which of the following factors is not among the plausible explanations presented by cole and smith for the growth in the prison population?

The given statement  federal statutes govern the formation of sales and lease contracts" is True because This includes the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), which sets out the terms of the contract that both parties must follow.

The UCC applies to transactions in goods, including sales and leases. It sets out the rights and obligations of buyers and sellers, including payment terms, delivery requirements, and remedies for breach of contract. The UCC also governs negotiable instruments, such as checks and promissory notes, and certain securities transactions. Additionally, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is authorized to issue regulations regarding the sale and lease of consumer goods.

These regulations set out what information must be provided to consumers, how consumer contracts may be cancelled, and how consumer disputes must be handled. In addition to the UCC and FTC regulations, state and local laws may also apply to sales and lease contracts. These laws may include consumer protection laws, zoning regulations, taxation requirements, and more. It is important to be aware of the relevant state and local laws when entering into a contract.

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Unauthorized practice of law is the act of providing legal advice or services without being licensed to do so. Writing contract addenda or additional provisions that cover unfamiliar circumstances relates to this.

The Unauthorized practice of law and acting outside the scope of your expertise also include activities such as giving legal advice, preparing legal documents, or representing someone in court. These are legal matters that requires a licensed attorney to interpret and advise on. By attempting to draft legal documents without the proper licensing, the individual would be engaging in unauthorized practice of law and could face legal charges. Due to the complexity and nuances of the law only lawyers are allowed to write contracts and other legal documents.

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The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) is a federal law that regulates the surface mining of coal in the United States.

The law was designed to address the negative effects coal mining has on the environment and society, including erosion, habitat damage, and air and water pollution.

The law puts rigorous regulations on mining activities, such as the reclamation of land when mining is finished, and requires mining operations to get permission from the state in which they are working.

The law also stipulates that mining operations must pay a reclamation charge, which goes towards cleaning up and restoring mined-out land.

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Over the first fifty years of American history, A. African Americans could never vote in American elections prior to the Civil War, describes the ability of African Americans to vote in elections.

Black People were not allowed to vote in American elections prior to the Civil War. Several jurisdictions had laws in place that expressly forbade African Americans from casting ballots, while other states used measures like literacy exams, poll taxes, and property ownership restrictions to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote.

Likewise, the Three-Fifths Compromise of 1787 reduced the political influence of enslaved African Americans by counting them as just three-fifths of a person for the purpose of allocating representatives in Congress. Black American men weren't given the right to vote until the 15th Amendment to the US Constitution was ratified, yet this privilege was frequently suppressed by unfair methods like poll taxes, literacy tests, and violence. The 19th Amendment was not ratified until 1920, giving African American women the right to vote.

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Multinational firms need to implement four control systems used in multinational firms are political, cultural, personal, and bureaucratic. Political control is used to control international activities, such as when a government influences a multinational's business operations.

1.Personal control systemIn personal control systems, the top management supervises the activities of the lower-level employees. The management of the multinational firms personally observes the activities of employees to ensure that they are following company policies and regulations.

2. Bureaucratic control systemIn bureaucratic control systems, multinational firms create a set of policies and regulations that employees need to follow. The company establishes standard procedures and monitors employee behavior to ensure that they are following the regulations.

3. Output control systemIn output control systems, multinational firms set specific targets for their employees to meet. The company monitors the employees' performance and productivity to ensure that they are meeting the targets.

4. Monetary control systemIn monetary control systems, multinational firms use financial incentives to motivate employees. The company rewards the employees for their performance and productivity. This control system helps companies to retain employees and motivates them to work harder.

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For liability to be imposed when negligence is alleged, in many jurisdictions, the injured party must prove that the defendant's act was not only the cause in fact of the injury but also the proximate cause or substantial factor of the injury. Therefore, the correct answer is option D. Proximate cause or substantial factor.

What is negligence? Negligence is the failure of an individual or entity to use reasonable care, resulting in the injury of another person or entity. Negligence may be claimed in a personal injury lawsuit or other types of litigation such as wrongful death, medical malpractice, or product liability cases. Causation is the foundation of a negligence claim. The plaintiff must show that the defendant's actions or failure to act caused the plaintiff's injuries.

