when an ecosystem is disturbed by fire or toxic chemicals, what affects it will be?
When an ecosystem is disturbed by fire or toxic chemicals, the effects will be a disturbance that may affect the trophic chain by altering the balance of producer organisms.
What are the major effects of ecological disturbance?The major effects of ecological disturbance include the reduction of natural populations such as plants which represent the primary producers in terrestrial ecosystems, and it may lead to a unbalance in the whole ecosystem's homeostasis.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the major effects of ecological disturbance include the dramatic reduction in producer organisms.
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in eukaryotic cells, how do transcription factors act to control gene expression?
match the following organelles/structures with whether they are found in plant cells, animal cells, or both plant and animals (use the letters in the blanks to answer the questions).
Organelles or structures that are present in cells are given below:
Animal Cells: membrane plasma, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Lysosomes, Centrioles.Plant Cells: cell wall, Membrane plasma, Chloroplast, Cytoplasm, Central vacuole, Nucleus.Organelles in cellsSome organelles are present only in animal or plant cells, while others are present in both. Some are the following:
Cell wall: provides structural support and protection in plant cells.Plasma membrane: regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell.Chloroplast: converts light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis in plant cells.Cytoplasm: houses the cell's organelles and is the site of many cellular processes.Central vacuole: stores water, nutrients, and waste products in plant cells.Nucleus: contains and protects the cell's genetic material and controls gene expression.Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris in animal cells.Centrioles: help to organize the cell's cytoskeleton and are involved in cell division in animal cells.The complete question is attached in the image below.
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fat leaves the chylomicron and moves into adipose cells when the chylomicron come into contact witha. ribosomeb. antibodiesc. lipoprotein lipase
When chylomicrons come into contact with lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fat leaves the chylomicron and moves into adipose cells. Therefore, the option that represents the correct answer is C. Lipoprotein lipase.
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides in chylomicrons and VLDLs (very-low-density lipoproteins) into glycerol and free fatty acids, which are transported into the adipose tissue for storage, muscle tissue for energy use, and other organs for various functions. LPL is produced by adipocytes, skeletal muscle cells, and the heart.
Therefore, this enzyme is found on the endothelial surface of blood vessels in the tissues where the triglyceride-rich lipoproteins come into contact. the fat leaves the chylomicron when they come into contact with lipoprotein lipase (LPL).
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Which factors contribute MOST to intraspecific competition?
predation and parasitism
mutualistic relationships
a species' rate of reproduction and the carrying capacity of the environment
a species' fundamental niche and abiotic surroundings
population size
A species' rate of reproduction and the carrying capacity of the environment, these factors contribute to intraspecific competition.
Intraspecific competition is when it occurs between members of the same species.
example of male kangaroo fighting for the mates.
The importance of intraspecific competition is basic factor in natural selection and also for the survival of the fittest and this leads to the more fit individual survives and is able to reproduce.
It also leads to the evolution of better adaptations within a species.
But this also leads to competition for limited resources which can leads to a reduction in fitness for both individuals, but the more fit individual survives and is able to reproduce is the sole purpose of intraspecific competition.
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In the astonishing hypothesis (1994, p. 49) sir francis crick noted, "when one neuron tells another neuron is simply how much it is excited. " using terms from the chapter, compare the neural communication when we are a) tapped gently on the arm, and b) slapped across the face
The neural communication varies greatly from when we are tapped gently on the arm in comparison to when we are slapped across the face. When we slapped that strongly triggers and increases the number of times those neurons fire. But when we tap on the arm that triggers fewer neurons to be fired.
Communication between neurons occurs electrochemically. Neurotransmitter receptors can be found on the dendrites of neighboring neurons. If the impulses from neighboring neurons are strong enough, an action potential will travel the length of the axon to the terminal buttons, releasing neurotransmitters into the synapse in the process.
Many neurotransmitters serve a variety of purposes. Unbalances in a specific neurotransmitter system frequently play a role in psychiatric disorders. As a result, doctors often prescribe psychiatric medications to try to rebalance the neurotransmitters. For a certain neurotransmitter system, drugs can either behave as agonists or antagonists.
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le.
(b)
(i)
The diagram shows the gill filaments of a bony fish. The flow of water across the gill plates
is shown.
capillaries
(ii)
gill filament
Š
gill plate
water current
Draw an arrow on a capillary to show the direction of blood flow in the gill plate. [1]
Use the letter H, to indicate on the diagram, an area where there is the highest
concentration of oxygen in the blood of the gill plate.
