Answer:
a. Out-of-pocket costs
c. opportunity costs
Explanation:
Out of pocket costs are those that have to be incurred by the student for having to take the additional classes if there are any. This needs to be considered as they are a cost that the student will need to pay for to take the classes and therefore might need budgeting.
Opportunity costs are the returns offered by the next best alternative to the current decision being taken. In other words, the student needs to consider what will happen if they pick additional class over work and vice versa.
Answer:
pocket and opportunity
Explanation:
Futures contracts differ from forward contracts in that a. futures contracts are between the individual hedger and speculator. b. futures contracts are personalized, unique contracts; forwards are standardized. c. futures contracts are marked to market daily with changes in value added to or subtracted from the accounts of the buyer and the seller. d. forward contracts always require a margin deposit.
Answer:
c. futures contracts are marked to market daily with changes in value added to or subtracted from the accounts of the buyer and the seller.
Explanation:
The future cost should be different from the forward contract in the case when the future contract are considered to be marked on the daily market along the value change that are added or deducted from the buyer and seller accounts
So as per the given situation, the option c is correct
If farmer sam macdoanld can produce 200 pounds of cabbages and 0 pounds of patotes or 0 pound of cabbes and 100 pounds of potatoes and faces a linear produciton possiblies curve for his farm, the opportunity cost of production an additional pound of cabbage is:_____.
a. 1/2.
b. 2.
c. 100.
d. 200.
For 2020, Ms. Deming earned wages totaling $225,000.
Required:
1. Calculate any 0.9 percent additional Medicare tax owed, assuming that Ms. Deming is single.
2. Calculate any 0.9 percent additional Medicare tax owed, assuming that Ms. Deming files a joint return with her husband who earned $100,000 of wages for 2019.
Answer:
Additional Medicare is charged on the wages that are higher than $200,000.
1. Medicare owed assuming Ms. Deming is single:
= (225,000 - 200,000) * 0.9%
= 25,000 * 0.9%
= $225
2. Medicare owed assuming Ms. Deming files a joint return with her husband.
When filed together, their wages would be considered jointly.
= ( (100,000 + 225,000) - 200,000) * 0.9%
= 125,000 * 0.9%
= $1,125
You wish to retire in 20 years, at which time you want to have accumulated enough money to receive an annual annuity of $30,000 for 25 years after retirement. During the period before retirement you can earn 11 percent annually, while after retirement you can earn 13 percent on your money. What annual contributions to the retirement fund will allow you to receive the $30,000 annuity
Answer:
$3,425.08
Explanation:
The computation of the annual contributions to the retirement fund is shown below:
The Present value of the annuity is
= $30,000 × [1 - (1 ÷ (1 + 13%)^25)] ÷ 13%
= $219,899.55
Now
Future value of annuity = P×[(1+r)^n-1]÷r
$219,899.55 = P×[(1+11%)^20-1]÷11%
Hence, Annual contribution required, P = $3,425.08
The following information relating to a company's overhead costs is available. Actual total variable overhead $ 73,000 Actual total fixed overhead $ 17,000 Budgeted variable overhead rate per machine hour $ 2.50 Budgeted total fixed overhead $ 15,000 Budgeted machine hours allowed for actual output 30,000 Based on this information, the total variable overhead variance is:
Answer: $2,000 favorable
Explanation:
Total variable overhead variance = Budgeted variable overhead - Actual total variable overhead
Budgeted variable overhead = Budgeted machine hours allowed for actual output * Budgeted variable overhead rate per machine hour
= 30,000 * 2.50
= $75,000
Total variable overhead variance = 75,000 - 73,000
= $2,000 favorable
Favorable because the actual amount was less than the budgeted one.
* Distinguish between Accounts Receivable and
Account Payable.
Explanation:
Accounts receivable is money owed to a company by its debtors.
Account payable amounts due to vendors or suppliers for goods or services received that have not been yet paid for.
Answer:
Accounts receivable are the amounts owed to a company by its customers. it is an asset to the company
accounts payable are the amounts that a company owes to its suppliers.it is a liability to the company
Explanation:
During its first year of operations, the McCormick Company incurred the following manufacturing costs: Direct materials, $6 per unit, Direct labor, $4 per unit, Variable overhead, $5 per unit, and Fixed overhead, $240,000. The company produced 30,000 units, and sold 20,000 units, leaving 10,000 units in inventory at year-end. Income calculated under variable costing is determined to be $370,000. How much income is reported under absorption costing?
a. $370,000
b. $290,000
c. $610,000
d. $450,000
Answer: d. $450,000
Explanation:
In absorption costing, the fixed costs are absorbed by the products so that the cost of goods sold is inclusive of fixed costs.
