3. Does entropy increase or decrease in the following processes?
A. Complex carbohydrates are metabolized by the body, converted into simple sugars.
Answer: Increase
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B. Steam condenses on a glass surface.
Answer:
decreare
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MgCl2(s)
C. Mg(s) + Cl2(g)
correct
Answer:

Answer:

These batteries are constructed of several single cells connected in series each cell produces approximately 2.1 volts. ... A battery cell consists of two lead plates a positive plate covered with a paste of lead dioxide and a negative made of sponge lead, with an insulating material (separator) in between.

Answer:

72.96 of water produce by 45.4 L of oxygen at STP.

Explanation:

[tex]H_2+\frac{1}{2}O_2\rightarrow H_2O[/tex]

1 mole of oxygen=22.4 L at STP

[tex]\frac{1}{2}[/tex]\mole of oxygen=22.4/2=11.2 L

11.2 L of oxygen required to produce water=1 mole

1 L of oxygen required to produce water=1/11.2 mole

45.4 L of oxygen required to produce water=[tex]\frac{1}{11.2}\times 45.4[/tex]

45.4 L of oxygen required to produce water=[tex]\frac{45.4}{11.2}[/tex]moles

1 mole of water=18 g

[tex]\frac{45.4}{11.2}[/tex]moles of water=[tex]18\times \frac{45.4}{11.2}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{45.4}{11.2}[/tex]moles of water=72.96 g

Hence, 72.96 of water produce by 45.4 L of oxygen at STP.

Answer:

66.7%

Explanation:

Step 1: Write the balanced equation

CHCl₃ + Cl₂ ⇒ CCl₄ + HCl

Step 2: Calculate the theoretical yield of CCl₄ from 11.9 g of CHCl₃

According to the balanced equation, the mass ratio of CHCl₃ to CCl₄ is 119.38:153.82.

11.9 g CHCl₃ × 153.82 g CCl₄/119.38 g CHCl₃ = 15.3 g CCl₄

Step 3: Calculate the percent yield of CCl₄

Given the experimental yield of CCl₄ is 10.2 g, we can calculate the percent yield using the following expression.

%yield = (exp yield/theo yield) × 100%

%yield = (10.2 g/15.3 g) × 100% = 66.7%

Answer:

Molecules of O₂F₂ = mass of O₂F₂ × (1 mole O₂F₂ / 70 g O₂F₂) × (6.02 × 10²³ molecules / one mole of O₂F₂)

Explanation:

The Avogadros constant gives the the number of specified entities in one mole of a substance. One mole of any substance contains 6.02 × 10²³ particles. Therefore, one mole of O₂F₂ contains 6.02 × 10²³ molecules.

Also, the molar mass of a substance is the mass in grams of one mole of that substance. It is obtained by summing the relative atomic masses of all the atoms of the elements in the substance. For O₂F₂, the molar mass = (2 × 16 + 2 × 19) g/mol = 70 g/mol

Converting to molecules of O₂F₂;

To convert from grams of a substance to molecules of that substance, multiply by the ratio of one mole and mass of one mole, and then by the number of molecules per mole.

Molecules of A = mass of A × (1 mole / mass of one mole) × (6.02 × 10²³ molecules / 1 mole)

Therefore,Molecules of O₂F₂ = mass of O₂F₂ × (1 mole O₂F₂ / 70 g O₂F₂) × (6.02 × 10²³ molecules /one mole of O₂F₂)

Answer:

0.796 M

Explanation:

Step 1: Given data

Gravimetric concentration (Cg): 4.78 g%g

Density of the solution (ρ): 1.00 g/mL

Step 2: Calculate the volumetric concentration of the solution (Cv)

We will use the following expression.

Cv = Cg × ρ

Cv = 4.78 g%g × 1.00 g/mL = 4.78 g%mL

Step 3: Calculate the molarity of the solution (M)

The volumetric concentration is 4.78 g%mL, that is, there are 4.78 g of acetic acid per 100 mL of solution. We can calculate the molarity using the following expression.

M = mass solute / molar mass solute × liters of solution

M = 4.78 g / 60.05 g/mol × 0.1 L = 0.796 M

Answer:

41264 g of CO₂

Explanation:

Combustion reaction is:

C₃H₈ + 5O₂ →  3CO₂  +  4H₂O

1 mol of propane react to 5 moles of oxygen in order to proudce 3 moles of carbon dioxide and 4 moles of water.