Use the letter L to indicate where there is the lowest concentration of oxygen in the
water passing over the gill plate.
[2]
(iii) Name this type of flow and explain how it improves the efficiency of oxygen uptake.
[2]
Answer:
(b)
(i)
Here is the labeled diagram of the gill filaments of a bony fish, with the requested arrow and labels:
markdown
Copy code
capillaries
↓
(ii) Š
↑ gill plate
│ water current
│
H L
(ii)
The letter H indicates an area where there is the highest concentration of oxygen in the blood of the gill plate, which is at the end of the capillary bed closest to the water flow. The letter L indicates where there is the lowest concentration of oxygen in the water passing over the gill plate, which is at the end of the gill filament farthest from the water flow.
(iii)
This type of flow is called countercurrent flow. It improves the efficiency of oxygen uptake because it maintains a concentration gradient between the water and the blood across the entire length of the gill filament. As the water flows over the gill filaments, oxygen diffuses from the water into the blood of the capillaries. Because the concentration of oxygen is always higher in the water than in the blood, oxygen continues to diffuse across the entire length of the filament. This ensures that the blood leaving the gill filament at the end closest to the heart has the highest possible concentration of oxygen. If concurrent flow were used, where water and blood flow in the same direction, the concentration gradient between the water and blood would be reduced along the length of the gill filament, resulting in less efficient oxygen uptake.
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which of the following occurs when a sessile biofilm (or a part of it) begins to starve or experiences oxygen depletion?
When a sessile biofilm (or a part of it) begins to starve or experiences oxygen depletion, cell death occurs.
A biofilm is a community of microorganisms that stick to each other and cling to surfaces. They produce and live in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Biofilms are formed by bacteria, fungi, and algae in natural, industrial, and medical settings. Microorganisms in a biofilm display distinct physiological and metabolic features from free-living cells, and they're more resistant to antimicrobial drugs and environmental stress. They're also more tenacious and tough to eliminate than planktonic organisms that exist independently in the environment. Their resistance is due to a combination of genetic, biochemical, and ecological factors, as well as the structural properties of the biofilm.When a sessile biofilm (or a part of it) begins to starve or experiences oxygen depletion, cell death occurs. The EPS is the biofilm's matrix, which surrounds the microorganisms, might become compromised. The lack of nutrients in the biofilm causes the microorganisms to consume their own EPS. EPS might start to degrade, which allows the loss of integrity of the biofilm. Nutrient deprivation, pH changes, the presence of free radicals, and host defenses, such as the immune system, are all stressors that might cause biofilm cell death. Therefore, we can say that cell death occurs when a sessile biofilm (or a part of it) begins to starve or experiences oxygen depletion.Learn more about biofilm: https://brainly.com/question/13232627
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During what phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell? Select one:
a. prophase
b. telophase
c. anaphase
d. interphase
e. metaphase
The phase of mitosis during which chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell is metaphase. Therefore the correct option is option E.
Mitosis is a cell division process that occurs in most eukaryotic cells. In this process, a parent cell produces two identical daughter cells. Mitosis has five stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and interphase.
Chromosomes are visible and condense during mitosis, as a result of the coiling of DNA around proteins called histones.Mitosis can be divided into four distinct stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During metaphase, the chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell, which is known as the metaphase plate.
The centromeres of the chromosomes are located on the metaphase plate. Chromosomes can then be separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell during anaphase.
The spindle fibers of the cell, which are microtubules that connect the centrosomes to the chromosomes, are responsible for the separation and movement of the chromosomes. Therefore the correct option is option E.
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how do different types of photopigments differ from one another?
Different types of photopigments differ from one another based on the specific wavelengths of light they absorb and the color vision they enable.
Photopigments are proteins found in the cone cells of the retina, responsible for detecting light and color vision.
There are three types of cone cells in the retina, each containing a different type of photopigment that responds to different wavelengths of light: blue, green, and red. These photopigments are called opsin and they bind with a chromophore called retinal to form the complete photopigment.
Each type of opsin has a slightly different amino acid sequence, which determines the wavelengths of light it absorbs most effectively, and hence the color vision it enables. For example, the blue opsin absorbs shorter wavelengths of light, while the red opsin absorbs longer wavelengths. When different combinations of photopigments are stimulated by light, the brain can interpret the information to perceive a range of colors. Overall, the differences in the amino acid sequences of the opsin photopigments determine their spectral sensitivity and enable us to perceive different colors.
