The avoidable interest on this project is $1,118,200. to calculate the avoidable interest, we need to determine the weighted-average accumulated expenditures during the construction period. We then multiply this amount by the interest rate of each debt obligation and the time period for which the interest is applicable.
For the construction loan, the interest rate is 14%, and it is payable semiannually. The interest expense for the construction loan is $168,000.
For the short-term loan, the interest rate is 12%, and it is payable monthly. The interest expense for the short-term loan is $176,000.
For the long-term loan, the interest rate is 13%, and it is payable annually. However, since the project is completed within the same year, no interest expense is incurred for the long-term loan.
Adding up the interest expenses for the construction loan and the short-term loan gives us the avoidable interest of $1,118,200.
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Goofy Ltd was incorporated on 1 July 2016 and issued a prospectus inviting applications for 500,000 ordinary shares at an issue price of $10. The shares are payable are follows:
• $5 payable on application
• $3 payable on allotment
• $2 payable on call to be made 30th September 2016
The transactions for the period were as follows:
31August2016: Applications were received for 580,000shares. 3 September 2016: Applications for 80,000 were rejected by the directors and the application money was returned to the shareholders concerned.
4 September 2016: The Company allotted 500,000 shares to the remaining applicants.
25 September 2016: All the allotment money was received.
30 September 2016: The call was made on the shares, payable by 31 October 2016.
31October2016:Call money was received from the shareholders of only 460,000shares.
31 December 2016: The remaining 40,000 shares were forfeited. The forfeited shares were offered to an investment company at a price of $8.50 per share paid to$10 and the transfer was completed on 31 March 2017.The costs of reissue amounted to $1,800. The company's constitution states that any forfeited shares must be refunded to the shareholders.
30 April 2017: These shareholders received a refund for the amount owed to them.
Required: Prepare the general journal entries in the books of Goofy Ltd to record the above transactions.
Here are the general journal entries to record the transactions in the books of Goofy Ltd:
July 1, 2016 (Incorporation and Issue of Shares):
Dr. Bank/Cash $5,000,000
Cr. Share Capital - Ordinary Shares (500,000 * $10) $5,000,000
August 31, 2016 (Receipt of Applications):
Dr. Bank/Cash $2,900,000
Cr. Share Application $2,900,000
September 3, 2016 (Rejection of Applications):
Dr. Share Application $400,000
Cr. Bank/Cash $400,000
September 4, 2016 (Allotment of Shares):
Dr. Share Application $2,500,000
Cr. Share Capital - Ordinary Shares (500,000 * $5)$2,500,000
September 25, 2016 (Receipt of Allotment Money):
Dr. Bank/Cash $1,500,000
Cr. Share Allotment $1,500,000
September 30, 2016 (Call on Shares):
Dr. Share Call $1,000,000
Cr. Share Capital - Ordinary Shares $1,000,000
October 31, 2016 (Receipt of Call Money):
Dr. Share Call $460,000
Cr. Bank/Cash $460,000
December 31, 2016 (Forfeiture of Shares):
Dr. Share Capital - Ordinary Shares $40,000
Dr. Share Premium $30,000
Dr. Forfeited Shares $1,800
Cr. Share Call $71,800
December 31, 2016 (Transfer of Forfeited Shares):
Dr. Forfeited Shares $40,000
Dr. Share Premium $30,000
Cr. Investment in Forfeited Shares $68,000
Cr. Share Capital - Ordinary Shares (40,000 * $2) $80,000
Cr. Transfer Costs $1,800
March 31, 2017 (Completion of Transfer):
Dr. Bank/Cash $340,000
Cr. Investment in Forfeited Shares $340,000
April 30, 2017 (Refund to Shareholders):
Dr. Bank/Cash $80,000
Cr. Investment in Forfeited Shares $80,000
Note: This is a general representation of the journal entries and does not include any necessary tax or regulatory considerations. It is advised to consult with a professional accountant for specific accounting needs.
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Suppose that a bank suddenly experiences default on a $10M loan, so that it will never be repaid. How does this affect: a. the bank balance sheet? b. the bank liquidity risk? c. The bank's capital adequacy?
When a bank suddenly experiences default on a $10M loan, so that it will never be repaid, it affects the bank balance sheet, bank liquidity risk, and bank's capital adequacy as follows:
a. The bank balance sheet: The bank balance sheet is affected by the default of a $10M loan, reducing the bank's assets by $10M while keeping liabilities constant, which decreases the bank's net worth (capital).
b. The bank liquidity risk: When a bank experiences default on a $10M loan, the liquidity risk increases because the bank's cash flows decrease, making it difficult for the bank to meet its obligations, which could lead to the bank defaulting on its own liabilities.
c. The bank's capital adequacy: When a bank experiences a loss due to a defaulted loan, it may need to raise additional capital to maintain its capital adequacy ratio, which is a regulatory requirement. A lower capital adequacy ratio may result in higher costs for the bank as well as difficulties in obtaining financing from depositors and investors, which would be detrimental to the bank's overall business. The above are the ways through which the default on a $10M loan affects the bank balance sheet, bank liquidity risk, and the bank's capital adequacy.
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Which of the following would be NOT be an example of real
property?
coal that is contained in the subsurface of land
a brick and mortar structure
coal that is stored in an above-ground storage contain
Among the given options, the coal that is stored in an above-ground storage container would NOT be an example of real property. Real property typically refers to land and anything permanently attached or affixed to it.
The other options, coal contained in the subsurface of land and a brick and mortar structure, both involve physical components that are considered part of real property. Real property refers to land and anything attached to it, including structures and natural resources that are part of the land. Coal that is contained in the subsurface of land qualifies as real property because it is a natural resource that is inherently connected to the land. Similarly, a brick and mortar structure, such as a building, is considered real property as it is permanently attached to the land. However, coal that is stored in an above-ground storage container does not have the same level of attachment to the land. It is movable and not considered an inherent part of the land, thus making it not an example of real property.
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Using two country examples from the textbook (Katz), explain how
contracts are executed after an agreement has been signed in an
international business negotiation.
In international business negotiations, contracts are executed after an agreement has been signed.
Let's take two country examples from the textbook (Katz) to explain how contracts are executed in international business negotiations:
Example 1: United States of AmericaIn the United States of America, contracts are usually enforceable by law. The legal framework in the United States makes it easier to enforce a contract. After the agreement has been signed, both parties are required to abide by the terms and conditions laid out in the contract. If either party breaches the contract, the other party can sue them in court to enforce the contract. The court system in the United States is very efficient, and it usually takes less than a year to resolve a contract dispute.