First find the fixed overhead for the ending inventory:
= Fixed overhead per unit * Number of units in ending inventory
= 240,000 / 30,000 * 10,000
= $80,000
This is the fixed overhead that is deferred to the next year.
Income under absorption costing = Income under variable costing + Fixed overhead deferred:
= 370,000 + 80,000
= $450,000
. If Canace Company, with a break-even point at $313,500 of sales, has actual sales of $570,000, what is the margin of safety expressed (1) in dollars and (2) as a percentage of sales? Round the percentage to the nearest whole number. 1. $fill in the blank 1 2. fill in the blank 2 % b. If the margin of safety for Canace Company was 25%, fixed costs were $1,419,375, and variable costs were 75% of sales, what was the amount of actual sales (dollars)? (Hint: Determine the break-even in sales dollars first.) $fill in the blank 3
Answer:
Canace Company
a-1) Margin of safety is:
= $256,500.
a-2) Margin of safety is:
= 55%.
b) The amount of actual sales is:
= $5,677,500.
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Break-even point sales = $313,500
Actual sales = $570,000
Margin of safety = $256,500 ($570,000 - $313,500)
Margin of safety as a percentage of sales = 55% ($313,500/$570,000 * 100)
2) Margin of safety = 25%
Fixed costs = $1,419,375
Break-even point in sales dollars = $1,419,375
Variable costs = 75% of sales
Contribution margin at break-even point = 25% (100% - 75%) = $1,419,375
Actual sales in dollars = $5,677,500 ($1,419,375/25%)
Fixed expenses are $17,000 per month. The company is currently selling 800 units per month. The marketing manager would like to introduce sales commissions as an incentive for the sales staff. The marketing manager has proposed a commission of $5 per unit. In exchange, the sales staff would accept a decrease in their salaries of $6,000 per month. (This is the company's savings for the entire sales staff.) The marketing manager predicts that introducing this sales incentive would increase monthly sales by 200 units. What should be the overall effect on the company's monthly net operating income of this change?
Answer:
There is a cost-saving of $1,000 per month as a result of the change. This cost-saving increases the monthly net operating income by $1,000.
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Fixed monthly expenses = $17,000
Current sales units per month = 800
Proposed sales commission per unit = $5
Decrease in salaries per month = $6,000
Increase in sales units per month = 200
Change
Before After Difference
Fixed monthly expenses $17,000 $11,000 $6,000
Variable cost per month 0 5,000 -5,000
Total cost per month $17,000 $16,000 $1,000
Sales units per month 800 1,000 200 units
b) The effect on the company's monthly net operating income is a reduction in the total cost per month by $1,000. There is also an increase in the units sold per month by 200 units. If the selling price is determined, the net operating income will also increase by the product of the contribution margin per unit and 200.
Alieia Boat Company manufactures 10 luxury yachts per month. A navigation system is included in each yacht. Alieia Boat manufactures the navigation system in-house but is considering the possibility of outsourcing this function. At present, the variable cost per unit is $300, and the fixed costs are $38,000 per month. If it outsources the security system, fixed costs could be reduced by half, and the vacant facilities could be rented out to earn $3000 per month of rental income. What is the maximum contract cost that Alieia should pay for outsourcing?
