The Kinetic Chain is an engineering concept used to describe human movement. It is used in a wide variety of clinical condition including musculoskeletal, sports medicine, neuro rehabilitation, prosthetic and orthotics.
The concept of Kinetic Chain was introduced by Franz Reuleaux in 1875. According to him overlapping segments were connected via joints and this created a system where movement ay one joint produced or affected movement at another joint in the kinetic link.
Two types of Kinetic Chain are:
Open Chain:
It is a combination of successively arranged joints in which terminal segment can move freely. Thus the distal segment of the extremity is free to move in space, example- Waving a hand
Characteristics:
- Characterized by a rotary stress pattern at the joint.
- Occur in one primary axis
- The number of simultaneously moving segment is typically limited to one.
- These types of exercises allow for more isolated muscle activation because less muscle co-contraction is used to perform the movement.
Closed Chain:
It is when the distal segment meets considerable external resistance prohibiting free movement. It is a system where neither the proximal nor the distal segment can move.
Characteristics:
- Linear stress pattern produced at the tibiofemoral joint due to axial joint loading.
- Movement at multiple joints and multiple -joint axes at hip, knee, subtalar joints.
- Simultaneous movement occurs at both segment.
What are Insertion and Origin muscles?The insertion and origin muscles are two different places where the bone is attached one at each end. Enthesis is the connective tissue between this attachment.
Insertion Muscles- The insertion muscles are connections to the bone via tendons. It is attached to the more movable bone.
Thus, this muscle is responsible for body movement. It is usually the distal end and has less mass.
Origin Muscles- Origin is the proximal site that stays more stable and relatively fixed during muscle contraction.
The head is a portion at the end of the origin muscle where it fixes to the bone. Some muscles can have more than one head.
Difference between two:
1. Insertion is more movable compared to Origin muscles as the former is attached to bone via tendons whereas the latter is less movable as it is attached via bone.
2. Insertion is a distal end attached to more movable bone whereas origin is proximal end attached to the less movable bone.
3. Insertion has less muscle mass whereas Origin has more muscle mass
4. Insertion moves with muscle contraction whereas Origin doesn't move during Muscle Contraction.
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What is pasteurization? what is the advantage of this technique?
GIVE ANSWER IN POINTS
CLASS 8
Answer:
Pasteurization is the process by which food products (such as juice and dairy products) are mildly heated to kill off harmful bacteria, salmonella, and other disease-causing pathogens. These products are thus made safe for consumption. ... Pasteurization has revolutionized food safety within the dairy industry.
Based on the Punnett square above, what are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring? A red plant and a pink plant. Red plant genotype: Pink plant genotype: Phenotypic ratio: Red = Pink = White = Genotypic ratio: RR = Rr = rr =
Answer:
GivEn:⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
The ratio of two sides of a parallelogram is 2 : 5.Perimeter of parallelogram = 70 cm⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
To find:⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
Sides of parallelogram?⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
Solution:⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
☯ Let two adjacent sides of parallelogram be 2x and 5x.
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⋆ Refrence of image is shown in diagram:
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[tex]\setlength{\unitlength}{1 cm}\begin{picture}(0,0)\thicklines\qbezier(1,1)(1,1)(6,1)\put(0.4,0.5){\bf D}\qbezier(1,1)(1,1)(1.6,4)\put(6.2,0.5){\bf C}\qbezier(1.6,4)(1.6,4)(6.6,4)\put(1,4){\bf A}\qbezier(6,1)(6,1)(6.6,4)\put(6.9,3.8){\bf B}\put(0.7,2.5){\sf 2x}\put(3,0.5){\sf 5x}\end{picture}[/tex]
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[tex]\underline{\bigstar\:\boldsymbol{According\:to\:the\:question\::}}\\ \\[/tex]
Perimeter of parallelogram = 70 cm
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[tex]\dag\;{\underline{\frak{We\;know\;that,}}}\\ \\[/tex]
[tex]\star\:{\boxed{\sf{\purple{Perimeter_{\;(parallelogram)} = 2 \times (sum\:of\: adjacent\:sides)}}}}\\ \\[/tex]
[tex]:\implies\sf 2 \times (2x + 5x) = 70\\ \\[/tex]
[tex]:\implies\sf 2 \times 7x = 70\\ \\[/tex]
[tex]:\implies\sf 14x = 70\\ \\[/tex]
[tex]:\implies\sf x = \cancel{ \dfrac{70}{14}}\\ \\[/tex]
[tex]:\implies{\boxed{\sf{\pink{x = 5}}}}\;\bigstar\\ \\[/tex]
Therefore,
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2x = 2 × 5 = 10 cm.