The plaintiff must establish both factual and legal causation. Negligence per se is a term used to describe when a defendant breaches a duty of care. Negligence per se occurs when a defendant violates a statute or other legal duty, and the plaintiff is a member of the class of people the statute or legal duty is designed to protect. The proximate cause is an essential component of a negligence claim, which is another term for legal causation.

Legal causation examines the foreseeability of an event and determines whether the defendant's actions were the cause of the plaintiff's injuries. To be legally causal, the defendant's conduct must be the proximate cause of the plaintiff's injuries.

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True. The Assistant District Attorneys (ADAs) are the lawyers who handle the prosecution of criminal cases in the United States.

They work closely with victims of crime, as well as with law enforcement officials, in order to build a case against the accused. ADAs are typically employed by the district attorney's office, which is responsible for prosecuting criminal cases in a particular jurisdiction. They are responsible for conducting legal research, gathering evidence, interviewing witnesses, negotiating plea bargains, and presenting cases in court. In some cases, ADAs may also be responsible for providing legal counsel to victims of crime and their families, or for working with community organizations to address issues related to crime and public safety.

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The Tenth Amendment to the Constitution states that all powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved for the states and the people. This means that educational policy is mainly a state and local matter rather than something controlled by the federal government.

The Tenth Amendment to the US Constitution grants the state governments the power to regulate education. The best option that describes the significance of the tenth amendment to the Constitution with respect to education is that it grants the state governments the power to regulate education. The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights.

It is a brief text, yet it is significant for the reason that it codifies the idea of federalism into the Constitution. According to the Tenth Amendment, any powers not granted to the federal government by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people. Tenth Amendment and Education According to the Tenth Amendment, the states hold authority over all matters that the Constitution does not assign to the federal government, including education.

Therefore, states have the power to establish education policies, and they have the responsibility of ensuring that their citizens receive an education. The Tenth Amendment allows state governments to regulate education as they see fit, rather than allowing the federal government to make decisions for them. It also protects citizens' rights to choose their children's education, which varies depending on where they reside.

The significance of the tenth amendment to the constitution with respect to education is that it grants the state governments the power to regulate education. It is therefore the best option.

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The statement "If she crashes and is injured, the proprietor has committed negligence per se" is True. Why is this True? Negligence per se is a legal term that refers to a party being automatically considered negligent because they violated a law or regulation that was established to protect the safety of the public.

When a party breaks a law or rule that was created to protect the safety of the public, it is assumed that they have been careless, and it is typically easier to prove that they were negligent in causing an accident. The given case fits the conditions of negligence per se as the Iowa state requires that anyone riding or operating their motorcycle must wear a helmet.

Since Marta did not wear a helmet while test-riding a motorcycle, which was owned by the proprietor who let her go without one, it could be assumed that the proprietor did not take reasonable care for Marta's safety. Therefore, the proprietor committed negligence per se.

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Judiciary is NOT a group mentioned in the lesson that the bureaucracy is accountable to. (B)

The bureaucracy is accountable to the Cabinet, the President, Congress, the public, and interest groups. The judiciary is a branch of government, but the bureaucracy is not directly accountable to it; rather, it is accountable to the executive branch of government, which includes the Cabinet. (B)

The Cabinet is composed of the President and the heads of executive departments, who advise the President and collectively constitute the executive branch of the federal government.

Interest groups are organizations formed to represent citizens and to promote certain goals, and the bureaucracy is accountable to them because they can use their political power to influence public policy.

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There is a good rea-son as to why we find a balance bet-ween personal freedom & responsible behavior. It prevents deindividuation among the group behavior and the collective behavior since one is able to identify there individual personal responsibility instead of the collective responsibility in there behavior.

There must be a balance between my freedom and responsible social behavior because otherwise life will be chaotic. If I could do what-ever I want and all of us could do what-ever we want, we couldn't live at all or life wo-uld be hell on earth. There is a proper place & time for each person's express-ion of his freedom & it should be main-tained under certain limits & conditions.