a) any cost lower than $2500 per unit
b) any cost lower than $2200 per unit
c) any cost lower than $300 per unit
d) any cost lower than $3800 per unit
Answer:
a) any cost lower than $2500 per unit
Explanation:
total avoidable costs = ($300 * 10) + ($38,000 / 2) + $3,000 = $25,000
total number of navigation systems prodcued per month = 10
avoidable cost per navigation system = $25,000 / 10 = $2,500
this means that th e comapny could pay up to $2,500 per navigtion system provided by an extrenal supplier
Casey transfers property with a tax basis of $3,800 and a fair market value of $6,800 to a corporation in exchange for stock with a fair market value of $5,250 and $720 in cash in a transaction that qualifies for deferral under section 351. The corporation assumed a liability of $830 on the property transferred. Casey also incurred selling expenses of $461. What is the amount realized by Casey in the exchange
Answer:
$5789
Explanation:
Calculation to determine the amount realized by Casey in the exchange
Fair market value of stock $5250
Add Cash in transaction $ 720
Add Liability which is going to the buyer $ 830
Less Selling expenses ($461)
Amount realized $5789
($5250+$720+$830-$461)
Therefore the amount realized by Casey in the exchange is $5789
The following items may appear on a bank statement: 1. NSF check 2. EFT Deposit 3. Service charge 4. Bank correction of an error from recording a $300 deposit as $30. Indicate whether the item would appear as debit or credit memo on the bank statement and whether the item would increase or
Answer:
1. NSF check
- Appears on the Bank Statement as: Debit Memo
- Decreases the Balance of the Company's Bank Account
2. EFT Deposit
- Appears on the Bank Statement as: Crediit Memo
- Increases the Balance of the Company's Bank Account
3. Service charge
- Appears on the Bank Statement as: Debit Memo
- Decreases the Balance of the Company's Bank Account
4. Bank correction of an error from recording a $300 deposit as $30
- Appears on the Bank Statement as: Debit Memo
- Increases the Balance of the Company's Bank Account
Ticketsales, Inc., receives $7,720,000 cash in advance ticket sales for a four-date tour of Bon Jovi. Record the advance ticket sales on October 31. Record the revenue earned for the first concert date of November 5, assuming it represents one-fourth of the advance ticket sales. Ticketsales, Inc. initially records prepaid and unearned items in balance sheet accounts.
View transaction list Journal entry worksheet Record the concert revenues earned. Note: Enter debits before credits. Debit Credit General Journal Date Nov 05
Answer:
When revenue has been received but the service has not been rendered, the revenue will not be recognized and will instead be treated as a liability called unearned revenue.
Date Account Title Debit Credit
Oct. 31 Cash $7,720,000
Unearned Ticket revenue $7,720,000
Date Account Title Debit Credit
Nov. 5 Unearned Ticket Revenue $1,930,000
Ticket Revenue $1,930,000
Working
Ticket revenue = 1/4 * 7,720,000
= $1,930,000
Duane Miller wants to know what price home he can afford. His annual gross income is $67,200. He has no other debt expenses and expects property taxes and insurance to cost $320 per month. He knows he can get a 8.50%, 15 year mortgage so his mortgage payment factor is 9.85. He expects to make a 25% down payment. What is Duane's affordable home purchase price?
a. $107,929.
b. $158,793.
c. $138,207.
d. $209,139.
e. $179,665.
The following cost behavior patterns describe anticipated manufacturing costs for 2013: raw material, $8.10/unit; direct labor, $11.10/unit; and manufacturing overhead, $373,100 $9.10/unit. Required: If anticipated production for 2013 is 41,000 units, calculate the unit cost using variable costing and absorption costing. (Round your answers to 2 decimal places.)
Answer:
Variable costing $28.3
Absorption costing $37.4
Explanation:
Calculation to determine the unit cost using variable costing and absorption costing.
VARIABLE COSTING
Material $8.10/unit
Direct labor $11.10/unit;
Variable manufacturing overhead per unit $9.10/unit
Units cost $28.3
ABSORPTION COSTING
Material $8.10/unit
Direct labor $11.10/unit;
Variable manufacturing overhead per unit $9.10/unit.
Fixed manufacturing overhead per unit $9.10/unit.
($373,100 ÷ 41,000 units)
Units cost $37.4
Therefore the unit cost using variable costing and absorption costing are:
Variable costing $28.3
Absorption costing $37.4
MC Qu. 90 Marks Corporation has two operating... Marks Corporation has two operating departments, Drilling and Grinding, and an office. The three categories of office expenses are allocated to the two departments using different allocation bases. The following information is available for the current period: Office ExpensesTotal Allocation Basis Salaries$44,000 Number of employees Depreciation 21,000 Cost of goods sold Advertising 44,000 Net sales ItemDrilling Grinding Total Number of employees 900 2,100 3,000 Net sales$350,000 $525,000 $875,000 Cost of goods sold$91,200 $148,800 $240,000 The amount of salaries that should be allocated to Grinding for the current period is:
Answer:
$30,800
Explanation:
Amount of salaries to allocated to Grinding = Total salary cost * Number of employees in grinding/Total Number of employees
Amount of salaries to allocated to Grinding = $44,000 * 2,100/3,000
Amount of salaries to allocated to Grinding = $44,000 * 0.7
Amount of salaries to allocated to Grinding = $30,800
So, the amount of salaries that should be allocated to Grinding for the current period is $30,800
An important sustainability issue that has received much more scrutiny in recent years is the: focus on adequate inventory levels. reduction in packaging waste by using alternate materials. effort to move warehouse storage closer to consumers. emphasis on materials handling and warehouse design. none of the above
Answer:
reduction in packaging waste by using alternate materials.
