Answer:
Following are the answer to this question:
Explanation:
In option a:
There are many ways, which can be defined as follows:
It keeping cells "qualified," use heat shock and handle ions like Ca and ice incubating.It uses Micro-injection with DNA. It uses the biolistics or even the process of gene-gun.The stable cell charts indicate simple and definitive outcomes when their relationship to specific results. Moreover, relative to temporary cell lines, findings are more reliable and error-free. These lines also easily break and much less.
In option b:
Radio tests including linking tests could be used
The Ligand Binding Assays is an analysis, that is based on the binding of ligands to antibodies, or other macromolecules. Its existence and distance of formed ligand-receptor complexes are defined using a system of measurement that is usually electrical or fluorescent.
In option c:
The method for measuring the levels of cell growth is accessible and the Another way is to measure the metabolism within the same cell. So many color pigments were also accessible that can permeate an organism as well as react with some proteins as well as other factors, and that can effectively identify a color final product.
Throughout relation to the amount of metabolism exercise, cell proliferation could be evaluated by researching one or even more cell markings. The BrdU limited liability assessment is a very well-published illustration.
Its specific antibody can detect BrdU and high BrdUincorporations levels are linked to high levels of cell proliferation. Command cell without DNA receptor growth hormone.
In option d:
The cell growth will stop after each use of RNA interference ( RNAi). The p007 formation as well as the effect on growth caused by the intrusion will be a goal. If development is delayed effectively, the theory will be tested successfully to a cell without any of the required DNA. The RNAi is the free cell
What is the only source of energy production for RBCs?
Answer:
Anaerobic oxidation of glucose
In which of the following ways is DNA replication different from DNA transcription?
Answer:
Thymine is used in replication while uracil is used in transcription.
Explanation:
New cells can only be created after transcription has taken place. Replication results in mRNA strands while transcription creates new DNA. Transcription happens outside the nucleus and replication happens inside the nucleus. Thymine is used in replication while uracil is used in transcription.
DNA replication is a process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself while DNA transcription is a process whereby a messenger RNA is synthesized from a DNA strand.
Both processes involve the building-up of nucleotides or purine.pyrimidine bases. Replication involves building up of cytosine, guanines, adenine, and thymine bases while in transcription, the thymine base is replaced by uracil base.
Hence, the correct answer is that Thymine is used in replication while uracil is used in transcription.
The authors constructed a phylogenetic tree using nucleotide substitutions as well as a tree built using indel information. What relationships did each support; do they agree completely with each other
Answer:
Both types of genetic data can be used to generate evolutionary trees, but indels increase phylogenetic resolution
Explanation:
Nucleotide substitutions, also known as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), are genetic changes at specific positions in the genome that can be used to compare two or more sequences through a local alignment. SNPs enable to estimate the evolutionary distances among sequences and they are the most common type of genetic variation used to draw phylogenetic trees. On the there hand, sequence insertions and deletions, collectively referred to as indels, can increase the resolution of an evolutionary tree because this type of variation is less frequent in the population (i..e., indels generally have higher deleterious effects than SNPs). However, it is important to note that, in the case of indels, it is imperative to include more complex alignment algorithms in order to analyze data derived from this type of genetic variation.
Which is one of the bases found in DNA?
O A. Serine
O B. Leucine
O C. Lysine
O D. Cytosine
Answer:
D. Cytosine
Explanation:
The bases of the DNA(a material found in the Nucleus that contains genetic information) are four in number.
ACGT:
An acronym that stands for
A= Adenine
C= Cytosine
G= Guanine
T= Thymine
Hope this helps ;) ❤❤❤
Cytosine is the base which presents in the DNA. Therefore, option "D" is correct.
What is nucleotide base pairing?There are five types of nucleotide bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymidine, and uracil. These divide into two classes of nucleotides pyrimidine and purine nucleotide bases. Pyrimidines are uracil, thymine, and cytosine whereas adenine and guanine are purines.
DNA consists of adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymidine. In RNA, adenine, cytosine, and guanine are present but thymine is replaced by uracil.
Pyrimidine always binds with the purines through hydrogen bonding. Adenine binds with thymine. Cytosine binds with guanine. But when adenine pairs with uracil in RNA.
Therefore, these four bases are basic units of DNA.