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HB 1337 allowed the excise taxes to be charged in proportion to brewery production (i.e. larger brewers paid less per barrel in taxes).

HB 1337 refers to a law that was passed in Indiana in 2016, which is also known as the "Dignity for the Unborn Act." The law sought to increase the number of abortion restrictions in the state, with the hope of eventually banning the procedure completely.

It also contained several provisions that were intended to regulate the production and sale of alcohol in Indiana. What did HB 1337 allow? The provision of HB 1337 that is relevant to this question is that it allowed for excise taxes to be charged in proportion to brewery production. This means that larger breweries would pay less per barrel in taxes than smaller breweries, which would be charged more.

The purpose of this provision was to incentivize the growth of larger breweries and to encourage them to produce more beer. What is an excise tax? An excise tax is a tax that is levied on a specific good or service. In the case of the brewing industry, excise taxes are typically levied on the production of beer, and are used to generate revenue for the government. The amount of the tax is typically based on the volume of beer that is produced.

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Automated execution systems can be used by institutions and by individual investors is not  true about the characteristics of automated execution systems used for securities transactions.

The correct option is A.

Automated trading systems, also known as algorithmic trading, automated trading, or system trading, let traders set up specific rules for trade entry and exits that, once programmed, can be carried out automatically by a computer. In fact, various platforms report 70% to 80% or more of shares traded on U.S. stock exchanges come from automatic trading systems.

Automated trading systems typically require the use of software linked to a direct access broker, and any specific rules must be written in that platform's proprietary language. As an illustration, the Trade Station platform employs the Easy Language programming language. On the other hand, the Ninja Trader platform utilizes Ninja Script. An example of an automated strategy that initiated three trades during a trading session is shown in the figure below. The correct option is A.

The question is incomplete, complete question "Which of the following statements would NOT be true about the characteristics of automated execution systems used for securities transactions?

[A] They are used only by institutional investors

[B] They expedite the execution of most transactions

[C] Market and limit orders are allowed to be entered

[D] Execution is generally instantaneous"

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(i) Parties contest elections. (ii)Parties put ahead unique policies and programmes and voters pick out from them. (iii) Parties play a decisive function in making legal guidelines for a country. (iv)Parties structure and run goverments.

Major functions of the Political Parties are as follows – i Parties contest elections. ii Parties put ahead exceptional policies and programmes. iii Parties play a decisive position in making laws of a country. iv Parties form and run the government.

The three challenges confronted by using political parties in India are: i Lack of inside democracy. ii Challenge of dynastic succession iii Growing role of money and muscle power. iv Often events do not appear to offer a significant choice to the voters.

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This quotation is about how Congress has a dual role as both a lawmaking institution and as a representative of the people. Members of Congress are expected to prioritize the nation's interests over their own ambitions and must find a balance between addressing national concerns and the specific needs of their states or districts.

Congress refers to the national legislative body of the United States that makes laws, and its members are elected officials representing their districts or states. The two houses that makeup Congress are the Senate and the House of Representatives. Together, they work towards creating a fair and just society.

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Generally speaking, prejudice involves negative discrimination, whereas  stereotyping involves negative about someone based on their group membership.

An unjustified, often unfavourable attitude towards a group and its members is called prejudice. The three elements of prejudice are attitudes (often stereotypes), feelings, and propensities to take action (discrimination).

Prejudice is a pejorative attitude and sentiment against a person that is exclusively motivated by that person's social group membership (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Those who belong to an unknown cultural group can face prejudice.

Prejudice is a belief about a person or group that is often unfavourable and is based on a stereotype. A person's participation (or presumed membership) in a certain group generally serves as the foundation for the idea. People are divided by prejudice based on stereotypes as well.

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During a crime scene assessment, an investigator must consider the nature of the crime, potential evidence, scene condition and hazards, secure the scene, document, among others.

Scene assessment is the process of evaluating and documenting a crime scene to determine the scope and nature of the crime, potential evidence, and any hazards present.

When conducting a crime scene assessment, the investigator should consider the scope and nature of the crime, potential evidence to be collected, the condition of the scene, and any hazards present.