In a combustion reaction, our reactant reacts to oxygen and the products are always CO₂ and water.

We have the volume of propane but we need moles of it, so we need to apply density.

Density = mass / volume so mass = density . volume.

Density of propane is: 493 g/L

Mass of propane is 493 g/L . 27.9L = 13754.7 g

We convert mass to moles: 13754.7 g . 1 mol/ 44g = 312.6 moles

According to reaction, 1 mol of propane can produce 3 moles of CO₂

Our 312.6 moles will produce 312.6 . 3 = 937.8 moles

We convert moles to mass: 937.8 mol . 44 g/mol = 41264 g

Answer:

Principles of green chemistry:

• Prevent wastes rather than treat them.

• Incorporates all raw materials into the final product.

• Use of synthetic methods.

• To design chemical products to reduce toxicity.

• Use of energy-efficient processes.

• Use of renewable raw materials.

• Reuse chemical intermediates to reduce waste.

• Improve health and safety for staff and customers.

• Cleaner production technologies.

Green chemistry principles can be applied to radioactive wastes by:

• We should choose reagents and procedures that lessen the toxicity and volume of all the wastes. We need to design experiments that radioactive wastes that are produced separately from biologically or chemically hazardous wastes if flexible.

• Substitutes with short-lived radionuclides were feasible.

• Reduce the activity and volumes of wastes generated.

• Limit the number of users of radioactive materials.

• Replace hazardous or mixed wastes.

• Non-radioactive wastes will not be mixed with radioactive wastes. If it is not done then the volume of wastes increases.

Answer:

Substrate

Explanation:

In biochemical sciences, a substrate is a substance that is acted upon by an enzyme to yield a product. Enzymes are known for catalyzing biochemical reactions. The substances that are usually worked with during this catalytic process are termed as SUBSTRATES.

Substrates, which are usually changed during the process, binds to the active site on the enzyme and form an enzyme-substrate complex.

According to this question, pyruvate is converted to lactate in a reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. This means that the compound on which the enzyme works, pyruvate, is called the SUBSTRATE.

C. It can help us track how quickly element of the climate are changing

Answer:

pH = 12.66

Explanation:

The HIO3 reacts with NaOH as follows:

HIO3 + NaOH → H2O + NaIO3

The moles of HIO3 and NaOH added are:

Moles HIO3:

0.0100L * (0.100mol / L) = 0.00100 moles HIO3

Moles NaOH:

0.05000L * (0.100mol / L) = 0.00500 moles NaOH

As moles NaOH > Moles HIO3, the moles of NaOH that remain are:

0.00500mol - 0.00100mol = 0.00400 moles NaOH.

After the reaction you will have only NaOH and NaIO3. As NaIO3 is a salt, the pH of the solution is determined by only NaOH. Its concentration is:

Moles NaOH: 0.00500 moles NaOH

Volume: 50.0mL + 50.0mL + 10.0mL = 110.0mL = 0.110L

Molarity: 0.0455M NaOH = [OH-]

pOH = -log [OH-] = 1.34

pH = 14 - pOH

pH is the measure of the hydrogen or the hydronium ion in an aqueous solution. The pH of the mixture containing sodium hydroxide is 12.66.

pH is the potential of the hydrogen and is given as a negative log of the hydrogen concentration in the aqueous solution.

The balanced chemical reaction can be shown as:

[tex]\rm HIO_{3} + NaOH \rightarrow H_{2}O + NaIO_{3}[/tex]

Moles of iodic acid are calculated as:

[tex]\begin{aligned} \rm moles &= \rm molarity \times volume\\\\&= 0.100 \;\rm M \times 0.0100 \;\rm L \\\\&= 0.00100\;\rm moles\end{aligned}[/tex]

Moles of sodium hydroxide are calculated as:

[tex]\begin{aligned} \rm moles &= \rm molarity \times volume\\\\&= 0.100 \;\rm M \times 0.05000 \;\rm L \\\\&= 0.00500\;\rm moles\end{aligned}[/tex]

The remaining moles of sodium hydroxide are 0.00500mol - 0.00100mol = 0.00400 moles.

The pH of the mixture will be determined by sodium hydroxide, as sodium iodate is a salt.

The molar concentration of sodium hydroxide is calculated as:

[tex]\begin{aligned} \rm M &= \rm \dfrac{moles}{volume}\\\\&= \dfrac{0.00500}{0.110}\\\\&= 0.0455 \;\rm M\end{aligned}[/tex]

pH is calculated as:

[tex]\begin{aligned} \rm pOH &= \rm -log[OH^{-}] = 1.34\\\\\rm pH &= \rm 14 - pOH\\\\\rm pH &= 12.66\end{aligned}[/tex]

Therefore, 12.66 is the pH of the mixture.