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AZT is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor. How does this drug prevent the replication of a retrovirus
Answer:
AZT is a thymidine analog
Explanation:
Azidothymidine (AZT) is an antiviral drug used for the treatment of the Human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV/AIDS) by preventing the transmission of HIV from infected cells. AZT is capable of suppressing the activity of the enzyme reverse transcriptase of the retroviral HIV genome, which enables it to copy RNA into DNA. In infected cells, this double-stranded DNA is integrated into the host genome which is then instructed to produce identical HIV copies. AZT is a thymidine analog that is incorporated into DNA and thus interferes with DNA synthesis, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation.
¿Qué características crees que deben tener los métodos anticonceptivos para ser eficaces en el control de la natalidad?
Answer:
Los métodos anticonceptivos para ser eficaces en el control de la natalidad deben ser seguros para las personas que los utilizan, es decir, no tener efectos adversos, o al menos, la menor cantidad posible. Ser reversibles, es decir, que no generen infertilidad de por vida. Deben ser además fáciles de usar, cómodos y fáciles de conseguir, esto es, económicos. Además deben ser eficientes en su objetivo de evitar la concepción, que es para lo que fueron creados.
Explanation:
La tasa de eficacia de un método anticonceptivo se mide por la cantidad de embarazos que se producen cada 100. Esta parece ser la característica más importante, y si bien es una de las más importantes, hay que tener en cuenta todos los otros factores mencionados, es decir que la gente pueda acceder a ellos, sean cómodos, seguros y a un precio coherente.
In which of these stages is mitosis most important? A tiger cub is born. A tiger cub learns to walk. A tiger cub begins to grow. A tiger cub play-fights.
Answer:
A tiger cub begins to grow
Explanation:
because that's when they change the most
Answer:
A tiger club play fights
Explanation:
One main part of mitosis is the replacement of cells, so when the tiger gets hurt fighting, mitosis kicks in to replace the cells.
You will be the expert: Imagine you are teaching a class on controlling microbial growth in the environment. To test your students, you will present them with a scenario including a site and some probably microbes present. They must design a strategy to eliminate harmful microbes from the area.
1A. Come up with a scenario/situation including a site and some probable microbes present.
1B. Come up with possible solution/analysis to that scenario/situation in order to eleminate harmful microbes.
Answer:
A possible scenario would be many rusty pipes with abundant soil in an abandoned area or house.
The probable microorganism would be clostritium tetani, which causes tetanus disease.
This clostridium is eliminated once the oxidized surfaces are exterilized, eliminated and cleaned with disinfectants.
In addition, it could be sprayed with disinfectant on the ground to kill the presence of possible spores of this bacterium.
Explanation:
Clostridium tetani is a bacterium that affects the central and peripheral nervous systems of humans.
Today there is a vaccine for this bacterium, which is called tetanus and is administered against a possible accident, surgical act or risk of having been inoculated with the bacteria.
The current tetanus vaccine has a longevity of 10 years in the human organism, once this period has passed, the booster should be given.
This bacterium coexists with other microorganisms in this environment with accumulations of soil and rust, which the most dangerous would be fungi (they trigger deep mycosis). An example of these fungi is: histoplasma capsulatum, responsible for generating histoplasmosis.
The scenario or situation including a site and some probable microbes present would be a controlled Laboratory.
The possible solution or analysis to that scenario in order to eliminate harmful microbes is fumigation.
Identification of microbes is critical in determining which microbial removal strategies will be used in a site.
The scenario or situation including a site and some probable microbes present would be a controlled Laboratory where microbes are isolated from the site via cultured methods. When carrying out microbial culture, the culture plates usually support the growth of a wide range of microorganisms. As a result, biochemical approaches may be used to distinguish one microbial population species from another. They may exist in various species of fungi, viruses, bacteria, protozoa, etc.
The elimination of microbes is dependant on the size of the area being analyzed. This is done by the application of formaldehyde to the area. Other methods include alcohol sterilization and heat sterilization for cleaning and sanitizing surfaces of the laboratory and equipment respectively.
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If a mother is affected by an X-linked dominant condition and the father is not, which children can inherit the condition?
only males
neither males nor females
both males and females
only females
Answer:
both males and females
Explanation:
The sex chromosomes in male and female humans are X and Y chromosomes. X-linked traits are those traits which are associated with the X- chromosome.
