the gathered patterns and information to obtain the decryption key to the selected or chosen ciphertext.

Hence, chosen ciphertext attempts the use of modular exponentiation.

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Write a method that prints on the screen a message stating whether 2 circles touch each other, do not touch each other or intersect. The method accepts the coordinates of the center of the first circle and its radius, and the coordinates of the center of the second circle and its radius.

The header of the method is as follows:

public static void checkIntersection(double x1, double y1, double r1, double x2, double y2, double r2)


Hint:

Distance between centers C1 and C2 is calculated as follows:
d = Math.sqrt((x1 - x2)2 + (y1 - y2)2).

There are three conditions that arise:

1. If d == r1 + r2
Circles touch each other.
2. If d > r1 + r2
Circles do not touch each other.
3. If d < r1 + r2
Circles intersect.

Answers

Answer:

The method is as follows:

public static void checkIntersection(double x1, double y1, double r1, double x2, double y2, double r2){

    double d = Math.sqrt(Math.pow((x1 - x2),2) + Math.pow((y1 - y2),2));

    if(d == r1 + r2){

        System.out.print("The circles touch each other");     }

    else if(d > r1 + r2){

        System.out.print("The circles do not touch each other");     }

    else{

        System.out.print("The circles intersect");     }

}

Explanation:

This defines the method

public static void checkIntersection(double x1, double y1, double r1, double x2, double y2, double r2){

This calculate the distance

    double d = Math.sqrt(Math.pow((x1 - x2),2) + Math.pow((y1 - y2),2));

If the distance equals the sum of both radii, then the circles touch one another

    if(d == r1 + r2){

        System.out.print("The circles touch each other");     }

If the distance is greater than the sum of both radii, then the circles do not touch one another

   else if(d > r1 + r2){

        System.out.print("The circles do not touch each other");     }

If the distance is less than the sum of both radii, then the circles intersect

   else{

        System.out.print("The circles intersect");     }

}

The number of host addresses are available on the network 172.16.128.0 with a subnet mask of 255.255.252.0. Show the calculations.​

Answers

Answer:

adress: 10101100.00010000.1 0000000.00000000

netmask: 11111111.11111111.1 0000000.00000000

Network:   172.16.128.0/17       10101100.00010000.1 0000000.00000000 (Class B)

Explanation:

ex: 10 -> 00001010

200 ->11001000

Given two regular expressions r1 and r2, construct a decision procedure to determine whether the language of r1 is contained in the language r2; that is, the language of r1 is a subset of the language of r2.

Answers

Answer:

Test if L(M1-2) is empty.

Construct FA M2-1 from M1 and M2 which recognizes the language L(>M2) - L(>M1).

COMMENT: note we use the algorithm that is instrumental in proving that regular languages are closed with respect to the set difference operator.

Test if L(M2-1) is empty.

Answer yes if and only if both answers were yes.

Explanation:

An algorithm must be guaranteed to halt after a finite number of steps.

Each step of the algorithm must be well specified (deterministic rather than non-deterministic).

Three basic problems:

Given an FA M and an input x, does M accept x?

Is x in L(M)

Given an FA M, is there a string that it accepts?

Is L(M) the empty set?

Given an FA M, is L(M) finite?

Algorithm for determining if M accepts x.

Simply execute M on x.

Output yes if we end up at an accepting state.

This algorithm clearly halts after a finite number of steps, and it is well specified.

This algorithm is also clearly correct.

Testing if L(M) is empty.

Incorrect "Algorithm"

Simulate M on all strings x.

Output yes if and only if all strings are rejected.

The "algorithm" is well specified, and it is also clearly correct.

However, this is not an algorithm because there are an infinite number of strings to simulate M on, and thus it is not guaranteed to halt in a finite amount of time.

COMMENT: Note we use the algorithm for the first problem as a subroutine; you must think in this fashion to solve the problems we will ask.

Correct Algorithm

Simulate M on all strings of length between 0 and n-1 where M has n states.

Output no if and only if all strings are rejected.

Otherwise output yes.

This algorithm clearly halts after a finite number of steps, and it is well specified.

The correctness of the algorithm follows from the fact that if M accepts any strings, it must accept one of length at most n-1.

Suppose this is not true; that is, L(M) is not empty but the shortest string accepted by M has a length of at least n.

Let x be the shortest string accepted by M where |x| > n-1.

Using the Pumping Lemma, we know that there must be a "loop" in x which can be pumped 0 times to create a shorter string in L.

This is a contradiction and the result follows.

COMMENT: There are more efficient algorithms, but we won't get into that.

Testing if L(M) is finite

Incorrect "Algorithm"

Simulate M on all strings x.

Output yes if and only if there are a finite number of yes answers.

This "algorithm" is well specified and correct.

However, this is not an algorithm because there are an infinite number of strings to simulate M on, and thus it is not guaranteed to halt in a finite amount of time.

COMMENT: Note we again use the algorithm for the first problem as a subroutine.

Correct Algorithm

Simulate M on all strings of length between n and 2n-1 where M has n states.

Output yes if and only if no string is accepted.

Otherwise output no.

This algorithm clearly halts after a finite number of steps, and it is well specified.

The correctness of the algorithm follows from the fact that if M accepts an infinite number of strings, it must accept one of length between n and 2n-1.

This builds on the idea that if M accepts an infinite number of strings, there must be a "loop" that can be pumped.

This loop must have length at most n.

When we pump it 0 times, we have a string of length less than n.

When we pump it once, we increase the length of the string by at most n so we cannot exceed 2n-1. The problem is we might not exceed n-1 yet.

The key is we can keep pumping it and at some point, its length must exceed n-1, and in the step it does, it cannot jump past 2n-1 since the size of the loop is at most n.

 This proof is not totally correct, but it captures the key idea.

COMMENT: There again are more efficient algorithms, but we won't get into that.

   Other problems we can solve using these basic algorithms (and other algorithms we've seen earlier this chapter) as subroutines.

       COMMENT: many of these algorithms depend on your understanding of basic set operations such as set complement, set difference, set union, etc.

Given a regular expression r, is Lr finite?

Convert r to an equivalent FA M.

COMMENT: note we use the two algorithms for converting a regular expression to an NFA and then an NFA to an FA.

Test if L(M) is finite.

Output the answer to the above test.

Given two FAs M1 and M2, is L(M1) = L(M2)?

Construct FA M1-2 from M1 and M2 which recognizes the language L(>M1) - L(>M2).

COMMENT: note we use the algorithm that is instrumental in proving that regular languages are closed with respect to the set difference operator.

Test if L(M1-2) is empty.

Construct FA M2-1 from M1 and M2 which recognizes the language L(>M2) - L(>M1).

COMMENT: note we use the algorithm that is instrumental in proving that regular languages are closed with respect to the set difference operator.

Test if L(M2-1) is empty.

Answer yes if and only if both answers were yes.

Other Questions
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