Other factors to consider include securing the scene, identifying potential witnesses, documenting the scene through photography and sketches, and collecting physical evidence.

The investigator should also consider the possibility of trace evidence, such as fibers, hair, and DNA, and take steps to prevent contamination of the scene. Additionally, the investigator should ensure that proper chain of custody protocols are followed when collecting and handling evidence.

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An investor would have the greatest upside risk potential with a short straddle position. The correct option is C.

Since the customer would have to go to the market to buy the stock if the call was exercised, the short straddle position would have the highest upside risk potential for the customer because the investor is short a call. If the stock price rises, only bearish investors are at risk. Long puts and short calls are the bearish options. The position with the most risk is short calls.

An investor is exposed to unlimited risk when they short stock or short  calls because there is no cap on how high a stock's price can rise. The correct option is C.

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The question is incomplete, complete questions "An investor would have the greatest upside risk potential with which of the following option positions?

[A] A call spread performed at a credit

[B] A put spread performed at a debit

[C] A short straddle

[D] A long straddle

Answer: A. Both must obey the laws outlined in the U.S. Constitution.

Explanation:

Both state and federal courts must obey the laws outlined in the U.S. Constitution because the Constitution is the supreme law of the land in the United States. The Constitution outlines the structure of the federal government, including the judicial branch, and sets forth certain rights and protections that apply to all individuals in the country. Both state and federal courts must adhere to the principles and protections set forth in the Constitution, such as the right to due process of law and the right to a fair trial. This ensures that the legal system operates in accordance with the principles of the Constitution and protects the rights of individuals who come before the courts.

True. The fact that police usually have to react to the report of a crime may help explain the inability of the police to solve more crimes.

Police forces are often stretched thin, and they are unable to proactively monitor all areas of a city or town to prevent crime from occurring. Instead, they rely on citizens to report crimes to them, at which point they can begin their investigation.

However, this reactive approach can lead to delays in responding to crimes, and crucial evidence or witnesses may be lost in the time it takes for the police to arrive on the scene. Moreover, many crimes go unreported, particularly in disadvantaged communities where residents may not trust the police or may fear retaliation for reporting crimes. All of these factors can make it difficult for police to solve more crimes and reduce crime rates.

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The correct answer is (C) subject culture. Almond and Verba described three general political cultures in their work—participant, parochial, and patron-client culture—but not subject culture.

C) Subject culture. Almond and Verba described one of three (3) general political cultures in their work, the civic culture. The culture that is not described by Almond and Verba is the patron-client culture.

Political culture refers to the attitudes, beliefs, and values that underpin political systems. Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, two political scientists, developed a theory that divides political cultures into three categories:

Parochial culture Participatory culture Subject culture It should be noted that there is no "perfect" or "right" political culture. There are pros and cons to each culture, and the best option is the one that best fits a nation's needs.

Almond and Verba introduced a fourth culture, the civic culture, which combines aspects of all three of the preceding cultures to produce the best outcome.

The culture that is not described by Almond and Verba is the patron-client culture. This is a clientelist culture in which individuals exchange services, money, or gifts for the guarantee of obtaining benefits such as employment or access to public goods.

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A criminal code is a written compilation of the majority of the criminal laws in a certain jurisdiction. A criminal code will include the offences that are legal in the jurisdiction, potential punishments, and certain general regulations.

What is penal code, NAPOLCOM and PNP?

The National Police Commission is the body tasked with overseeing and managing the Philippine National Police in accordance with the 1987 Constitution and the Major Police Reform Laws, Republic Act Nos. 6975 and 8551. The Indian Criminal Code is broken into 511 sections spread across 23 chapters.

The Indian Criminal Code's main goals are to define good and wrong as well as the consequences of doing something illegal. The "intention" of committing the crime is a critical factor in criminal law for determining the offense's potential punishment. The Philippine National Police is administered and controlled by the National Police Commission, often known as NAPOLCOM, an affiliated agency of the Department of the Interior and Local Government.