Example 2: ChinaIn China, contracts are not always enforceable by law. The legal framework in China is different from that of the United States, and contracts are not always enforced in the same way. After an agreement has been signed, both parties are required to abide by the terms and conditions laid out in the contract. However, if either party breaches the contract, it can be difficult to enforce the contract in a court of law. The court system in China is not as efficient as that of the United States, and it can take several years to resolve a contract dispute. As a result, it is important to have a good relationship with the other party in a business negotiation in China.
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Any transfer made within two years of filing a petition in
bankruptcy that is intended to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors
is :
void as a fraudulent transfer.
an exempt transfer
allowable because t
Any transfer made within two years of filing a petition in bankruptcy that is intended to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors is void as a fraudulent transfer.
What is a fraudulent transfer? A fraudulent transfer is a transfer of an interest in the property or a transfer of an obligation made by a debtor with the intent of hindering, delaying, or defrauding its creditors. A transfer can be made without fair consideration or without any consideration at all.
What is the fraudulent transfer act? The Fraudulent Transfer Act was created to assist creditors in the pursuit of their legal claims. It assists them in avoiding or invalidating fraudulent transfers and other transactions made by debtors with the intent to avoid paying creditors.
What is the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (UFTA)? The Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (UFTA) is a model law that has been enacted in most states. The UFTA's objective is to provide creditors with a means of avoiding fraudulent transfers by giving them a mechanism for unwinding such transfers.
So, any transfer made within two years of filing a petition in bankruptcy that is intended to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors is void as a fraudulent transfer.
The question should be:
Any transfer made within two years of filing a petition in bankruptcy that is intended to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors is:
void as a fraudulent transfer an exempt transfer.The answer is void as a fraudulent transfer.
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Suppose S0$/£ = $1.25/£ and the 1-year
forward rate is F1$/£ = $1.20/£. The real
interest rate on a risk-free government security is 2 percent in
both England and the United States. The U.S. infla
To calculate the expected inflation rate in the United States, we can use the Fisher effect formula, which states that the nominal interest rate is equal to the sum of the real interest rate and the expected inflation rate.
Let's assume the nominal interest rate in the United States is rUS, and the expected inflation rate is πUS. The real interest rate is given as 2 percent, so rUS - πUS = 0.02.
Next, let's consider the interest rate parity theory, which states that the forward exchange rate should be equal to the spot exchange rate adjusted for the interest rate differential between the two countries.
Since the forward rate is lower than the spot rate, it implies that the U.S. dollar is expected to appreciate against the British pound. This implies a higher interest rate in the United States compared to the United Kingdom.
Given that S0$/£ = $1.25/£ and F1$/£ = $1.20/£, the forward premium can be calculated as (F1$/£ - S0$/£) / S0$/£.
Forward premium = ($1.20/£ - $1.25/£) / $1.25/£ = -0.04 or -4%
According to interest rate parity, the interest rate differential between the two countries should be equal to the forward premium. Therefore, rUK - rUS = Forward premium.
Let's assume the interest rate in the United Kingdom is rUK. Substituting the values, we have rUK - 0.02 = -0.04.
Solving for rUK, we get rUK = -0.04 + 0.02 = -0.02 or 2%.
Therefore, the expected inflation rate in the United States is approximately 2%, based on the given information.
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4) State and explain other areas of ethical importance to the firm, but your firm's code of ethics does not address. Justify why you think these issues need covered
Diversity and Inclusion , Social Responsibility, Data Security , Whistleblower Protection. It is important to prioritize these issues because they ensure business continuity, protect the company's reputation, and promote positive employee and customer relationships.
There are various other areas of ethical importance to the firm that a firm's code of ethics may not address. However, it is essential to cover them for effective business operations, such as:
1. Diversity and Inclusion: Diversity and inclusion are important ethical concerns for every business because it is the right thing to do and also promotes a positive work environment. By promoting diversity and inclusion in the workplace, firms can build a healthy culture and improve their brand reputation.
2. Social Responsibility : A company must be socially responsible for its actions, especially in terms of the environment, community, and social well-being. Firms can fulfill their social responsibility by donating a portion of their profits to social causes and charities or engaging in environmentally friendly business practices.
3. Data Security :Data security is a crucial area of ethical importance that every firm must prioritize, especially in the digital age. It is essential to protect customer and company data by adopting best practices for data privacy and security.
This involves adopting security measures such as two-factor authentication, firewalls, and encryption to protect sensitive data
.4. Whistleblower Protection: Whistleblower protection is important for any organization that aims to promote an ethical culture. Firms must develop a transparent and safe environment for employees to raise concerns or report unethical behavior.
This way, employees can report any wrongdoing without fear of retaliation.
The above are some of the other areas of ethical importance that need covering besides the firm's code of ethics.
It is important to prioritize these issues because they ensure business continuity, protect the company's reputation, and promote positive employee and customer relationships.
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Which would decrease the demand for a particular type of labor? An increase in the prices of the resources that are complements to that type of labor An increase in the wages of that type of labor X An increase in the demand for the products produced by that type of labor A decrease in the prices of those resources that are complements for that type of labor
An increase in the wages of that type of labor would decrease its demand.
An increase in the wages of a particular type of labor would decrease the demand for that labor. When the wages of a specific type of labor increase, it becomes more expensive for employers to hire workers with that skillset. As a result, employers may seek alternative solutions such as automation, outsourcing, or substituting with lower-cost labor options.
This leads to a decrease in the demand for that specific type of labor. Higher wages may also incentivize workers to pursue careers in other industries or occupations, further reducing the pool of available labor and decreasing demand. Overall, the increased cost associated with higher wages negatively impacts the demand for that particular type of labor.
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1. What factors increase the risk of developing the disease or its complications? 2. What can be done to slow the spread, reduce cases, or stop the outbreak? 3. Occasionally, the cause of a disease is unknown. Why? Provide an example. [Note: Your answer to question doesn't have to focus on your topic of choice. You can provide a general response.]
1. Several factors can increase the risk of developing a disease or its complications. These may include genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, lifestyle choices, underlying health conditions, and socioeconomic factors. For example, in the case of cardiovascular disease, risk factors such as smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle can significantly increase the likelihood of developing the disease or experiencing its complications.