According to the question, the trait is passed on a X-linked dominant condition, which means that the possession or not of the condition is dependent on the presence of the dominant X-chromosome. The dominant X-chromosome will always express itself even when in an heterozygous state with a normal X-chromosome i.e Xx. Hence, only a individual recessive for the X-chromosome will be normal.
A mother that is affected by the X-dominant condition will either possess a; XX or Xx genotype while a father that is normal (not affected) will possess a (xY) genotype. Since the mother passes one of her X chromosomes to her sons and the other to her daughters, both male and female children will be affected by the condition.
N.B: If the mother is heterozygous for the affected X-chromosome (Xx), half of her sons and half of her daughters will inherit the condition but if the mother contains two dominant X-chromosomes (XX), all of her sons and daughters will inherit the condition.
Use the following scenario to answer the next following question(s):
You and your friends go to the beach for vacation. You all walk down to the beach to go swimming. When you get there, you see the water is murky and green, and there are algae blooms floating on top.
Reference: Ref 6-3
If it is excess nutrients which are feeding the algae blooms and lowering the oxygen content in the water, that process is called:
A. nutrient cycling.
B. nitrification.
C. eutrophication.
D. hypoxia.
Answer:
eutrophication
Explanation:
Eutrophication refers to a situation in which the aquatic environment becomes excessively enriched with nutrients. This leads to algal blooms in aquatic habitats such as lakes. These nutrients come from Fertilisers used in farming, which find their way into water bodies through run-off thereby increasing nutrient levels.
Excess nutrients causes phytoplankton to grow and reproduce at an alarming rate resulting in algal blooms. This bloom disrupts the balance in the ecosystem leading to many problems.
The algae may end up using all the oxygen in the water, causing oxygen shortage for aquatic life. Some of the algae may die, their decay may lead to further oxygen depletion. As oxygen is depleted, aquatic organisms may also begin to die.
The process of ________ involves a carrier protein that can transport a molecule across the cell membrane down its concentration gradient.
Answer:
Answer is Facilitated diffusion.
The process of facilitated diffusion involves a carrier protein that can transport a molecule across the cell membrane down its concentration gradient.
What is facilitated diffusion?The process of spontaneous passive movement of molecules or ions across a biological membrane by particular transmembrane integral proteins is known as facilitated diffusion.
To transfer molecules from one side of the membrane to the other without consuming energy, facilitated diffusion is required. Large and charged molecules require facilitated diffusion more than smaller molecules. These compounds are unable to readily diffuse through the plasma membrane.
It happens when chemicals like glucose or amino acids flow effortlessly from a high concentration to a low concentration.
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Which of the following is the term for tightly packed sheets of cells that cover organs and outer surfaces?
a. Epithelial tissue
b. Connective tissue
c. Muscle tissue
d. Nervous tissue
Answer:
Epithelial tissue
Explanation:
The correct option would be the epithelial tissue.
Epithelial tissues are made up of tightly arranged cells and primarily functions as protective covers for organs and outer surfaces. Usually, a side of the component cells in epithelial tissue are in contact with organs which they are covering through a non-cellular basement membrane and the other side of the cells are free.
The non-cellular basement membrane that connects the cells in epithelial tissues to organs and surfaces is secreted jointly by the epithelial and connective tissues and usually made up of protein and carbohydrate.
7.Which of the following factors does not cause weathering of rocks.
A. light
B. temperature
C. water
D. wind
Answer:
Light I believe.
Explanation:
fur color in mice is affected by a single gene the gene for fur color has two alleles: b that causes dark brown fur and b that causes light brown fur. What is or could be the genotyes of a mouse with dark brown fur
Answer:
(BB) or (Bb)
Explanation:
Given that (B) allele , is responsible for fur that is dark brown, and (b) allele is responsible for fur color that is light brown, the dominant allele is (B) allele for dark brown fur. Dark brown fur allele would always express itself over the recessive allele, (b).
For a mouse that has dark brown fur, the possible genotype it could have is either (BB) => 2 dominant allele, or (Bb) => 1 dominant allele and a recessive allele. The dominant allele would always express itself even in the presence of the recessive allele.
Which of the following statements is true of soluble fibers? a. They are not viscous. b. They retain their tough texture after being cooked. c. They impart gel-like characteristics to foods. d. They always resist fermentation. e. They are tough and stringy.