Explanation:
An important sustainability issue that has received much more scrutiny in recent years is the reduction in packaging waste through the use of alternative materials. You can see this happening through new laws that prohibit the use of plastic bags in supermarkets and plastic drinking straws, for example.
There are several companies that seek the use of biodegradable packaging, even if these are not provided for by law. Companies seek to adopt sustainable actions in their processes to demonstrate to their stakeholders that they follow ideal standards of environmental preservation and social awareness. This is a positive type of marketing for companies, as the population is more aware and wants to consume more from environmentally responsible companies.These companies then become more valued by their consumers and consequently more competitive and well positioned in the market
In its closing financial statements for its first year in business, the Runs and Goses Company, had cash of $242, accounts receivable of $850, inventory of $820, net fixed assets of $3,408, accounts payable of $700, short-term notes payable of $740, long-term liabilities of $1,100, common stock of $1,160, retained earnings of $1,620, net sales of $2,768, cost of goods sold of $1,210, depreciation of $360, interest expense of $160, taxes of $312, addition to retained earnings of $508, and dividends paid of $218.
Calculate:
a. Return on equity = __________
b. Return on total assets = __________
c. Gross profit margin = __________
d. Net profit margin = __________
Answer:
return on equality
return on way
return on potos
i will want to know about questio n
i can help you in this field ok bro
helnid is my code way ti go
Return on Equity can be calculated as Return on Equity = Net Income / share holders equity. Return on Equity = 726 /2780. Thus, Return on Equity = 26.11%
What is Return on Equity?The ratio of a company's net income to the equity of its shareholders is known as return on equity (ROE). A company's profitability and the effectiveness of its revenue generation are measured by its return on equity (ROE). A corporation is better at turning its equity financing into profits the higher the ROE.
Although average ratios and those deemed "good" and "poor" might differ significantly from industry to industry, a return on equity ratio of 15% to 20% is typically regarded as good. The ratio would be regarded as low at 5%.
b)Return on Asset Ratio
Return on Asset Ratio = Net Income / Total Assets
Return on Asset Ratio = 726/ 5,320
Return on Asset Ratio = 13.65%
c)Gross Profit Margin
Gross Profit Margin = Gross Profit / Net Sales
Profit Margin = 1,558/ 2,768
Profit Margin =56.29%
d)Net Profit Margin
Net Profit Margin = Net Income / Net Sales
Profit Margin = 726/ 2,768
Net Profit Margin =26.23%
Learn more about Return on Equity, here
https://brainly.com/question/27821130
#SPJ5
As operations manager, you are concerned about being able to meet sales requirements in the coming months. You have just been given the following production report: JAN FEB MAR APR Units produced 2,250 1,750 2,750 2,950 Hours per machine 318 194 393 315 Number of machines 5 7 6 5 Find the average of the monthly productivity figures (units per machine hour).
Answer: 2.81 per hour
Explanation:
Average monthly productivity = (January productivity + February productivity + March productivity + April productivity) / 4
January productivity:
= Units produced / ( Hours per machine * Number of machines )
= 2,250 / ( 318 * 2 )
= 3.537
February productivity:
= 1,750/ ( 194 * 4 )
= 2.255
March productivity:
= 2,750 / ( 393 * 3 )
= 2.332
April productivity:
= 2,950/ ( 315 * 3)
= 3.121
Average monthly productivity = (3.537 + 2.255 + 2.332 + 3.121)/ 4
= 2.81 per hour
Sheffield Corp. has old inventory on hand that cost $21000. Its scrap value is $30000. The inventory could be sold for $70000 if manufactured further at an additional cost of $21000. What should Sheffield do?