2. To slow the spread, reduce cases, or stop an outbreak, various measures can be implemented. These may include public health interventions like promoting hygiene practices (such as handwashing), implementing widespread vaccination programs, enforcing quarantine or isolation measures, conducting contact tracing, implementing social distancing measures, and providing timely and accurate information to the public. Additionally, investing in healthcare infrastructure, research and development, and collaborating with international organizations can contribute to effective disease control and prevention.
3. The cause of a disease sometimes remains unknown due to several reasons. In some cases, the disease may be caused by a complex interplay of multiple factors, including genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Uncovering the specific cause or causes can be challenging and may require extensive research and analysis. An example of an unknown cause of a disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a chronic lung disease characterized by the progressive scarring of lung tissue. Despite research efforts, the exact cause of IPF is still not fully understood, although potential risk factors such as smoking, environmental exposures, and genetic predisposition have been identified.
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Aylmer-in-You (AIY) Inc. projects unit sales for a new opera tenor emulation implant as follows: Production of the implants will require $785,000 in net working capital to start and additional net working capital investments each year equal to 15% of the projected sales increase for the following year. (Because sales are expected to fall in Year 5 , there is no NWC cash flow occurring for Year 4.) Total fixed costs are $181,000 per year, variable production costs are $297 per unit, and the units are priced at $360 each. The equipment needed to begin production has an installed cost of $14.0 million. Because the implants are intended for professional singers, this equipment is considered industrial machinery and thus falls into Class 8 for tax purposes (20\%). In five years, this equipment can be sold for about 20% of its acquisition cost. AlY is in the 40% marginal tax bracket and has a required return on all its projects of 22%. Based on these preliminary project estimates, what is the NPV of the project? What is the IRR? (Enter your answer in dollars, not in millions of dollars, i.e. 1,234,567. Do not round your intermediate calculations. Round the final answers to 2 decimal places. Omit $ sign in your response.)
Aylmer-in-You (AIY) Inc. projects unit sales for a new opera tenor emulation implant as follows. The NPV of the project is $3,072,905.11. The IRR of the project is 35.44%.
The NPV of a project is the present value of the expected cash inflows minus the present value of the expected cash outflows over a project’s lifetime. The formula for the NPV is:NPV = -Initial investment + PV of cash inflows Where PV is the present value. The cash inflows of the project will come from the sales of the implant. The sales will generate revenue, which will be reduced by the variable costs to produce the implant, fixed costs, and taxes. The initial investment includes the working capital, equipment, and installation costs. The depreciation tax shield and the sale of the equipment at the end of the project also contribute to the cash inflows. The cash outflows of the project are the costs of producing the implant, the fixed costs, and the taxes. The PV of the cash inflows is calculated using the cost of capital, which is the required return on the project. The required return is the minimum return the project must generate to compensate for the risk of investing in the project. The discount rate that reduces a project's NPV to zero is the project's IRR. It is the rate of return that the project generates. The IRR represents the project’s expected return and indicates the profitability of the project. The formula for the IRR is: NPV = 0 = -Initial investment + PV of cash inflowsPV of cash inflows = Initial investmentIRR is the rate that makes PV of cash inflows equal to the Initial investment.
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The Green Grass Shop sells Quick Grow Fertilizer. The annual demand for the fertilizer is 270,000 pounds. The cost to order the fertilizer from Green Grass Shop is $105 per order. The annual carrying cost is $0.25 per pound. The store operates with shortages, and the annual shortage cost is $0.70 per pound. Compute the optimal order size, minimum total annual inventory cost, and maximum shortage level.
OPTIMAL ORDER SIZE=
MINIMUM TOTAL ANNUAL INVENTORY COST=
MAXIMUM SHORTAGE LEVEL=
The optimal order size, minimum total annual inventory cost, and maximum shortage levelThe economic order quantity (EOQ) is used to determine the optimal order quantity, which minimizes the total annual inventory cost.
The EOQ formula is:Economic order quantity (EOQ) = sqrt([2SD]/H)where:S = Annual demandD = Cost to orderH = Annual carrying cost per unitThe annual demand for the Quick Grow Fertilizer is 270,000 pounds, and the cost to order it from Green Grass Shop is $105 per order. The annual carrying cost is $0.25 per pound. Using the above formula, the EOQ is:EOQ = sqrt([2 x 270,000 x 105]/0.25) = 3,675.72 poundsThe optimal order size is 3,675.72 pounds.The minimum total annual inventory cost can be calculated using the EOQ and the following formula:Minimum Total Annual Inventory Cost = [Q/2]H + [D/Q]Swhere:Q = Optimal order sizeH = Annual carrying cost per unitD = Cost to orderS = Annual demandMinimum Total Annual Inventory Cost = [(3,675.72/2) x 0.25] + [105/3,675.72 x 270,000] = $2,790.63The maximum shortage level can be determined using the following formula:Maximum Shortage Level = (D/Q) x (1 - [S/A])where:A = Annual demandMaximum Shortage Level = (105/3,675.72) x (1 - [270,000/270,000]) = 0 pounds (since there is no shortage allowed)Thus, the optimal order size is 3,675.72 pounds, the minimum total annual inventory cost is $2,790.63, and the maximum shortage level is 0 pounds.
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List the guidelines for sound human relations. Discuss the 5 causes of conflict. Name 2 ethical dilemmas.
Ethical dilemmas require individuals to make difficult decisions, often involving conflicting values, principles, or obligations.
Guidelines for Sound Human Relations:
Effective Communication: Foster open and honest communication to build trust and understanding among individuals. Actively listen, provide feedback, and encourage dialogue.
Respect and Empathy: Treat others with respect, dignity, and empathy. Recognize and appreciate diverse perspectives, cultural differences, and individual contributions.
Collaboration and Teamwork: Encourage teamwork and collaboration, promoting a cooperative and supportive environment. Foster a sense of belonging and encourage sharing of ideas and skills.
Conflict Resolution: Develop effective conflict resolution skills to address and resolve conflicts in a constructive and respectful manner. Encourage compromise, negotiation, and finding win-win solutions.
Recognition and Rewards: Acknowledge and appreciate individual and team achievements. Provide recognition and rewards to motivate and inspire employees.
Work-Life Balance: Promote a healthy work-life balance to support the well-being of employees. Encourage flexible work arrangements and provide resources for personal growth and development.