Answer:
The answer is "Option C".
Explanation:
The soluble fiber was fiber and in the diet which is prescribed to increase metabolism, reduce cardiovascular problems, cure constipation, and is ideal for patient diabetes.
This consumes food water and provides support with gel-like characteristics, which are rich in fiber in foods like rice, fruits, and bovines. They all are essential for fitness, digestion, and preventive medicine. It draws in liquid(water) while absorption and transforms into a gel. It slows it down the digestive cycle.Identfy the incorrect statement about active transport. a)It doesn't require the use of a cell's energy b)None of the choices. c)It moves substances across the cell membrane against their concentration gradients d)Sometimes active transport involves the use of carrier proteins to transport substances in much the same way as passive transport.
Answer:
can you please answer jahmarlon adu
Explanation:
please i will fail if you dont
The incorrect statement according to the question is “Active transport requires a cell's energy” option (a) is correct.
Active transport is a cellular process that moves substances against their concentration gradients, from areas of lower to higher concentration. This movement of solutes against the concentration gradient necessitates energy expenditure by the cell. Active transport often involves the use of carrier proteins or pumps embedded in the cell membrane, which undergo conformational changes to transport substances across the membrane.
This energy is primarily provided by ATP hydrolysis, a process that releases energy from ATP molecules. In contrast, passive transport processes, like diffusion and facilitated diffusion, do not require energy expenditure and move substances along their concentration gradients. Thus, active transport distinctly relies on the cell's energy to function, option (a) is correct.
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What type of transmission occurs when a pathogen is spread though sneezing or coughing
Answer:
air transmission
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Design a controlled experiment to test the effect of water temperature on goldfish. be sure to include your hypothesis, independent variable, dependent variable as well as experimental group and control group.
Answer:
In this experiment, indepedent variable will be temperature and dependent variable will be the respiratory rate of goldfish. Temperature affects the respiratory rate of goldfish, as it's respiratory rate decreases with decrease in temperature of water, the experiment is as follows:
Take two glass containers filled with water A and B and put one goldfish in each container.Measure the temperature of the water using a thermometer.Count mouth movement of both the fishes in certain time.Now put some ice in container B that will decrease the temperature of water and measure the temperature again.Now count the mouth movement of both the fishes for the same time it was counted earlier.The result will be that respiratory rate of goldfish decreases with the decrease in temperature in container B in comparison to container A goldfish.
An experiment meant to determine the cause of an effect, the effect is the independent variable, while the cause is the dependent variable
A controlled experiment to test the effect of water temperature on goldfish is designed as follows:
The experimental group are: The gold fish in a glass Jar X filled with fresh water and with the lid left open (the treatment of temperature reduction is applied to the experimental group)
The control group are: A second gold fish (selected at random) of the same size, in another glass jar Y filled to the same level with fresh water collected from the same source of the first gold fish
Independent variable: The independent variable is the temperature of the water which will be varied by placing ice cube gradually into the glass jar B
Dependent variable: The number times the gold fish gulp air by rising to the surface, and or the number of time goldfish opens its mouth, which indicates that the goldfish is breathing
The hypothesis: The breath rate of goldfish decreases with decrease in temperature because the goldfish metabolic rate decreases and the water holds more dissolved air and therefore oxygen at a reduced temperature
The Experiment Design:
The experiment is conducted by measuring the initial temperature and breathing rate of both fishes
The temperature of the fresh water in jar X is decreased gradually by adding ice cubes and recording the temperature and breathing rate of the goldfish
A similar experiment from an online source (Maryland School improvement website) the following results where obtained
[tex]\begin{array}{|c|cc|} \underline {Breathing \ rate}&&\underline {Water \ Temperature } \\&&\\ (Dependent \ Variable)&&(Independent \ Variable)\ \\&&\\103&&78.8 ^{\circ}F\\78&&68^{\circ}F\\55&&57.2^{\circ}F\\28&&46.4^{\circ}F\\4&&35.6^{\circ}F\end{array}\right][/tex]
From the experiment, it can be seen that the in the experimental group dependent variable, which is the breathing rate of the goldfish reduces as the temperature which is the dependent variable is reduced
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What does ingestion and degradation of extracellular antigens and their subsequent presentation by MHC class II molecules lead to
Answer:
"Activation of CD4+ helper T cells" is the correct choice.