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The given statement " police are allowed to move belongings around under the plain view doctrine if they think that there may be illegal contraband hidden in the house." is false as the police may not move objects to get a better view, and they may not be in a location unlawfully.

The officer must have reasonable grounds to believe the object is either contraband or evidence of a crime in order to legally seize it. The police may not enter a space illegally or move objects to improve their view.

An officer may seize evidence of a crime that is plainly visible without a warrant under the plain view doctrine, a rule of criminal procedure. This doctrine serves as an exception to the Fourth Amendment's prohibition on unwarranted searches and seizures.

The probable cause requirement, however, places restrictions on the plain view doctrine because it allows officers to search or seize items only after they have reasonable grounds to believe they are contraband.

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In a 2003 case involving admissions practices at the University of Michigan, the Supreme Court reaffirmed its decision Bakke by rejecting the use of racial quotas.

The case, Grutter v. Bollinger, centered around the University of Michigan's law school's affirmative action program, which used race as a factor in admissions decisions. The Court upheld the constitutionality of the program, stating that a diverse student body is a compelling state interest in the context of higher education. However, the Court also noted that race cannot be the sole factor in admissions decisions and that universities must consider other factors as well. The decision affirmed the principle of affirmative action in higher education while also establishing limits on its implementation.

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Defamation is NOT one of the elements of a libel suit.  (C)

Libel is a type of defamation that consists of false statements that are published in a written form. A libel suit requires four elements: identification, clear and present danger, fault, and injury. Identification means that the individual responsible for the libelous statement must be identified.

Clear and present danger means that the statement was false, and it created harm or the potential to cause harm. Fault means that the person who made the statement either acted negligently or with intentional malice. Injury means that the libelous statement caused some form of harm or damage to the plaintiff.

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The right that protects an individual from being held in custody without the right to be heard in a court of law is called the right of habeas corpus.

Habeas corpus is a legal action that requires a person who is being detained or imprisoned to be brought before a court or judge. The purpose of habeas corpus is to ensure that a person's detention is not arbitrary or unlawful and to provide a safeguard against illegal detention or imprisonment. This right is considered a fundamental protection against arbitrary detention and is enshrined in the constitutions of many countries around the world, including the United States.

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Probable cause is a set of facts and circumstances that would induce a reasonably intelligent and prudent person to believe that a particular other person has committed a specific crime.

This is also reasonable ground to make or believe an accusation. Probable cause refers to the necessary level of belief that would allow for police seizures (arrests) of individuals and full searches of dwellings, vehicles, and possessions.

According to the Fourth Amendment of the US Constitution, any searches or seizures that are made by the police must be accompanied by probable cause.

This means that the police must have evidence that a crime has been committed and that the person they are searching or seizing is somehow involved in that crime.

If there is no probable cause, then any evidence that is obtained through the search or seizure will not be admissible in court.

The exclusionary rule is designed to protect the rights of individuals who are being searched or seized by the police.

If there is no probable cause, then the evidence that is obtained will be considered the "fruit of the poisonous tree" and cannot be used in court to support the prosecution's case.

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The Commandant of the Marine Corps reports directly to the Secretary of the Navy, who is a member of the United States President’s cabinet.


This direct reporting relationship between the Commandant and the Secretary of the Navy is mandated by law and is outlined in Title 10 of the United States Code. The Commandant’s duties include serving as the head of the Marine Corps and ensuring its readiness for any type of mission, such as providing amphibious forces, training personnel, and providing support for combat operations. The Commandant is also responsible for overseeing Marine Corps recruiting, logistics, and the administration of justice.


The Commandant of the Marine Corps is the senior ranking officer in the Marine Corps and the only officer in the Corps to serve as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In this capacity, the Commandant acts as an adviser to the President and Secretary of Defense. The Commandant also serves as the principal advisor to the Secretary of the Navy on all matters  about  the Marine Corps.


The Commandant is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The Commandant serves for a four-year term and is eligible for reappointment, though most Commandants serve no more than two consecutive terms. The Commandant is the leader and spokesman of the Marine Corps and serves as the primary representative of the Corps in relations with other branches of the United States Armed Forces, government agencies, and the public.

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