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in rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur(b). Consider the punnett square.Both of the parents in the Punnett square are:blackbrownhomozygous dominanthomozygous recessive
In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b). The Punnett square is shown below, and both parents are b. homozygous dominant.
A Punnett square is a chart that scientists utilize to predict the likelihood of an offspring inheriting a particular trait. It is a visual representation of Mendelian genetics' fundamental principles. A Punnett square can be used to estimate the chances of an offspring inheriting particular characteristics by organizing the alleles from both parents.
An individual has two copies of the same allele in their DNA sequence, and the alleles are the same. Homozygous dominant alleles are a pair of genes that specify the same characteristics and that are both dominant alleles. As a result, the offspring will inherit black fur in a 100 percent likelihood. The alleles for black fur from both parents are present in the offspring's genome, so the black fur trait will be expressed as a result.
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How do scientists use comparative embryology for evidence of evolution? (Use the photo provided to explain. SPAM ANSWERS = INSTANT REPORT.)
if you mate a dog with a bbee genotype to a dog with a bbee genotype, what percent of each phenotype would you expect over the course of many litters?
If you mate a dog with a bbee genotype to a dog with a bbee genotype, you can expect 25% of each phenotype over the course of many litters.
What is a phenotype?A phenotype is an observable characteristic that arises from an individual's genotype. For example, the color of an individual's eyes, fur, or feathers is a phenotype, as is their ability to taste certain foods or produce specific enzymes. The phenotype is determined by the genotype, or the genetic makeup, of an individual.
How are phenotypes determined?A single gene or a group of genes determines an organism's phenotype. The expression of a gene is referred to as its genotype, while the physical, observable characteristics that arise as a result of that expression are referred to as the phenotype.
A Punnett square is a tool used to calculate the possible results of a genetic cross between two parents with known genotypes. A Punnett square can be used to determine the probability of each phenotype or genotype for their offspring when given the parents' genotypes.
In the question, the two parent dogs have a Bbee genotype, which implies they both possess one dominant B allele and one recessive b allele, as well as two copies of the recessive e allele. A Punnett square can be used to determine the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring. When crossing the two parent dogs in the Punnett square, the following results are obtained:
bbEeBbEeBbEebbeeBbEeBbeeBbEeBbEebbeeBbeeBbEebbeeBbeeBeeBbeeBebe
The following phenotypes are expected to occur in the offspring:
brown with eyes that are not white: 1/4 or 25%
brown with eyes that are white: 1/4 or 25%
black with eyes that are not white: 1/4 or 25%
black with eyes that are white: 1/4 or 25%
Thus, in the course of many litters, you can expect a 25% occurrence of each phenotype.
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When a neuron is at rest, the K+ ________
gradient favors K+ diffusion out of the cell while the ________ gradient favors K+ diffusion into the cell .
A. concentration; electrical
B. concentration; concentration
C. electrical; electrical
D. electrical; concentration
Answer:
A. concentration; electrical
____ is best defined as physical changes that mark the transition from childhood to young adulthood.
a. Puberty
b. Menopause
c. Primary circular reactions
d. Secondary circular reactions
Physical changes that signal the passage from childhood to adolescence are best described as puberty.
What is the term for the period of time between childhood and adulthood?Adolescence is a stage that occurs between childhood and adulthood. Its onset is indicated by pubertal development, and its offset is symbolised by parental independence.
What do we refer to as the transitional stage between childhood and adulthood? What occurs between the time a youngster reaches puberty and the age of 18?Young individuals go through a lot of changes as they transition into physical adulthood during adolescence. The emergence of the secondary sexual features marks the beginning of prepubescent alterations.
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help!!! (WILL AWARD BRAINLIEST!!)
2. Conduct an internet search and locate a scientific study. Identify the steps of the scientific method, as well as recognize which steps may have been skipped. Place your link to this site in your answer. (please make sure to place link)
The steps involved in scientific method include observation, research question, hypothesis, experiment, result, conclusion, etc.
What are the steps involved in scientific method?
Steps of the scientific method in this study:
Observation: The researchers observed that college students often experience high levels of stress and that meditation has been suggested as a possible intervention for stress reduction.
Research question: The researchers formulated a research question: Does meditation reduce stress in college students?
Hypothesis: Based on previous research and theory, the researchers formulated a hypothesis: Meditation reduces stress in college students.