5x = 5 × 5 = 25 cm.
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[tex]\therefore[/tex] Hence, Adjacent sides of parallelogram are 10 cm and 25 cm.
A microbiologist is conducting a research project on chemolithoautotrophs. This means that the investigator is examining certain aspects of a bacterium that is a purple nonsulfur bacteria which depends on light. uses light as its energy source and carbon for organic compounds. can oxidize inorganic molecules such as ammonia and sulfur for energy. can use the energy from sunlight to build organic molecules from carbon dioxide. obtains carbon from organic molecules.
Answer:
uses light as its energy source and carbon for organic compounds.
Explanation:
The purple non-sulfur bacteria which depends on light produces organic food just like plants through the process of photosynthesis. The purple non-sulfur bacteria uses carbondioxide and water with sunlight produces oxygen and glucose which is an organic compound. So that's why purple non-sulfur bacteria is also known as phototrophic means organism that produces their own food through photosynthesis.
Table sugar is an example of which molecule
Answer:
Disaccharide
Explanation:
It is a disaccharide, a molecule composed of two monosaccharides: glucose and fructose. Sucrose is produced naturally in plants, from which table sugar is refined. It has the molecular formula C12H22011.
Answer:
table sugar is example of glucose. It has the molecular formula C12H22O11.
Every day we make choices that can potentially affect our environment. For example, we may toss a plastic drink bottle into the nearby trash because it’s more convenient than walking all the way to the recycling bin. Think about three choices you made this week that could have affected the environment. Did your choices have a positive or a negative effect on the environment? Explain your reasoning.
The three choices that could have affected the environment are as follows:
Utilization of plastic to make it easy for carrying objects.Plants trees in order to build a green environment. Overdependency on vehicles rather bicycles and pedestrians. What is Environment?The environment may be defined as anything which is present in the surroundings of living organisms. This environment basically has two types of factors biotic and abiotic factors.
In the above three choices, building a green environment has a positive effect on the environment. It may also affect living organisms positively. While the rest of the two may stimulate a negative impact on the environment by increasing the levels of carbon dioxide by liberating emission and non-biodegradable plastics.
Therefore, the three choices that could have affected the environment are well mentioned above.
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which photo synthetic process can occur at night?
A.the reaction at photosystem 1
B.the formation of NADH
C.the calvin cycle
D.the reaction at photosystem 2
Suppose beak size currently ranges from 6-10mm. If directional selection favors larger beaks (up to a max of 15mm), which statement is true?
source of variation needs to create that size
In general, men show _____ than women do. a. less facial expression b. more facial expression c. less envy or anger d. more envy or anger
Answer:
more envy and anger
Explanation: they cant control themselves lol.
Mode of action of aldehydes and Quaternary ammonium compounds is
Answer:
Aldehydes have antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and sporicidal activity. These are helpful to destroy the spores of Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium sporogenes. Glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde are commonly used aldehydes in disinfectants.
Quaternary ammonium compounds work by denaturing the proteins of the bacterial or fungal cell, affecting the metabolic reactions of the cell and causing vital substances to leak out of the cell, causing death.