Continuous Learning and Development: Foster a learning culture that promotes continuous improvement and personal growth. Provide opportunities for training, skill development, and career advancement.
Causes of Conflict:
Differences in Goals and Priorities: Conflicts can arise when individuals or groups have conflicting goals, priorities, or interests. These differences can lead to competition, misunderstandings, and clashes of interest.
Communication Issues: Poor communication or miscommunication can lead to conflicts. Lack of clarity, misunderstandings, and ineffective communication channels can result in conflicts and strained relationships.
Resource Allocation: Limited resources, such as budgets, time, or materials, can create conflicts when individuals or departments compete for these resources. Unequal distribution or perceived unfairness in resource allocation can trigger conflicts.
Personality Clashes: Differences in personalities, values, or work styles can lead to conflicts. Conflicting personalities, incompatible working styles, or clashes in beliefs and values can create tension and friction.
Organizational Structure and Role Ambiguity: Conflicts can arise due to unclear roles, responsibilities, or reporting lines within an organization. Ambiguity in job roles, overlapping responsibilities, or power struggles can contribute to conflicts.
Ethical Dilemmas:
Confidentiality vs. Transparency: The dilemma of balancing the need for confidentiality with the importance of transparency and disclosure. For example, a situation where an employee discovers unethical behavior in the organization but is bound by confidentiality agreements.
Conflict of Interest: The conflict between personal interests and professional obligations. For instance, a manager who has a personal relationship with a supplier and must make a decision that could benefit the supplier at the expense of the company's best interests.
Resolving these dilemmas requires careful consideration of the ethical implications and choosing the course of action that aligns with ethical standards and organizational values.
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For the next fiscal year, you forecast net income of $49,500 and ending assets of $509,200. Your firm's payout ratio is 10,4%. Your beginning stockholders' equity is $295,500, and your beginning total liabilities are $126,700. Your non-debt liabilities such as accounts payable are forecasted to increase by $10,300. Assume your beginning debt is $106,700. What amount of equity and what amount of debt would you need to issue to cover the net new financing in order to keep your debt-equity ratio constant? The amount of debt to issue will be $ (Round to the nearest dollar.) GIES
The amount of debt to issue to cover the net new financing and keep the debt-equity ratio constant would be -$19,700. The negative sign indicates a decrease in debt, suggesting that there is no need to issue new debt.
To keep the debt-equity ratio constant and cover the net new financing, we need to calculate the amount of equity and debt that should be issued. Here's the calculation:
Calculate the total assets at the end of the year:
Ending assets = $509,200
Calculate the total liabilities at the beginning of the year (including debt and non-debt liabilities):
Beginning total liabilities = $126,700 + $106,700 = $233,400
Calculate the beginning stockholders' equity:
Beginning stockholders' equity = $295,500
Calculate the net new financing:
Net new financing = Ending assets - Beginning total liabilities - Beginning stockholders' equity
Net new financing = $509,200 - $233,400 - $295,500
Net new financing = -$19,700 (negative sign indicates a decrease)
Determine the amount of debt to issue to cover the net new financing:
Amount of debt to issue = Net new financing
Amount of debt to issue = -$19,700 (rounded to the nearest dollar)
Therefore, the amount of debt to issue to cover the net new financing and keep the debt-equity ratio constant would be -$19,700. The negative sign indicates a decrease in debt, suggesting that there is no need to issue new debt. Instead, the firm may consider issuing additional equity to cover the net new financing while maintaining a constant debt-equity ratio.
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What is import substitution policy and how does the
Prebisch-Singer hypothesis justify its use?
Import substitution policy is an economic strategy implemented by developing countries to promote domestic industries and reduce dependency on imported goods.
Explanation: Import substitution policy aims to promote industrialization and economic self-sufficiency by replacing imported goods with domestically produced ones. This strategy involves implementing trade barriers such as tariffs and quotas to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.
The Prebisch-Singer hypothesis, proposed by economists Raúl Prebisch and Hans Singer, argues that the terms of trade between primary commodity-exporting countries and industrialized nations tend to deteriorate over time. This means that the prices of primary commodities, such as agricultural and mineral products, tend to decline relative to the prices of manufactured goods.
The Prebisch-Singer hypothesis provides a justification for import substitution policy by suggesting that developing countries should focus on diversifying their economies and reducing dependence on primary commodity exports.
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Aidan has $1,100 currently saved for a speed boat. If he saves
$326 per month and his account earns a 2.5% interest rate, how many
years will it take before he can buy the $34,000 boat?
it will take approximately 99 months for Aidan to save enough money to buy the $34,000 boat.
To calculate the number of years it will take for Aidan to save enough money to buy the $34,000 boat, we need to consider both his monthly savings and the interest earned on his savings.
Now, let's plug in the numbers:
Current savings = $1,100
Monthly savings = $326
Target amount = $34,000
Monthly interest rate = 0.025 / 12
Monthly interest earned = $326 × (0.025 / 12) = $0.67833 (rounded to 5 decimal places)
Total savings per month = $326 + $0.67833 = $326.67833 (rounded to 5 decimal places)
Number of months = ($34,000 - $1,100) / $326.67833
Number of months ≈ 98.71114
Since we can't have a fraction of a month, we round up the number of months to the nearest whole number:
Number of months ≈ 99 months
Therefore, it will take approximately 99 months for Aidan to save enough money to buy the $34,000 boat.
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The market value of Fords' equity, preferred stock, and debt are $7 billion, $1 billion, and $12 billion, respectively. Ford has a beta of 1.7, the market risk premium is 6%, and therisk-free rate of interest is 4%. Ford's preferred stock pays a dividend of $4 each year and trades at a price of $25 per share. Ford's debt trades with a yield to maturity of 8%. What is Ford's weighted average cost of capital if its tax rate is 30%?
Ford's weighted average cost of capital (WACC), considering its tax rate of 30%, is approximately 10.57%.
To calculate Ford's weighted average cost of capital (WACC), we need to find the cost of equity, cost of preferred stock, and cost of debt, and then weight them based on their market values.
Cost of Equity (Re):
Using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM):
Re = Rf + β * (Rm - Rf)
Given:
Risk-free rate (Rf) = 4%
Beta (β) = 1.7
Market risk premium (Rm - Rf) = 6%
Re = 4% + 1.7 * 6%
Re = 4% + 10.2%
Re = 14.2%
Cost of Preferred Stock (Rp):
The cost of preferred stock is simply the dividend yield.