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Answer:

La temperatura final del sistema es 1029,346 °C.

Explanation:

Asumamos que el sistema conformado por el cobre y el estaño no tiene interacciones con sus alrededores. Por la Primera Ley de la Termodinámica, el cobre cede calor al estaño con tal de alcanzar el equilibrio térmico. El cobre se encuentra inicialmente en su punto de fusión, mientras que el estaño está por encima de ese punto, de modo que la transferencia de calor es esencialmente sensible:

[tex]m_{Cu}\cdot c_{Cu}\cdot (T-T_{Cu}) = m_{Sn}\cdot c_{Sn}\cdot (T_{Sn}-T)[/tex]

[tex](m_{Cu}\cdot c_{Cu} + m_{Sn}\cdot c_{Sn})\cdot T = m_{Sn}\cdot c_{Sn}\cdot T_{Sn} + m_{Cu}\cdot c_{Cu}\cdot T_{Cu}[/tex]

[tex]T = \frac{m_{Sn}\cdot c_{Sn}\cdot T_{Sn}+m_{Cu}\cdot c_{Cu}\cdot T_{Cu}}{m_{Cu}\cdot c_{Cu}+m_{Sn}\cdot c_{Sn}}[/tex] (1)

Donde:

[tex]m_{Sn}[/tex] - Masa del estaño, en gramos.

[tex]m_{Cu}[/tex] - Masa del cobre, en gramos.

[tex]c_{Sn}[/tex] - Calor específico del estaño, en calorías por gramo-grados Celsius.

[tex]c_{Cu}[/tex] - Calor específico del cobre, en calorías por gramo-grados Celsius.

[tex]T_{Sn}[/tex] - Temperatura inicial del estaño, en grados Celsius.

[tex]T_{Cu}[/tex] - Temperatura inicial del cobre, en grados Celsius.

Si sabemos que [tex]m_{Cu} = 150\,g[/tex], [tex]m_{Sn} = 35\,g[/tex], [tex]c_{Cu} = 0,093\,\frac{cal}{g\cdot ^{\circ}C}[/tex], [tex]c_{Sn} = 0,060\,\frac{cal}{g\cdot ^{\circ}C}[/tex], [tex]T_{Sn} = 560\,^{\circ}C[/tex] y [tex]T_{Cu} = 1100\,^{\circ}C[/tex], entonces la temperatura final del sistema es:

[tex]T = \frac{(35\,g)\cdot \left(0,060\,\frac{cal}{g\cdot ^{\circ}C} \right)\cdot (560\,^{\circ}C)+(150\,g)\cdot \left(0,093\,\frac{cal}{g\cdot ^{\circ}C} \right)\cdot (1100\,^{\circ}C)}{(35\,g)\cdot \left(0,060\,\frac{cal}{g\cdot ^{\circ}C} \right)+(150\,g)\cdot \left(0,093\,\frac{cal}{g\cdot ^{\circ}C} \right)}[/tex]

[tex]T = 1029,346\,^{\circ}C[/tex]

La temperatura final del sistema es 1029,346 °C.

Answer:

By how many times would you expect Al2(SO4)3 to depress the F.P of water compared to sucrose C12H22011 ?.

Explanation:

The freezing point of a pure solvent decreases further by adding a nonvolatile solute.

This is called depression in freezing point.

When an ionic solute is dissolved then the depression in the freezing point is proportional to the number of ions present in the solution.

In aluminum sulfate, there are five ions formed as shown below:

[tex]Al_2(SO_4)_3(aq)->2Al^3^+(aq)+3SO_4^2^-(aq)[/tex]

But sucrose is a covalent compound and it does not undergo dissociation.

Hence, aluminum sulfate decreases the freezing point of water by five times compared to sucrose.

Explanation:

Answer:

Density and rigidity

Answer:

Towards the big bully

Explanation:

If a big bully and a small child are involved in a thug of war, it is clear that the bully is stronger than the child and he/she will pull the rope used in the thug of war with a greater force.

By so doing, the ball attached at the centre of the rope will naturally be drawn towards the stronger bully.

Answer:

The full amount (5.00 g) will be dissolved in 1 L of water at 25°C.