A certain animal species has either curly tails (C) or straight tails (c) and either hazel eyes (H) or blue eyes ( h). What are the possible genotypes of an animal with curly tails and blue eyes
Answer:
CChh
Cchh
Explanation:
Cc or CC can be a genotype for curly tails because both have a dominant allele for curly tails
hh can be a genotype for blue eyes because there are two recessive alleles for blue eyes that are present
What is limiting factor
Answer:
limiting factors are often referred as a lack of a particular resource .
The most direct method by which an ion or molecule can move across a cell membrane is by ____________.A. using an integral protein.B. a sodium-potassium pump.C. simple diffusion. D. active transport.E. osmosis.
Answer:
C. Simple diffusion
Explanation:
Simple diffusion from a high to low concentration is the most direct method that ions or molecules can move across a cell membrane.
Through this method, no proteins are required for transport, and no energy is used.
The ion or molecule being transported directly moves across the cell membrane, without any other factors involved.
So, the correct answer is C. Simple diffusion
In which of the scientific classifications are all the
animals grouped
Which of these organelles prepares proteins to be fully functional?
A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
B. Large vacuoles
C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D. Chloroplasts
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Answer:
Rough endoplasmic reticulum is among the organelles that are found in eukaryotic cells. The reason as to why it is called rough is because it has ribosomes attached to its surface. Its main function is to produce proteins.
Explanation:
Explain the role of cellular respiration in a cell.
Answer:
Every cell performs a type of cellular respiration as it is required to produce energy. The point of cellular respiration is to turn high-energy molecules, know as glucose, into ATP, a form of usable energy. There are two types of respiration, aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic goes through 3 stages and produces the most ATP by using oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. Anaerobic does the same job but only uses one stage and produces much less ATP. This process gives the cell energy and continues the carbon cycle.
Describes vitamin D levels and problems
Answer:
Vitamin D is essential for strong bones,because it helps the body use calcium from the diet.
PNS axons are vulnerable to cuts, crushing injuries, and other types of trauma. However, a damaged ____________ can regenerate if the ____________ remains intact and a critical amount of ____________ remains. The success of peripheral nervous system axon regeneration depends upon two primary factors: (1) the amount of ____________ and (2) the ____________ between the site of the damaged axon and the ____________ . The possibility of repair is ____________ with an increase in either of these two factors. Neurolemmocytes play an active role in regeneration
Answer:
The correct answer is - damaged, effector organ, neurilemma, damage, distance, cell body, decreased.
Explanation:
PNS axons are prone to cuts, and other types of injuries. A damaged axon can regenerate if the effector organ remains intact and a critical amount of neurilemma is found.
The degree of success of these axons regeneration depends upon factors that are (1) the amount of damage, and (2) the distance between the site of the damaged axon and the cell body it innervates The possibility of repair is reduced with an increase in either of these two factors. Neurolemmocytes play an active role in regeneration
Which critter trait is affected by an environmental factor, such as light, temperature, or
diet? Explain.
Answer:
Tallness.
Explanation:
Tallness is the critter trait that is affected by an environmental factor, such as light, temperature, or diet because the organism remains short if they are not getting food properly as well as temperature. Food provides essential nutrients that contribute in the growth of organism. Suitable temperature of the body allows the different functions in the body to be done which directly affects the growth of the body and the organism becomes taller.
Identify the molecule that is not a compound
Answer:
dear, your question seems to be incomplete.......plz ask it again
Calculate the number of neutrons in atoms of the isotope 3919K
With working out
Answer:
20 neutrons
Explanation:
In the atom of an element, there exists three subatomic particles namely; proton, neutron and electron etc. The sum of the number of neutrons and number of protons (a.k.a atomic number) in an atom makes up the mass number.
In this question, an element was given as follows: 39- 19 K meaning that the mass number is 39 but the atomic number is 19.
Hence,
no of. neutrons = mass no. - atomic no.