Explanation:
The major complicated of histocompatibility II seems to be the chemical compound for something like the T cells that presets antibodies. Antigens collected from those in the pathogens become transformed as well as inserted into a large histocompatibility system that's also distributed on either the cellular cell surface membrane representing antigen as well as the trigger is perceived by complicated systems of T cells as well as MHC II but rather contained throughout CD4 + support T cells.The enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water. Imagine that you have two sealed tubes with carbon dioxide gas above a buffer containing water and carbon dioxide. One tube has carbonic anhydrase and the other does not. After 24 hours, both tubes are at equilibrium. Which statement below accurately describes the conditions in the tubes?
A. The tubes will have equal concentrations of carbon dioxide and carbonic acid
B. The tube with carbonic anhydrase will have a lower concentration of carbon dioxide and a higher concentration of carbonic acid than the tube with any enzyme.
C. The tube with carbonic anhydrase will have a higher concentration of carbonic acid than the tube with any enzyme, but the concentration of carbon dioxide will be the same in both tubes.
D. The tube with carbonic anhydrase will have a higher concentration of carbon dioxide and a lower concentration of carbonic acid than the tube with any enzyme.
E. It is not possible to determine the relative concentrations of the products and reactants without more information about carbonic anhydrase, such as the Km.
Answer:
The correct option is B: "The tube with carbonic anhydrase will have a lower concentration of carbon dioxide and a higher concentration of carbonic acid than the tube with any enzyme."
Explanation:
Since there is an enzyme present that catalyzes (i.e., speeds up) the reaction, it will make the process more efficient and thus, the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid will occur quicker as compared to the tube that does not have the anhydrase enzyme included in it. More carbonic acid would mean lower concentration of carbon dioxide.
what is a radical a group of ions
Answer:
A radical is a group of atoms of elements carrying a charge. radicals or ions are formed by gaining or loosing ions. positive radical ions are called radical cations whereas negative radical ions are called radical anions.
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Bile is produced by which organ?
Select one:
a. Small intestine
O
b. Liver
c. Stomach
d. Gall bladder
Characteristics of Living Things
7. The basic unit of organization of living things is a(n)
A. atom B. organism
C. cell
D. organ
8. Storing energy obtained from food is an example of
A. evolution B. homeostasis
C. response
D. growth
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9. The passing of genes from one generation to another is
A homeostasis
B. response
C. growth D. heredity
10. The main function of reproduction is to
A. have enough male and female to reproduce
B. overpopulate
D. to be able to replace themselves.
C. grow
11. The milkweed plant feeding the caterpillar is an example of
A. interdependency.
C. preparing to die after a long life.
B. reproduction
D. heredity
12. Adaptation is very important to species because it allows them to
A. grow and become successful
C. Die
B. produce offspring better equipped to survive.
D. produce many offspring.
Answer:
bbbc
Explanation:
all of these were to long so
DIHYBRID CROSSES
In all of the examples we have only been concerned with one trait. It is possible, however, to track the inheritance of more than one trait at a time. When one is investigating the inheritance of two traits at once the cross is called a dihybrid cross. Strictly speaking, a dihybrid cross is one between two individuals that are heterozygous for two traits, meaning that they are hybrids in two senses. For example, in humans eye color is determined by multiple factors, but if we compare only blue eyes to brown eyes, brown is dominant (R) and blue acts as a recessive allele (r). If a man heterozygous for both eye color and bent little finger has a child with a woman who also heterozygous for both traits, this would be a dihybrid cross. Which is/are possible genotypes for a person with bent little finger and blue eyes?
1. bbrr
2. BBRR
3. BBrr
4. Bbrr
Referring to the previous question, which is/are possible genotypes for a person with straight little finger and blue eyes?
1. bbrr
2. BbRr
3. Bbrr
4. bbRr
Answer:
Question 1: bbrr
Question 2: bbRr
Explanation:
To address the first question, the possible genotype for someone with bent little finger and blue eyes would be bbrr.
Since brown eye (B) is dominant over blue eyes (b), in order for the blue eye color to be expressed, it has to be in bb condition. The only option with bb genotype is option 1.
For the second question, the possible genotype for a person with a straight little finger and blue eyes would be bbRr.
Blue eye genotype is bb as explained in the first question while straight little finger would be Rr since the bent little finger has been represented by the genotype rr in the first question.