Experiment: The researchers designed an experiment to test their hypothesis. They recruited a group of college students and randomly assigned them to either a meditation group or a control group. The meditation group practiced meditation for eight weeks, while the control group did not.
Data collection: The researchers collected data on participants' stress levels before and after the eight-week intervention period.
Results: The researchers analyzed the data and found that the meditation group had significantly lower levels of stress compared to the control group.
Conclusion: Based on their findings, the researchers concluded that meditation is an effective intervention for reducing stress in college students.
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which of these is the most recent adaptation of plants for life on land?
A water-repellent cuticle, stomata that control water evaporation, specialised cells that give stiff support against gravity, and specialised structures that capture sunlight are just a few examples of how plants evolve.
In order for terrestrial plants to grow, seeds are essential. Sexual organs, a multicellular embryo shielded by parental tissue, a vascular transport system, and rhizoids, roots, and root hairs necessary for soaking up nutrients and water are all present. Haploid and diploid generations alternate. The construction and upkeep of developmental programmes required for plants to adapt to life on land rely on the regulation of gene expression for the evolution of morphological variation. The genetic and molecular mechanisms behind morphological variation and plant adaptation to land are still poorly understood, despite advances in these fields.
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a b cell is undergoing a test for reactivity to self antigen. the two potential outcomes of this test are shown. drag the labels to the panel where the listed event is occurring.
A B cell is undergoing a test for reactivity to self-antigen. The two potential outcomes of this test are shown in the given diagram. The labels should be dragged to the panel where the listed event are A. Positive selection (Panel A), B. Negative selection (Panel B), C. Anergy (Panel C), D. Apoptosis (Panel D)
There are two potential outcomes to the test for reactivity to self-antigen, which are anergy or apoptosis. Reactivity of B-cells to self-antigens is the mechanism that governs self-tolerance. If B-cells with specificity for self-antigens avoid apoptosis or anergy, autoimmune responses may emerge.
The diagram shows the following four panels. Panel A: B cell without self-antigen reactivity is shown. Panel B: B cell with self-antigen reactivity is shown. Panel C: A B-cell undergoing anergy is shown. Panel D: A B-cell undergoing apoptosis is shown. The following labels should be dragged to the panels where the event is occurring, A. Positive selection (Panel A), B. Negative selection (Panel B), C. Anergy (Panel C), and D. Apoptosis (Panel D). Thus, the correct labels should be dragged to the correct panels.
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this component of the male duct system carries sperm from outside the body into the abdominal cavity.
The male reproductive system includes several structures that work together to produce, store, and deliver sperm. One of the key structures involved in this process is the vas deferens.
The vas deferens, also known as the ductus deferens, is a muscular tube that carries sperm from the epididymis (where sperm mature and are stored) to the urethra. The vas deferens is located within the scrotum and is part of the spermatic cord, which also contains blood vessels, nerves, and other structures.
During ejaculation, the smooth muscles in the wall of the vas deferens contract, propelling the sperm through the duct and into the urethra. From there, the sperm are mixed with seminal fluid from the prostate gland and other accessory glands before being ejaculated from the body.
It is important to note that the vas deferens does not carry sperm from outside the body into the abdominal cavity. Instead, it carries sperm from the testes, where they are produced, to the urethra, where they are ejaculated from the body during sexual activity.
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An elementary reaction is known to be bimolecular. What does this mean? A) Two molecules of products are made B) The order of the reaction is 2 C) Two molecules must collide at the same time D) Both A and B E) Both B and C
An elementary reaction is known to be bimolecular. This means that two molecules must collide at the same time. Thus, option C is the correct answer.
Bimolecular reactions are chemical reactions that occur between two reactant molecules. According to reaction kinetics, bimolecular reaction rate laws have second-order kinetics. The reaction rate is proportional to the product of the concentrations of two reactants, so the concentration of two reactants in the collision is necessary. Thus, the reaction is bimolecular. The general formula of the reaction is A + B -> AB. The rate equation of the bimolecular reaction is rate = k [A] [B] or rate = k [A]^2.The order of a reaction is determined by the order of the slowest elementary step. The order of the reaction is 2 when a bimolecular reaction occurs through an elementary step. Thus, option B is incorrect. An elementary reaction only includes a single step. The species present in the reactants and products of an elementary reaction are known as molecules, ions, or atoms. In an elementary reaction, the number of products that form corresponds exactly to the number of reactants that are lost. Thus, option A is also incorrect. Therefore, the correct option is C) Two molecules must collide at the same time.
