The earth pressure at rest and plot the distribution and load point is 18.5KN/m³
Given that the retaining wall is built on rock with a height H of 6.0 m. The backfill soil is fine sand with unit weight y=18.5KN/m³ and the angle of repose q=30°.
Therefore, the earth pressure at rest is given by: [tex]K_a =1-sin(\vartheta)=1-sin30 =0.5\gamma = 18.5KN/m^{3} K_p =1+sin(\vartheta)=1+sin30 =1.5\gamma[/tex] = 18.5KN/m³
Active pressure, [tex]p_a=K_ap_u =0.5\times\gamma_w \timesH^{2} =0.5\times18.5\times6^{2}= 33.3 kPa[/tex]Passive pressure, [tex]p_p=K_pp_u =0.5\times \gamma_w\times H^{2} =1.5\times 18.5\times6^{2}= 100 kPa[/tex]The graph of the distribution and load point is shown below:
The earth pressure on the retaining wall consists of two components: the active earth pressure and the passive earth pressure. The active earth pressure is the pressure exerted on the retaining wall by the soil backfill when the wall is allowed to move away from the soil.
The passive earth pressure is the pressure exerted on the wall by the soil backfill when the wall is forced towards the soil.When the angle of repose is zero, the active earth pressure is zero, and the passive earth pressure is equal to the weight of the soil.
As the angle of repose increases, the active earth pressure increases while the passive earth pressure decreases. When the angle of repose is at its maximum, the active earth pressure is equal to the weight of the soil, and the passive earth pressure is zero.
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A retaining wall is a wall that is built to retain soil or other material behind it. The earth pressure at rest is calculated using the Rankine theory.
This angle is equal to the angle of internal friction of the soil, which is represented by the symbol φ.For the retaining wall built on rock, the height of the wall is 6.0m, the backfill soil is fine sand, y = 18.5 KN/m³, q = 30°, and K₁ = 0.5.
The active earth pressure coefficient ka is calculated using the formula [tex]x^{2} \sqrt{x} \sqrt[n]{x} \frac{x}{y}[/tex]ka = (1 - sinφ) / (1 + sinφ) = (1 - sin30°) / (1 + sin30°) = 0.2309The passive earth pressure coefficient kp is calculated using the formula kp = (1 + sinφ) / (1 - sinφ) = (1 + sin30°) / (1 - sin30°) = 3.7321The at-rest earth pressure coefficient ko is calculated using the formula:
ko = ka² = 0.0533The at-rest earth pressure is calculated using the formula:
Pa = ko * γ * H² = 0.0533 * 18.5 * 6.0² = 37.596 KPa.
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11. The joints expressed by dip and direction. True False 12. Hexagonal or columnar jointing is due to compression stress. True False 13. Differential stress means a change in shape, but not in size. True False 14. Closed fold has a constant thickness of beds. True False 15. Oceanic crust destroyed at convergent boundary. True False
11. The statement 'The joints expressed by dip and direction' is true.
12. The statement 'Hexagonal or columnar jointing is due to compression stress' is false.
13. The statement 'Differential stress means a change in shape, but not in size' is false.
14. The statement 'Closed fold has a constant thickness of beds' is true.
15. The statement 'Oceanic crust destroyed at convergent boundary' is true.
11. The joints expressed by dip and direction - True
The joints expressed by dip and direction are said to be having two intersecting planes which measure the angle of slope and direction of each plane. Thus, it can be expressed that the above-given statement is True.
12. Hexagonal or columnar jointing is due to compression stress - False
Hexagonal or columnar jointing is due to cooling of the lava which forms prismatic columns. This is the outcome of the contraction that happens when the lava cools down. Therefore, it can be expressed that the given statement is False.
13. Differential stress means a change in shape, but not in size - False
Differential stress is defined as the stress which results in the difference of pressure in different directions. It leads to changes in the size and shape of a particular object under stress. Hence, the given statement is False.
14. Closed fold has a constant thickness of beds - True
A closed fold refers to the fold that has a U-shape and has a constant thickness of beds. Hence, it can be expressed that the given statement is True.
15. Oceanic crust destroyed at convergent boundary - True
Oceanic crust is denser than the continental crust and hence when two plates carrying oceanic and continental crusts collide, the oceanic plate is forced to subduct under the continental plate. Therefore, it can be expressed that the given statement is True.
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11. True
The joints expressed by dip and direction is a true statement. Joints are formed due to the internal forces of a rock. These forces include tectonic pressure, cooling and contraction, and stress caused by erosion. Dip refers to the angle of the fracture in relation to the horizontal plane,
while the direction indicates the direction of the fracture.
12. True
The statement "Hexagonal or columnar jointing is due to compression stress" is false. This is because hexagonal or columnar jointing is due to the contraction of lava flows or cooling and contraction of igneous rocks. This is why they are often found in igneous rocks such as basalt.
13. False
The statement "Differential stress means a change in shape, but not in size" is false. Differential stress refers to the unequal distribution of stress in a material. It results in a change in the shape and size of the material.
14. False
The statement "Closed fold has a constant thickness of beds" is false. A closed fold has a varying thickness of beds. This is because the layers of rocks are bent into a U shape, with the outermost layers curving upwards and the innermost layers curving downwards.
15. True
The statement "Oceanic crust destroyed at convergent boundary" is true. Oceanic crust is denser and thinner compared to continental crust. When it collides with continental crust at a convergent boundary, it is forced downwards into the mantle where it is destroyed. This process is known as subduction.
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