The essential difference between the knowledge level and the comprehension level of Bloom’s Taxonomy is that at the knowledge level one is asked to
Answer:
Explanation:
Knowledge it expected that an individual have the ability to recall some specific terms,facts,methods, processes, pattern, structure, or setting of a thing without necessarily understanding the concept.
Comprehension is the understanding an individual knows or get from what is being communicated and the ability to make use of the idea that is been communicated without seeing the full expression if it.
Comprehension is the explanation and understanding of knowledge i.e what is known and can be recalled.
Properties of Water Lab Report
Instructions: Choose a property of water and design an experiment to test the property. Use the following lab template to ensure all lab report components are included.
Title:
Objective(s):
Identify the purpose of your investigation or the question you are attempting to answer. Be sure to tie in the property of water you are testing.
Safety Notes:
Always have parent(s) or guardian(s) permission and supervision when performing a lab activity at home.
Wear proper protective clothing and eyewear when needed.
Be sure to dispose of all materials properly.
Always wash your hands carefully after touching anything in a lab investigation.
Hypothesis:
Variables:
Independent Variable:
Dependent Variable:
Controlled Variable:
Materials:
Procedure:
The procedure should be clear and detailed so that others can repeat it. The details should be specific in how the procedure changes the independent variable, controls all variables that need to be controlled, and observes or measures the resulting changes to the dependent variable.
Data and Observations:
Present all data and observations in a neat and organized manner. Include tables and graphs where appropriate/possible.
Conclusion:
Be sure to answer the following reflection questions as a summary in the conclusion of your lab report:
Was your hypothesis correct? Why or why not?
What were the results of your experiment?
What changes would you make if you were to repeat the experiment?
Questions:
Using what you have learned in the lesson and the experiment, answer the following question in complete sentences.
Analyze the property of water you investigated and provide some real-world applications of the importance of this property of water.
Answer:
Hypothesis: I think the penny will hold more droplets plain water because adding soap to the water will disrupt surface tension
Independent variable: Penny and water dropper
Dependent variable: plain water
Independent variable:soapy water
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A purebred tall pea plant is cross-pollinated with a tall, can you please help
heterozygous pea plant. Use a Punnett square to determine the probability the offspring inherita
recessive short allele. (I point)
75%
25%
0%
50%
Answer:
50%
Explanation:
because if you use the box method you see that half receive a short alele
T t
T TT Tt
T TT Tt
Describe at least 2 benefits and 2 drawbacks there might be for animal cells (including humans) to make their own food through photosynthesis.
Answer:
here.
Explanation:
Benefits would be that we'd be autotrophs, meaning that we'd be independent of an external source of organic compounds for energy. All we'd need is the sun and carbon dioxide. It's a simpler and less energy-consuming process than having to undergo digestion, absorption and then assimilation.
Cons would include the fact that it provides a very limited amount of energy only for the day. Which means humans will be inactive at the night time because the energy won't be able to support our activities. Since we don't have a surface area as big as leaves, our deep cells (like those of our organs and bones) will suffer most from the lack of energy since sunlight cannot penetrate our fat, muscles and bones. This can cause organ failure if our cells solely depended on diffusion.
Our high metabolic rate and our need for energy makes photosynthesis very very ineffective.
Activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system:______
a. enhances digestion.
b. causes conversion of glycogen to glucose.
c. triggers release of epinephrine.
d. increases heart rate.
Answer:
A - enhances digestion
The gene encoding VEGFR2, the main receptor that binds and is activated by VEGF-A, is transcribed in almost every tissue type, but the VEGFR2 protein is rarely present. List and describe one mechanism that cells could use to reduce VEGFR2 protein levels despite high levels of transcription.
Answer:
The RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism
Explanation:
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process by which endogenous non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) sequences target messenger RNAs in order to inhibit gene expression and translation. The regulatory ncRNAs bind by complementary base pairing to specific mRNAs and thus promote gene silencing by both posttranscriptional (mRNA degradation, block translation, etc) and by transcriptional (recruiting of histone/DNA modifying enzymes) pathways. The most common types of evolutionarily conserved ncRNAs found in plant and animal cells are 1-small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), 2-microRNAs (miRNAs), 3-piwi interacting RNAs (piRNAs, only present in animal cells) and 4-long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs).