Dividend Yield = Dividend / Price
Given:
Dividend = $4 per year
Price = $25 per share
Rp = $4 / $25
Rp = 16%
Cost of Debt (Rd):
Given:
Yield to Maturity = 8%
Rd = 8%
Weights:
Market Value of Equity = $7 billion
Market Value of Preferred Stock = $1 billion
Market Value of Debt = $12 billion
Total Market Value = $7 billion + $1 billion + $12 billion = $20 billion
Equity Weight = $7 billion / $20 billion = 0.35
Preferred Stock Weight = $1 billion / $20 billion = 0.05
Debt Weight = $12 billion / $20 billion = 0.60
WACC Calculation:
WACC = (Equity Weight * Re) + (Preferred Stock Weight * Rp) + (Debt Weight * Rd)
WACC = (0.35 * 14.2%) + (0.05 * 16%) + (0.60 * 8%)
WACC = 4.97% + 0.8% + 4.8%
WACC = 10.57%
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Strategy I: Suppose that you invest $100 in a stock. There is a 60% chance that the stock will go up in value by $10 at by the end of this year. There is a 40% chance that the stock will go down in value by $5 by the end of the year.
The expected return of Strategy I, which involves investing $100 in a stock with a 60% chance of a $10 increase and a 40% chance of a $5 decrease, is $4.
Explanation: To calculate the expected return, we multiply each potential outcome by its probability and sum the results. In this case, there is a 60% chance of a $10 increase (60% * $10 = $6) and a 40% chance of a $5 decrease (40% * -$5 = -$2). Adding these results together gives us an expected return of $4. This represents the average gain or loss we can anticipate from investing $100 using Strategy I.
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On July 1, 2021, Free Compnay issued for $438,000, 500 of its *%, $1000 bonds. The market rate when the bonds were issued was 10%. The bonds are dated July 1, 2021. The bonds mature in 10 years. Interest is payable semiannually on January 1 and July 1. Using the effective interest method, how much of the bond discount should be amortized on December 31, 2021? Answer:_______
The amount of bond discount that should be amortized on December 31, 2021, is $100.
To determine the amount of bond discount that should be amortized on December 31, 2021, we need to calculate the interest expense for the period and compare it to the cash interest payment made.
Given that the market rate was 10% and the bonds were issued at a discount, we can calculate the annual interest payment using the effective interest method. The annual interest payment is $1,000 (face value) multiplied by the market rate of 10%, which equals $100.
Since interest is payable semiannually, the interest expense for the six-month period ending on December 31, 2021, can be calculated by dividing the annual interest payment by 2, resulting in $50.
Next, we need to determine the effective interest for the period. The effective interest is the market rate multiplied by the carrying value of the bonds. The carrying value on July 1, 2021, is the issuance price of $438,000.
To calculate the carrying value on December 31, 2021, we need to amortize a portion of the bond discount. Since it's the first six-month period, the amortization can be determined by subtracting the cash interest payment made on July 1, 2021, from the effective interest for the full year. The cash interest payment is $0 because interest is not paid until January 1, 2022.
In this case, the bond discount amortization on December 31, 2021, would be $100 (effective interest for the year) - $0 (cash interest payment) = $100.
Therefore, the amount of bond discount that should be amortized on December 31, 2021, is $100.
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Cullumber Company issued $684,000, 7%, 10-year bonds on January 1, 2022, for 734,340. This price resulted in an effective interest rate of 6% on the bonds. Interest is payable annually on January 1. Cullumber uses effective-interest method to amortization for bond premium or discount.
Prepare the schedule using effective-interest method to amortize bond premium or discount of Cullumber.
To prepare the schedule using the effective-interest method to amortize the bond premium or discount for Cullumber Company, we need to calculate the annual interest expense and the amortization of the bond premium or discount for each year.
Here's how the schedule would look:
Year | Beginning Carrying Value | Interest Expense | Amortization | Ending Carrying Value
2022 | $734,340 | $44,060 | $10,660 | $723,680
2023 | $723,680 | $43,421 | $11,299 | $712,381
2024 | $712,381 | $42,743 | $11,977 | $700,404
2025 | $700,404 | $42,024 | $12,696 | $687,708
2026 | $687,708 | $41,261 | $13,459 | $674,249
2027 | $674,249 | $40,454 | $14,266 | $659,983
2028 | $659,983 | $39,600 | $15,120 | $644,863
2029 | $644,863 | $38,697 | $16,023 | $628,840
2030 | $628,840 | $37,742 | $16,978 | $611,862
2031 | $611,862 | $36,734 | $17,986 | $593,876
The beginning carrying value is the previous year's ending carrying value. The interest expense is calculated by multiplying the beginning carrying value by the effective interest rate of 6%. The amortization is the difference between the interest expense and the cash interest payment ($44,060 - $33,400). The ending carrying value is the beginning carrying value minus the amortization.
This schedule allows for the gradual amortization of the bond premium over the life of the bond.
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Mcguire Industries prepared budgets to help manage the company. Mcgwuire is budgeting for the fiscal year ended January 31,2021. During the preceding year ended january 31,2020, sales totaled $9,200 million and cost of goods sold was $6,300 million. At january 31,2020, inventory was $1,700 million. During the upcoming year, suppose Mcguire expects cost of goods sold to increase by 12%. The compnay budgetd next years ending inventory at $2,000 million.
One of the most important decisions a manager makes is how much inventory to buy. How.much inventory should McGuire purchase during the upcoming year to reach its budget? How much inventory (in millions) should the company purchase during the upcoming year to reach its budget?
McGuire should purchase $8,356 million worth of inventory during the upcoming year to reach its budget.
To determine how much inventory McGuire should purchase during the upcoming year to reach its budget, we need to use the following formula:
Ending Inventory = Beginning Inventory + Purchases - Cost of Goods Sold
We know that at January 31, 2020, inventory was $1,700 million. We also know that cost of goods sold is expected to increase by 12% in the upcoming year, which means it will be:
Cost of Goods Sold = $6,300 million * (1 + 12%) = $7,056 million
And McGuire has budgeted next year's ending inventory at $2,000 million.
Using the formula above, we can solve for purchases:
$2,000 million = $1,700 million + Purchases - $7,056 million
Purchases = $8,356 million
Therefore, McGuire should purchase $8,356 million worth of inventory during the upcoming year to reach its budget.