Answer:
Sell the inventory for $30000 scrap value
Explanation:
In the first place, if the old inventory is disposed of at $30,000 and cash inflow of $30,000 would be received
However, if manufactured by further by incurring an additional cost of $21,000,the incremental income is computed thus:
incremental income=sales value-scrap value-additional cost
Remember scrap value is a lost benefit if the inventory is processed further and not sold in its current state.
incremental income=$70,000-$30,000-$21000
incremental income=$19,000(less than cash flow when disposed of at scrap value, hence, the inventory should be sold at $30,000)
Third National Bank has reserves of $20,000 and checkable deposits of $100,000. The reserve ratio is 20 percent. Households deposit $5,000 in currency into the bank, and the bank adds that currency to its reserves. What amount of excess reserves does the bank now have
Answer:
$4000
Explanation:
Fractional banking is a banking system where a portion of customer's deposits is kept as reserves while remaining portion is lent out. The amount kept as reserves is determined by the required reserve ratio set by the Central bank.
Reserve ratio is the percentage of deposits that is required of commercial banks to keep as reserves
Total deposits = $100,000 + $5,000 = $105,000
Required reserves = 0.2 x 105000 = 21,000
total reserves = $20,000 + 5000 = 25,000
excess reserves = 25,000 - 21,000 = 4000
An electronics store introduces three new types of music players to its customers. Each of the new music players are priced at $99, $79, and $59. Which psychological pricing approach is the store using to price the music players
Answer: The case of the number nine
Explanation:
Studies have shown that the human brain prefers to buy things whose prices end with the number 9 as opposed to zero such as 10 or 100.
The brain apparently interprets the number 9 at the end of a price to mean that the person is saving money and getting better value by buying the product. In making all three prices end in nine, the electronics store is using this psychological pricing strategy.
A monopolist finds that a person’s demand for its product depends on the person’s age. The inverse demand function of someone of age y can be written p = A(y) − q, where A(y) is an increasing function of y. The product cannot be resold from one buyer to another and the monopolist knows the ages of its consumers. If the monopolist maximizes its profits:____.
Explanation:
A manufacturer of computer memory chips produces chips in lots of 1000. If nothing has gone wrong in the manufacturing process, at most 7 chips each lot would be defective, but if something does go wrong, there could be far more defective chips. If something goes wrong with a given lot, they discard the entire lot. It would be prohibitively expensive to test every chip in every lot, so they want to make the decision of whether or not to discard a given lot on the basis of the number of defective chips in a simple random sample. They decide they can afford to test 100 chips from each lot. You are hired as their statistician.
There is a tradeoff between the cost of eroneously discarding a good lot, and the cost of warranty claims if a bad lot is sold. The next few problems refer to this scenario.
Problem 8. (Continues previous problem.) A type I error occurs if (Q12)
Problem 9. (Continues previous problem.) A type II error occurs if (Q13)
Problem 10. (Continues previous problem.) Under the null hypothesis, the number of defective chips in a simple random sample of size 100 has a (Q14) distribution, with parameters (Q15)
Problem 11. (Continues previous problem.) To have a chance of at most 2% of discarding a lot given that the lot is good, the test should reject if the number of defectives in the sample of size 100 is greater than or equal to (Q16)
Problem 12. (Continues previous problem.) In that case, the chance of rejecting the lot if it really has 50 defective chips is (Q17)
Problem 13. (Continues previous problem.) In the long run, the fraction of lots with 7 defectives that will get discarded erroneously by this test is (Q18)
Problem 14. (Continues previous problem.) The smallest number of defectives in the lot for which this test has at least a 98% chance of correctly detecting that the lot was bad is (Q19)
(Continues previous problem.) Suppose that whether or not a lot is good is random, that the long-run fraction of lots that are good is 95%, and that whether each lot is good is independent of whether any other lot or lots are good. Assume that the sample drawn from a lot is independent of whether the lot is good or bad. To simplify the problem even more, assume that good lots contain exactly 7 defective chips, and that bad lots contain exactly 50 defective chips.