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microscopy someone would like to look at living algee and water what kind of equipment should you use
Microscopy is the study of small organisms with the aid of a microscope. Observing living algae and water under a microscope requires special equipment. The appropriate equipment to use when observing living algae and water under a microscope is known as a wet mount.
What is a wet mount? A wet mount is a technique used in microscopy to observe living organisms in their natural habitat. A drop of liquid containing the organism is placed on a microscope slide and covered with a cover slip. A wet mount is suitable for observing living organisms since it does not kill or distort their natural shape.
The following are the materials needed to create a wet mount for microscopy: Microscope slide, Coverslip, Dropper tube, or pipette. The microscope can be used to observe living algae and water by creating a wet mount slide. The wet mount slide has an advantage over other microscopy techniques in that it is simple and easy to use.
A wet mount slide is also less prone to error since it does not involve complicated or delicate procedures.
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Match the following statements with either Adrenal Medulla (Nervous System), Adrenal Cortex (Endocrine System) or Both.
Answer:
Explanation:
don't know
Drugs that target RNA polymerase are direct inhibitors of. A. DNA replication. B. translation. C. reverse transcription. D. transcription.
Drugs that target RNA polymerase are direct inhibitors of transcription.
RNA polymerase is an enzyme that helps to create RNA from DNA. It is an essential enzyme that is involved in gene expression by regulating the transcription of DNA into RNA.
RNA polymerase produces a strand of RNA using one strand of DNA as a template. There are many drugs that target RNA polymerase, and they are used as inhibitors of transcription.
Direct inhibitors of RNA polymerase are commonly used to treat cancer, bacterial infections, and viral infections. These drugs act by blocking the enzyme from synthesizing RNA molecules.
By inhibiting RNA synthesis, these drugs can prevent the expression of certain genes, which can be useful in treating various diseases.
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A part of a chromosome of a fungus was sequenced, it contained 28% thymine(T). What percent would by adenine (A)
Adenine always couples with thymine, and nucleotides always pairs with guanine, according to Chargaff's rule. Hence, the ratio of A to T must be about equal.
If Dna is found 28% herringbone, and which amount of guanine is there?Adenine binds to Thymine, followed by Cytosine binds to Guanine, so first, remember your strands. As a result, 28% Adenine must also be 28% Thymine. 28+28 = 56%, thus subtracting it from 100 yields the remaining proportion, or 44%, which must be divided between cytosine and guanine, each of which accounts for 22%.
If Cells contain 20% adenine groups, what percent if purines is present?Thymine is 20percentage points as well since adenine is 20%. Together, they account for 40%. The remaining 60% , 100 be divided evenly between the two amino acids, making each one 30%. While uracil does not exist in DNA, it shares thymine's proportion.
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Look at the following sketch: What is illustrated in this sketch? Describe the term given in your answer in Question ?1
when red flowered snapdragons are crossed with white flowered snapdragons, all the f1 plants will ave pink flowers. if mendel had used snapgragons instead of pea plants he would have had difficulty in formulating his principle of
When red flowered snapdragons are crossed with white flowered snapdragons, all the F1 plants will have pink flowers. If Mendel had used snapdragons instead of pea plants, he would have had difficulty in formulating his principle of incomplete dominance.
Incomplete dominance is a type of inheritance where one allele for a specific trait is not entirely dominant over the other allele. Incomplete dominance is described as a type of gene interaction where both the dominant and recessive alleles are expressed as a blended phenotype in the F1 generation.
Incomplete dominance was first described by Carl Correns, Erich von Tschermak, and Hugo de Vries. They studied snapdragon flowers, which produced a pink color when the dominant red allele was crossed with the recessive white allele. Because Mendel's pea plants only exhibited complete dominance, he would have had difficulty formulating his principle of incomplete dominance if he had used snapdragons instead of pea plants to study genetic inheritance.
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Mycoplasmas do not have a cell wall containing peptidoglycan, thus they are resistant to penicillin since the drug interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis. This is an example of _________ resistance.
The given statement implies that since Mycoplasmas lack a cell wall containing peptidoglycan, thus they are resistant to penicillin, which interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis. This is an example of structural resistance.
Structural resistance is a resistance mechanism that protects bacteria against the effects of antibacterial agents. The microbial cell's structure and function contribute to the resistance of antibacterial agents.