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Strategic risk planning:
What is meant by the term organizational
structure?
Discuss the contrast between functional,
projectized, and matrix organizations and how this plays a role in
the responsibil
1. Strategic risk planning: - What is meant by the term organizational structure? - Discuss the contrast between functional, projectized, and matrix organizations and how this plays a role in the resp
Organizational structure refers to how a company or organization is arranged and how its roles, responsibilities, and authority are assigned. This is usually depicted in an organizational chart, which outlines the various departments, job positions, and reporting relationships within the company.
What is the contrast between functional, project and matrix organizations?
Functional organization:
Functional organization refers to a structure where employees are grouped together based on their specialty, such as marketing, finance, or operations. In this structure, employees report to a manager within their department, and communication and decision-making are mainly vertical between the manager and their subordinates.
Project organization:
Project organization, also known as a project-based structure, is a temporary structure that is created to manage a specific project. The project manager oversees the project team, which is comprised of individuals from different functional departments. The project team works together for the duration of the project, and then disbands once the project is completed.
Matrix Organization:
The matrix organization is a hybrid of the functional and project-based structures, where employees have dual reporting relationships. In this structure, employees work in both their functional department and on specific projects.
Role of functional, project and matrix organizations
Communication and decision-making flow both vertically and horizontally between functional managers and project managers. The choice of organizational structure can greatly impact how an organization operates and how efficiently it can achieve its goals. The functional organization can be efficient in terms of specialization, but may lead to silos and lack of communication between departments. The project organization is flexible but may lead to duplication of efforts and difficulty in sharing resources. The matrix organization is designed to balance these trade-offs but can also be complex to manage.
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3. Explain relevance of Article of Association (AoA) and
Memorandum of Association (MoA) from legal aspects of a business
perspective.
Also explain duties of directors in a company. (10 marks)
The Article of Association (AoA) and Memorandum of Association (MoA) hold significant relevance from a legal perspective in business. They outline the internal governance structure, rights, and obligations of the company.
While the duties of directors encompass their responsibilities in managing the affairs of the company.
The Memorandum of Association (MoA) serves as a constitution for the company and defines its fundamental characteristics, such as the company's name, registered office, objectives, and authorized share capital. It sets out the scope and limitations of the company's activities and acts as a contract between the company and its members.
The Article of Association (AoA) complements the MoA by specifying the internal rules and regulations for the company's management and operation. It includes provisions on matters such as the appointment and removal of directors, their powers and responsibilities, shareholder rights, and procedures for general meetings.
Regarding the duties of directors, they have a fiduciary duty to act in the best interests of the company. This duty includes exercising care, skill, and diligence, avoiding conflicts of interest, acting within their authority, and promoting the success of the company. Directors also have responsibilities in areas such as decision-making, financial reporting, compliance with legal obligations, and safeguarding the company's assets.
Overall, the MoA and AoA provide a legal framework for the company's operation, while the duties of directors establish the standards and obligations for their role in managing and representing the company. These legal aspects contribute to ensuring transparency, accountability, and effective governance within the business.
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Company: Tesla
Alternative Strategy: Product Development
III. SOLUTION. (Give reasons for choosing this particular strategy as the solution. Your logic should be written in the alternatives. Could be a combination of alternatives, but choose the ONE you think is best.) Must be a solution to the major problem you stated above and must contain one of the alternative strategies that you previously discussed to repair it. Status quo may be an alternative strategy, but it is probably NOT the solution.
IV. STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION. (How are you going to do what you want to do? Where will the company obtain the $$, the resources, the people, etc. This should be the major section of your paper. This should be logical, practical, and sound. Remember, some ideas may sound good, but if the company can't implement them they are worthless. Critical thinking is definitely required here!! Discuss each major department’s specific duties in implementation of this strategy (management, marketing, R&D/engineering, accounting, HRM, production, MIS, finance, legal). (Section IV counts 50 points for each case.)
V. CONTROL SYSTEM/FEEDBACK/BACKUP SOLUTION. (How are you going to monitor the strategy implementation? How will you know if it is working? What will you do if it does not work?) You should follow the each step in the implementation process for each functional area and determine how each step will be controlled. If you have sold part of the company, it is impossible to go back to the status quo as a backup solution!
VII. Ratio Analysis.
The management team should provide strategic direction and allocate resources to support product development initiatives. They should prioritize R&D investments, set product development goals, and ensure effective coordination among different departments.
How to explain the informationThe marketing department plays a crucial role in understanding customer preferences and market trends. They should conduct market research to identify potential product opportunities, gather feedback from customers, and develop marketing strategies to promote new product launches.
The R&D and engineering departments are responsible for designing and developing new products. They should collaborate with other departments to gather insights, conduct feasibility studies, prototype testing, and ensure the products meet the required quality and safety standards.
The accounting department needs to work closely with the product development team to manage the financial aspects of the strategy. They should provide cost estimates, track expenses related to R&D, monitor budget allocations, and analyze the financial viability of new product development projects.
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The Plastics Division Of Minock Manufacturing Currently Earns $2.82 Million And Has Divisional Assets Of $24 Million. The
By acquiring the new asset, the ROI is expected to decrease from 13.5% to 12.24%.
To analyze the potential acquisition and assess its impact on the Plastics Division's return on investment (ROI), we can calculate the ROI before and after the investment.
Calculate the ROI before the investment:
ROI = (Operating Income / Divisional Assets) * 100
ROI = ($2.97 million / $22 million) * 100
ROI = 13.5%
Calculate the cash inflows and outflows related to the new asset:
Initial investment = $5,478,000
Annual cash flow = $1,461,500
Depreciation expense = Initial investment / Useful life
Depreciation expense = $5,478,000 / 5
Depreciation expense = $1,095,600
Calculate the net cash inflow after depreciation:
Net cash inflow = Annual cash flow - Depreciation expense
Net cash inflow = $1,461,500 - $1,095,600
Net cash inflow = $365,900
Calculate the incremental ROI after the investment:
Incremental operating income = Net cash inflow
Incremental ROI = (Incremental Operating Income / Incremental Investment) * 100
Incremental ROI = ($365,900 / $5,478,000) * 100
Incremental ROI = 6.68%
Calculate the new divisional assets:
New divisional assets = Previous assets + Incremental investment
New divisional assets = $22 million + $5,478,000
New divisional assets = $27,478,000
Calculate the updated ROI after the investment:
Updated ROI = (Operating Income / New Divisional Assets) * 100
Updated ROI = ($2.97 million + $365,900) / $27,478,000) * 100
Updated ROI = 12.24%
By acquiring the new asset, the ROI is expected to decrease from 13.5% to 12.24%. However, it is important to consider other factors such as the strategic value of the investment, long-term benefits, and qualitative aspects before making a final decision.