Problem 15. (Continues previous problem.) The number of lots the manufacturer has to produce to get one good lot that is not rejected by the test has a (Q20) distribution, with parameters (Q21)
Problem 16. (Continues previous problem.) The expected number of lots the manufacturer must make to get one good lot that is not rejected by the test is (Q22)
Problem 17. (Continues previous problem.) With this test and this mix of good and bad lots, among the lots that pass the test, the long-run fraction of lots that are actually bad is (Q23)
It should not usually be clear whether we are describing independent or mutually exclusive projects in the following chapters because when we only describe one project then it can be assumed to be independent.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
false
Explanation:
A mutually exclusive project is a project that if one occurs then the other project cannot occur also at the same time. Mutually exclusive projects are independent projects also
MC Qu. 87 Riemer, Inc. has four... Riemer, Inc. has four departments. Information about these departments is listed below. Maintenance is a service department. If allocated maintenance cost is based on floor space occupied by each of the other departments, compute the amount of maintenance cost allocated to the Cutting Department. (Do not round your intermediate computations.) Maintenance Cutting Assembly Packaging Direct costs$18,000 $24,000 $64,000 $39,000 Sq. ft. of space 750 1,250 2,250 2,500 No. of employees 7 3 7 7
Panther Co. had a quality-assurance warranty liability of $350,000 at the beginning of 2021 and $310,000 at the end of 2021. Warranty expense is based on 4% of sales, which were $50 million for the year. What amount of warranty costs were paid during 2021?
a. $0.
b. $1,960,000.
c. $2,000,000.
d. $2,040,000.
Answer:B
Explanation: :)
You report to Sofia Cardenas-Bratton, the Marketing Manager for Klamath, but she confesses that her experience with social media consists of an online course that she took on how businesses effectively use social media, so she is relying on you to help shape Klamath's social media strategy. You suggest that you'd like to start with regularly publishing a blog to reinforce Klamath's value to its customers. You point out it's important to publish posts on a regular basis in order to keep visitors engaged, and one study found that publishing blogs at least 11 times per month generated the most traffic on company websites. You and Sofia brainstorm about topics for the first week's blogs and come up with a list of three topics that you both feel will be of value to Klamath's customers: improving your credit score, the advantages of community banks vs. large banks, and buying a house. In which order are you going to tackle these blogs
The order in which I would tackle these blogs are: buying a house, improving your credit score, and the advantages of community banks.
Since the blogs are meant to benefit the customers of Klamath the most, the first issue to tackle is on the purchase of a house, which is always rated high by customers.
The purchase of a house will also help to improve the credit scores of customers because customers who own their houses attract higher credit scores than those without houses of their own.
Then, the issue of credit scores will be tackled in the next blog, followed by the advantages of community banks vs. large banks.
Thus, tackling this blog dealing on an issue that is very dear to customers will be the first before other issues are tackled.
Learn more about a blogger in social media here: https://brainly.com/question/14757365
Dan's cat Empurrium is planning for the new opening in either Seattle, Everett or Bellevue! Using historical data from the first location, management has determined that over a 9 hour workday, on average we get a steady stream of customers throughout the day totaling 1,033 per day. Our new training program ensures that our staff can serve a customer within 2.7 minutes on average.
a. Your hiring department wants to know what the lowest number of staff we should hire.
b. How your queue should be set up in the new store and why? This should include the style of line and the number of servers. Justify your decisions using costs and queueing metrics?
Answer:
add all together 19 x1000
You have a portfolio that is 29 percent invested in Stock R, 12 percent invested in Stock S, with the remainder in Stock T. The expected return on these stocks is 9.8 percent, 11.2 percent, and 13.5 percent, respectively. What is the expected return on the portfolio
Answer: 12.15%
Explanation:
The expected return is a weighted average of the returns of the individual stocks and the percentage of the portfolio invested in them.
= (Weight of R * Return of R) + (Weight of S + Return of S) + (Weight of T + Return of T)
= (29% * 9.8%) + (12% * 11.2%) + ( (1 - 29% - 12%) * 13.5%)
= 12.15%
The total manufacturing cost variance is a.the difference between total actual costs and total standard costs for the units produced b.the difference between planned costs and standard costs for the units produced c.the flexible budget variance plus the time variance d.none of the above
Answer:
a.the difference between total actual costs and total standard costs for the units produced
Explanation:
The total manufacturing cost variance shows the difference between the total actual cost i.e. incurred and the standard cost incurred for the units that are produced or generated
In mathematically, it should be
Total manufacturing cost variance = standard cost - actual cost
hence, the first option is correct