39 - 19 = 20 neutrons.
a) explain covalent bond and hydrogen bond with an example of each (4marks)
b)state three(s) importance of surface tension and example( 6marks)
Answer:
Covalent bond is a primary chemical bond formed by the sharing of electron pairs. Covalent bonds are strong bonds with greater bond energy. Hydrogen bond is a weak electrostatic attraction between the hydrogen and an electronegative atom
Which of these statements are true about diffusion
A. It is how gas exchange occurs in the blood cells in the circulatory system
B. It is when particles move from an area of low concentration to high concentration
C. It is how white blood cells travel around in the body to find viruses and bacteria
D. It is how sunlight gets absorbed into chloroplast in plants for photosynthesis
Answer: c
Explanation:
List three potential effects of errors occurring during meiosis.
Errors can occur during meiosis producing gametes with an extra or missing chromosome. The consequences of this following fertilisation depend on which chromosomes are affected. Often the embryo is not viable, but some of these errors can lead to trisomy conditions or sex chromosome disorders.
Explanation:
:)
are amino acids associated with proteins
Answer:
Yes
Explanation:
Amino acids create proteins
What is the answer with explaining
Answer:
EeWw
Explanation:
The allele for the earlobe is depicted as e while that of the hairline is w.
A parent that is homzygous recessive for earlobes (ee) and homzygous dominant for hairline (WW) would have the genotype eeWW.
The other parent that is homzygous dominant for unattached earlobes and homzygous recessive for hairline would have the genotype EEww
eeWW x EEww
During meiosis, each genotype will form gametes.
eeWW: eW, eW, eW, eW
EEww: Ew, Ew, Ew, Ew
These gametes will randomly unite during fertilization to produce offspring. Since the same gametes are formed by each parent:
eW x Ew
offspring
100% EeWw (see the attached image for the Punnet's square)
The genotype of all the children would be EeWw and would phenotypically be with unattached earlobes and dominant hairline.
Our eyes are always the same size from birth
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the phenomenon is called a revision why did it happen
Answer:
help in studying
Explanation:
What is immigration?
A. When animals leave an ecosystem
B. When animals are born in an ecosystem
Ο Ο Ο O
C. When animals move into an ecosystem
D. When animals die in an ecosystem
Answer:
C. When animals move into an ecosystem
Explanation:
Why do you think type 2 diabetes occurs so much more often than other inheritable diseases? Propose a hypothesis for why this allele has not been eliminated by natural selection.
Which type of species best describes a mouse: opportunistic or equilibrium? Explain why a mouse or rat population would continuously grow while other mammals (cheetahs) are nearly extinct.
Answer:
This allele has not been eliminated by natural selection because it may confer an adaptive advantage for particular environmental conditions
Mice and rats are opportunistic species. These species can rapidly adapt to different environmental conditions, while cheetahs are unable to adapt to changing environments.
Explanation:
An allele is a gene variant that may be beneficial, neutral, or deleterious for a particular environment. Different alleles are not eliminated by natural selection against other alleles (even when a priori seem to be deleterious) because they confer a selective advantage in a given environment. For example, the allele for sickle cell anemia is caused by a point mutation which is lethal in homo-zygous individuals, but heterozygous individuals are less likely to die of malaria, thereby this allele has been positively selected in geographic areas where malaria is an endemic disease. Moreover, mice and rats are opportunistic species, i.e., they are species that rapidly adapt to varied living conditions. These species are characterized to have high growth rates and produce many offspring. On the other hand, the cheetah is a highly specialized species that is unable to adapt to changing environments. In consequence, cheetah populations are more prone to become extinct than rat and mice populations.
What is the probability that a hybrid individual with the genotype AabbCcddEeFf will produce a gamete that has the genotype abCdeF
Answer:
6.25%
Explanation:
Find the number of different gametes that can be produced
number of gametes produced = 2^n
n is the number of allele pairs that are heterozygous
there are 4 heterozygous allele pairs, these are: Aa, Cc, Ee and Ff
2^4 = 16
abCdeF is one of the 16 genotypes that could be produced
to find the percentage, divide 1 and 16 and multiply by 100
1 ÷ 16 = 0.0625
0.0625 × 100 = 6.25