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The Plastics Division of Minock Manufacturing currently earns $2.97 million and has divisional assets of $22 million. The division manager is considering the acquisition of a new asset that will add to profit. The investment has a cost of $5,478,000 and will have a yearly cash flow of $1,461,500. The asset will be depreciated using the straight-line method over a five-year life and is expected to have no salvage value. Divisional performance is measured using ROI with beginning-of-year net book values in the denominator. The company’s cost of capital is 7 percent. Ignore taxes.
By acquiring the new asset, the ROI is expected to decrease from 13.5% to 12.24%.
To analyze the potential acquisition and assess its impact on the Plastics Division's return on investment (ROI), we can calculate the ROI before and after the investment.
Calculate the ROI before the investment:
ROI = (Operating Income / Divisional Assets) * 100
ROI = ($2.97 million / $22 million) * 100
ROI = 13.5%
Calculate the cash inflows and outflows related to the new asset:
Initial investment = $5,478,000
Annual cash flow = $1,461,500
Depreciation expense = Initial investment / Useful life
Depreciation expense = $5,478,000 / 5
Depreciation expense = $1,095,600
Calculate the net cash inflow after depreciation:
Net cash inflow = Annual cash flow - Depreciation expense
Net cash inflow = $1,461,500 - $1,095,600
Net cash inflow = $365,900
Calculate the incremental ROI after the investment:
Incremental operating income = Net cash inflow
Incremental ROI = (Incremental Operating Income / Incremental Investment) * 100
Incremental ROI = ($365,900 / $5,478,000) * 100
Incremental ROI = 6.68%
Calculate the new divisional assets:
New divisional assets = Previous assets + Incremental investment
New divisional assets = $22 million + $5,478,000
New divisional assets = $27,478,000
Calculate the updated ROI after the investment:
Updated ROI = (Operating Income / New Divisional Assets) * 100
Updated ROI = ($2.97 million + $365,900) / $27,478,000) * 100
Updated ROI = 12.24%
By acquiring the new asset, the ROI is expected to decrease from 13.5% to 12.24%. However, it is important to consider other factors such as the strategic value of the investment, long-term benefits, and qualitative aspects before making a final decision.
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The Plastics Division of Minock Manufacturing currently earns $2.97 million and has divisional assets of $22 million. The division manager is considering the acquisition of a new asset that will add to profit. The investment has a cost of $5,478,000 and will have a yearly cash flow of $1,461,500. The asset will be depreciated using the straight-line method over a five-year life and is expected to have no salvage value. Divisional performance is measured using ROI with beginning-of-year net book values in the denominator. The company’s cost of capital is 7 percent. Ignore taxes.
Liberty Airways is considering an investment of $880,000 in ticket purchasing kiosks at selected airports. The kiosks (hardware and software) have an expected life of four years. Extra ticket sales are expected to be 54,000 per year at a discount price of $40 per ticket. Fixed costs, excluding depreciation of the equipment, are $430,000 per year, and variable costs are $27 per ticket. The kiosks will be depreciated over four years, using the SL method with a zero salvage value. The one-time commitment of working capital is expected to be 1/10 of annual sales dollars. The after-tax MARR is 15% per year, and the company pays income tax at the rate of 31%.
What's the after-tax PW of this proposed investment? Should the investment be made? (Round answer to the nearest whole number.)
The after-tax present worth (PW) of the proposed investment is negative. Therefore, the investment should not be made.
To calculate the after-tax present worth (PW), we need to consider the cash inflows and outflows over the four-year period. The cash inflow is determined by the extra ticket sales, which is the product of the number of tickets sold and the discounted price per ticket. The cash outflows include the initial investment cost, annual fixed costs, variable costs per ticket, and the working capital commitment.
Using the net present worth (NPW) formula and considering the after-tax cash flows, the NPW can be calculated. If the NPW is positive, it indicates that the investment is financially viable. However, if the NPW is negative, it suggests that the investment is not financially feasible.
The after-tax NPW of the investment is negative, indicating that the present value of the expected cash inflows is less than the present value of the cash outflows. Therefore, the investment should not be made as it would result in a negative return and would not meet the desired after-tax minimum attractive rate of return (MARR) of 15%.
It is important to consider the NPW and other financial metrics when making investment decisions to ensure that the investment generates positive returns and aligns with the company's financial objectives.
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Based on the advantages and disadvantages of Keurig's global
strategy, provide BOD/CEO with two international-level strategy
suggestions?
Two international-level strategy suggestions for Keurig's BOD/CEO are as follows: 1. Diversification Strategy 2. Localization Strategy. Keurig's current global strategy primarily revolves around its single-serve coffee machines and pods.
1. Diversification Strategy:
Keurig's current global strategy primarily revolves around its single-serve coffee machines and pods. While this has been successful, the company could further enhance its global market position by diversifying its product line. By researching and understanding local preferences, Keurig can introduce new beverage options tailored to the tastes and cultural preferences of different regions. For example, incorporating popular tea blends or unique local flavors could attract a broader customer base and create new market opportunities. This strategy would allow Keurig to expand its market reach, increase sales, and diversify its revenue streams.
2. Localization Strategy:
A localization strategy involves adapting products, marketing, and operations to meet the specific needs and preferences of individual markets. Keurig can implement this strategy by customizing its coffee machines, pods, and packaging to align with local preferences and cultural nuances. Additionally, the company can collaborate with local distributors or retailers to ensure effective distribution channels and localized marketing campaigns. By acknowledging and respecting the differences in consumer preferences, Keurig can create a stronger connection with customers in various international markets, fostering brand loyalty and long-term success.