Explanation:

The molecular weight (MW) of Vanillin (C₈H₈O₃) is calculated from the chemical formula as follows:

MW(C₈H₈O₃) = (12 g/mol x 8) + (1 g/mol x 8) + (16 g/mol x 3) = 152 g/mol

If 0.070 mol of C₈H₈O₃ are soluble per liter of water at 25°C, the maximum mass that can be dissolved in 1 L is:

0.070 mol x 152 g/mol = 10.64 g

Since 5.00 g is lesser than the maximum amount that can be dissolved (10.64 g), the added amount will be completely dissolved in 1 L of water at 25°C.

Answer:

In compound 1 the Tert butyl group occupies the equatorial position and the Bromine occupies the axial position and in compound 2 the Tert butyl occupies the axial and the bromine occupies equatorial positions. Compound 1 reacts faster than compound 2.

Explanation:

In cyclic organic compounds, substituents may occupy the axial or equatorial positions. The axial positions are aligned parallel to the symmetry axis of the ring while the equatorial positions are around the plane of the ring.

Bulky substituents have more room in the equatorial than in the axial position. This means that compound 1 is more stable than compound 2.

This is clear on the basis of stability of the molecules because compound 1 will react faster than compound 2 since the bulky tertiary butyl group in compound 1 occupy equatorial and not axial positions.

Answer:

.

Elements are arranged from left to right and top to bottom in the order of their increasing atomic numbers. Thus,

Elements in the same group will have the same valence electron configuration and hence, similar chemical properties.

Whereas, elements in the same period will have an increasing order of valence electrons. Therefore, as the energy level of the atom increases, the number of energy sub-levels per energy level increases.

The first 94 elements of the periodic table are naturally occurring, while the rest from 95 to 118 have only been synthesized in laboratories or nuclear reactors.

The modern periodic table, the one we use now, is a new and improved version of certain models put forth by scientists in the 19th and 20th century. Dimitri Mendeleev put forward his periodic table based on the findings of some scientists before him like John Newlands and Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier. However, Mendeleev is given sole credit for his development of the periodic table.

Answer:

Fill in the blanks with each titration term with its definition.

a. Solution of an unknown concentration that has another solution slowly added to it ________________

b. Process of slowly adding a solution to react with another solution and determine the concentration of one of the solutions based on the reaction between them ______________

c. A reagent added to the analyte solution that changes color when the reaction is complete ______________

d. Glassware that allows a solution to be precisely and slowly added to another solution _____________

e. Solution of known concentration that is slowly added to a solution of unknown concentration ________________

f. When the required amount of one solution has been added to the second solution to complete the reaction ____________

Explanation:

a. Solution of an unknown concentration that has another solution slowly added to it is called analyte.

b. Process of slowly adding a solution to react with another solution and determine the concentration of one of the solutions based on the reaction between them is called titration.

c. A reagent added to the analyte solution that changes color when the reaction is complete is called an indicator.

d. Glassware that allows a solution to be precisely and slowly added to another solution is called a pipette.

e. Solution of known concentration that is slowly added to a solution of unknown concentration is called titrant.

f. When the required amount of one solution has been added to the second solution to complete the reaction is called neutralization.

Answer:

0.64 m

Explanation:

Given that;

1L = 0.001 cubic metre

Then;

263 L = 263 L × 0.001 cubic metre/1L

= 0.263 cubic metre

Volume of a cube = l^3

l= 3√V

l= 3√0.263 cubic metre

l= 0.64 m

Explanation:

a) Since this is a double displacement reaction, we write the balanced equation as

[tex]2AgNO_3(aq) + CaCl_2(aq) \\ \rightarrow 2AgCl(s) + Ca(NO_3)_2(aq)[/tex]

b) Next we find the number of moles of AgNO3 in the solution.

[tex](0.005\:\text{L})(0.500\:M\:AgNO_3) \\ = 0.0025\:\text{mol}\:AgNO_3[/tex]

Next, use the molar ratio to find the necessary amount of CaCl2 to react with the AgNO3:

[tex]0.0025\:\text{mol}\:AgNO_3× \left(\dfrac{1\:\text{mol}\:CaCl_2}{2\:\text{mol}\:AgNO_3} \right)[/tex]

[tex]= 0.00125\:\text{mol}\:CaCl_2[/tex]

The volume of 0.500 M solution of CaCl2 necessary to react all of the given AgNO_3 is then