The bacteria's structure and function include cell membranes, proteins, and organelles. The resistance mechanisms can result from the following:-
Cell wall alterationsPumps in the efflux systemDestruction or inactivation of antibiotics by enzymesAltered binding siteMycoplasmas are a group of bacteria that do not have a cell wall, but they contain a cell membrane that protects the bacteria's cells. Therefore, antibiotics like penicillin that target the bacterial cell wall are ineffective against Mycoplasmas. Hence Mycoplasmas have developed structural resistance to penicillin.
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Which statement is true about disruptive natural selection?
Responses
It results in an averaging of traits.
It results in an averaging of traits.
It favors one trait over all others.
It favors one trait over all others.
It results in an even distribution of traits.
It results in an even distribution of traits.
It favors extremes in traits.
The statement "It favors extremes in traits" is true about disruptive natural selection.
What is Disruptive natural selection?Disruptive natural selection occurs when extreme traits are favored over intermediate traits, leading to a bimodal distribution of traits in a population. This means that individuals with extreme traits at both ends of the distribution have a higher fitness compared to individuals with intermediate traits. As a result, the population becomes less homogeneous and more specialized in the extreme traits that are favored by natural selection.
What kind of natural selection is disruptive?Oysters of different colors—dark and light—are one instance of disruptive selection. Oysters with dark or light colours can blend in more effectively. Dark oysters can hide behind the shadow of the rocks, whereas light oysters can blend in with the rocks.
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the cochlea is a membranous labyrinth containing structures essential for the propagation of sound waves to the cochlear nerve, which transmits the stimulus to the auditory cortex for neural interpretation. what is the function of the basilar membrane, hair cells, and tectorial membrane? drag and drop the terms to fill in the blanks. terms will be used more than once. view available hint(s)for part e resethelp 1. sound waves cause the blank to vibrate first.target 1 of 6 2. hearing receptors are embedded in the blank.target 2 of 6 3. the structure that bends the hearing receptors but does not vibrate itself is the blank.target 3 of 6 4. hearing receptors are connected to the blank by supporting cells.target 4 of 6 5. as a result of this vibration, blank is/are bent.target 5 of 6 6. hearing receptors are called blank.
The function of the basilar membrane, hair cells, and tectorial membrane are as follows: The sound waves cause the basilar membrane to vibrate first. The hearing receptors are embedded in the hair cells. The structure that bends the hearing receptors but does not vibrate itself is the tectorial membrane. The hearing receptors are connected to the basilar membrane by supporting cells. As a result of this vibration, hair cells are bent. Hearing receptors are called hair cells.
The cochlea is an organ of the inner ear that is shaped like a snail shell. It contains tiny hair cells that are responsible for picking up sound vibrations and transforming them into nerve signals that can be interpreted by the brain.
The cochlea contains a fluid-filled cavity that is set in motion by sound vibrations. The basilar membrane is a structure that runs along the length of the cochlea and separates the fluid-filled cavity into two chambers. When sound vibrations enter the cochlea, they cause the basilar membrane to vibrate.
This vibration causes the hair cells, which are embedded in the basilar membrane, to bend. The tectorial membrane, which is located above the hair cells, does not vibrate but is responsible for bending the hair cells when the basilar membrane vibrates. The bending of the hair cells causes electrical signals to be sent to the brain, which are then interpreted as sound.
Hence, the sound waves cause the basilar membrane to vibrate first. The hearing receptors are embedded in the hair cells. The structure that bends the hearing receptors but does not vibrate itself is the tectorial membrane. The hearing receptors are connected to the basilar membrane by supporting cells. As a result of this vibration, hair cells are bent. Hearing receptors are called hair cells.
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In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?a. antigenb. interferonc. antibodyd. complement
In clonal selection of B cells, antigen is the substance responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned. Therefore the correct option is option A.
Clonal selection is a mechanism by which the immune system identifies and destroys pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi that cause diseases. It occurs when a specific antigen binds to and activates only those T lymphocytes that are specific for it.
This selective activation results in the proliferation of the activated T lymphocytes, resulting in the production of a large population of antigen-specific T lymphocytes. Antigens are foreign molecules that elicit an immune response when they enter the body.
They are typically proteins or carbohydrates that are present on the surface of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. When an antigen enters the body, it is picked up by specialized immune cells called dendritic cells.
In conclusion, the antigen is the substance responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned in clonal selection of B cells.
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