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Suppose that there is a polluting factory whose pollution negatively affects fishers downstream. The factory can install a filter to reduce the level of pollution and the fishers can build a treatment plant. The factory and the fishermen can negotiate costlessly, and no one else is affected by the result. The profits in different circumstances is given in the table below: Scenario Factory profits Fisher profits No filter; no treatment $10,000 $2,000 plant Filter; no treatment $6,000 $10,000 plant No filter; treatment $10,000 $4,000 plant Filter; treatment plant $6,000 $6,000 a. Suppose the factory has the right to pollute the water. What is the range of values the fishers could pay them to install a filter that the factory would agree to? b. Relative to part 'a', would the fishers be better off or worse off if they had a right to clean water? Explain.
The fishers could pay the factory anywhere between $2,000 and $6,000 to install a filter that the factory would agree to.
In this scenario, the factory has the right to pollute the water, and the fishers downstream are negatively affected. The fishers can negotiate with the factory to install a filter, which would reduce pollution levels. The objective is to find the range of values the fishers could pay the factory to install the filter that the factory would agree to.
From the given profit matrix, we can observe that without a filter and without treatment, the factory earns $10,000 and the fishers earn $2,000. However, with a filter and no treatment, the factory earns $6,000 while the fishers earn $10,000. This suggests that the fishers value the installation of the filter at least $4,000 more than the factory. Similarly, without a filter and with treatment, the fishers earn $4,000 more than with no treatment.
Considering these differences in profits, the fishers could offer to pay the factory any amount within the range of $2,000 to $6,000 to install the filter. If the fishers offer an amount less than $2,000, the factory would be better off without the filter. If the fishers offer an amount higher than $6,000, the fishers would be better off without the filter.
In part 'b', if the fishers had the right to clean water, they would be better off. They could demand the factory to install the filter without having to pay for it. This would improve their profits significantly. Without the filter and with treatment, the fishers' profits would increase from $4,000 to $10,000, resulting in a greater benefit for the fishers. Having the right to clean water gives the fishers more bargaining power and allows them to improve their financial position without incurring any costs.
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Reflect on your experience in the tower building exercise and consider how this compares to a team you have been a part of in the past in a personal, academic or work environment.
Discuss which of Goleman's six leadership styles were used in each situation. Were they appropriate for the circumstances? Consider whether the core competencies of emotional intelligence were demonstrated e.g., self-awareness, self-management, social awareness and social skill. Was there room for improvement? Explain.
Describe how the four motivational drives (i.e., to acquire, bond, comprehend and defend) affected your motivation and the motivation of your team members. Discuss how these drives were satisfied or could have been satisfied better. Consider both yourself and your team members.
In the tower building exercise, teamwork played a crucial role in achieving success. Similarly, in a previous team experience, collaboration was essential for achieving common goals. In both situations, Goleman's leadership styles of coaching and democratic leadership were evident. These styles were appropriate as they encouraged active participation, open communication, and skill development within the team.
Regarding emotional intelligence, self-awareness was demonstrated as team members recognized their individual strengths and weaknesses. Self-management was evident through effective time management and adaptability to changing circumstances. Social awareness was displayed by considering the perspectives and needs of other team members. Social skills were demonstrated through effective communication, collaboration, and conflict resolution.To better satisfy these drives, a clearer understanding of individual and team motivations could have been established.
Overall, reflecting on the experience, the application of appropriate leadership styles, demonstration of emotional intelligence, and addressing the motivational drives were essential for successful team collaboration. However, there are always areas for improvement to optimize individual and team performance.
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\( 40.3 \) Lewis University and Canel Management Co. entered into an agreement by which Canel agreed to provide all maintenance services for the university campus. The agreement provided that Canel ha
In the given scenario, Lewis University and Canel Management Co. entered into an agreement where Canel had the authority to contract on behalf of Lewis for necessary items. Canel's employee, Don Boyd, signed a contract with Roscoe Co. on behalf of "Lewis University." Lewis University refused to pay for the soap and cleansers, claiming Boyd lacked the authority to enter into the contract. The question is who is liable on the contract.
Based on the information provided, Canel had the power to contract on behalf of Lewis University for necessary items, as stated in the agreement between the two parties. Don Boyd, as an employee of Canel and appointed supervisor by Canel, signed the contract with Roscoe Co. on behalf of "Lewis University."
In this situation, the principle of agency law comes into play. When an agent acts within the scope of their authority and in the name of the principal, the principal becomes liable for the actions and obligations resulting from that act. Since Canel had the authority to contract on behalf of Lewis University, and Boyd signed the contract as an agent of Lewis University, Lewis University would be liable on the contract with Roscoe Co.
Therefore, both Lewis University and Don Boyd could be held liable for the contract with Roscoe Co. Roscoe Co. can pursue legal action against both parties to seek payment for the soap and cleansers, as Boyd acted as an authorized agent of Lewis University under the agreement between Lewis University and Canel.
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The complete question is:
40.3 Lewis University and Canel Management Co. entered into an agreement by which Canel agreed to provide all maintenance services for the university campus. The agreement provided that Canel had the power to "contract on behalf of Lewis for the purchase of any items necessary and incidental to Canel's performing its duties." The agreement was signed by the president of Lewis University and the president of Canel. Canel appointed its employee Don Boyd to supervise the maintenance at the university. Boyd signed a contract with Roscoe Co., which agreed to provide 1,000 cases of soap and cleansers at a cost of $50 per case. Boyd signed the agreement "Lewis University by Don Boyd, its agent." Lewis University refused to pay for the soap and cleanser claiming that Boyd lacked the authority to enter into the contract. Roscoe has sued both Lewis University and Don Boyd. Who is liable on the contract? Explain.
Work dissatisfaction could result in O a. Seek illegal ways to increase compensation O b. Exiting company Oc reduce work capacity O d. All answers are correct Oe. Work harder
The correct answer is option (d) - all answers are correct. Work dissatisfaction can manifest in various ways, including seeking illegal compensation, exiting the company, or reducing work capacity.
When employees are dissatisfied with their work, they may explore different responses. Some individuals may resort to seeking illegal ways to increase their compensation, such as engaging in fraudulent activities or theft. This unethical behavior is driven by a desire for financial gain and can have serious consequences for both the employee and the company.
Another possible outcome of work dissatisfaction is employees choosing to exit the company. When individuals are unhappy with their work environment or job conditions, they may decide to leave in search of better opportunities elsewhere. High turnover rates can negatively impact the organization's productivity, morale, and overall performance.
Additionally, work dissatisfaction can lead to a reduction in work capacity. When employees are dissatisfied, they may experience decreased motivation, engagement, and productivity. This can result in lower quality work, missed deadlines, and a general decline in job performance.
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