[tex]V = \dfrac{0.00125\:\text{mol}\:CaCl_2}{0.500\:\text{M}\:CaCl_2}[/tex]

[tex]= 0.0025\:\text{L} = 2.5\:\text{mL}\:CaCl_2[/tex]

c) The theoretical yield can then be calculated as

[tex]0.0025\:\text{mol}\:AgNO_3 × \left(\dfrac{2\:\text{mol}\:AgCl}{2\:\text{mol}\:AgNO_3} \right)[/tex]

[tex]= 0.0025\:\text{mol}\:AgCl[/tex]

Converting this amount of AgCl into grams, we get

[tex]0.0025\:\text{mol}\:AgCl × \left(\dfrac{143.32\:\text{g}\:AgCl}{1\:\text{mol}\:AgCl} \right)[/tex]

[tex]= 0.358\:\text{g}\:AgCl[/tex]

Answer:

The solution is 0.450 M. How many mL are needed?

- 0.667 mL

Explanation:

Answer:

hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, ammonia

Explanation:

Air is a mixture of gases. When we say "clean" air here, we are referring to air that does not contain pollutant gases.

Some components of air such as water vapour, methane, CO2, and N2O are greenhouse gases. They are known to contribute towards global warming.

Some gases such as SO2 and NO2 contribute towards acid rain. The oxides of nitrogen are particularly involved in the formation of photochemical smog.

The halogens are known to lead to the depletion of the ozone layer and radon is a radioactive gas.

Hence, hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, ammonia have no negative environmental impact hence they are found in clean air.

Answer:

The volume of the gas is fixed and will not change.

Explanation:

The volume of the gas will not change because there is no change in temperature. Temperature increases the volume of gases enclosed in a container.

Answer:

C. Products have higher potential energy, and the reaction is endothermic.

The forces in gases are weaker than forces in solids and liquids.

Because they have more kinetic energy that overcomes the force of attraction.

Answer is 9

pKb=−logK

b=−log10^-5=5

pOH=pKb+log[acid]*[salt]

Substitute values in the above expression.

pOH=5+log0.1*0.1=5

Hence, the pH of the solution is pH=14−pOH=14−5=9

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Answer: The molarity of each of the given solutions is:

(a) 1.38 M

(b) 0.94 M

(c) 1.182 M

Explanation:

Molarity is the number of moles of a substance present in liter of a solution.

And, moles is the mass of a substance divided by its molar mass.

(a) Moles of ethanol (molar mass = 46 g/mol) is as follows.

[tex]Moles = \frac{mass}{molar mass}\\= \frac{28.5 g}{46 g/mol}\\= 0.619 mol[/tex]

Now, molarity of ethanol solution is as follows.

[tex]Molarity = \frac{moles}{Volume (in L)}\\= \frac{0.619 mol}{4.50 \times 10^{2} \times 10^{-3}L}\\= 1.38 M[/tex]

(b) Moles of sucrose (molar mass = 342.3 g/mol) is as follows.

[tex]Moles = \frac{mass}{molar mass}\\= \frac{21.6 g}{342.3 g/mol}\\= 0.063 mol[/tex]

Now, molarity of sucrose solution is as follows.

[tex]Molarity = \frac{moles}{Volume (in L)}\\= \frac{0.063 mol}{0.067 L} (1 mL = 0.001 L)\\= 0.94 M[/tex]

(c) Moles of sodium chloride (molar mass = 58.44 g/mol) are as follows.

[tex]Moles = \frac{mass}{molar mass}\\= \frac{6.65 g}{58.44 g/mol}\\= 0.114 mol[/tex]

Now, molarity of sodium chloride solution is as follows.

[tex]Molarity = \frac{moles}{Volume (in L)}\\= \frac{0.114 mol}{0.0962 L}\\= 1.182 M[/tex]

Thus, we can conclude that the molarity of each of the given solutions is:

(a) 1.38 M

(b) 0.94 M

(c) 1.182 M

Answer:

A = 65.46 u

Explanation:

Given that,

The composition of zinc is as follows :

Zn-64 = 48.63%

Zn-66 = 27.90%

Zn-67 = 4.10%

Zn-68 = 18.75%

Zn-70 = .62%

We need to find the  average atomic mass of the given element. It can be solved as follows :

[tex]A=\dfrac{48.63\times 64+27.90\times 66+4.1\times 67+18.75\times 68+0.62\times 70}{100}\\A=65.46\ u[/tex]

So, the average atomic mass of zinc is 65.46 u.