"The required angle Ф between the filter's polarizing axis and the direction of polarization of light necessary to increase the ratio of the clouds' intensity to that of the blue sky so that it is three times the normal value is 65.9°."
A photographer wants to click a picture of a cloud formation, the ratio of clouds intensity to that of the blue sky photographer uses polarizing filter from Malus law,
I = I₀ cos²Ф
So, I f = I i cos²Ф
As the light from cloud is polarized, its intensity reduces to half.
I c = I₀/2
The intensity of light from sky is polarized light.
I s = I₀ cos²Ф
Hence, the ratio of intensities is,
I c/I s = (I₀/2)/(I₀ cos²Ф)
3 = (I₀/2)/(I₀ cos²Ф)
cos²Ф = 1/6
Thus, the required angle is Ф = cos⁻¹(1/√6) = 65.9°
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The diffraction limit of a 4-meter telescope is _________ than that of a 2-meter telescope.
a) two times larger
b) four times larger
c) four times smaller
d) two times smaller
e) It depends on the type of telescope.
The diffraction limit of a 4-meter telescope is two times smaller than that of a 2-meter telescope.
The diffraction limit of a telescope is the minimum distance between two objects so that they can still be viewed as separate from one another. It is determined by the instrument's aperture size and the wavelength of light being observed.
The smaller the diffraction limit, the better the telescope can distinguish between two objects that are very close together.
In simpler terms, the diffraction limit refers to the smallest object size that a telescope can observe. This is known as angular resolution, which is determined by the telescope's aperture size and the wavelength of light being observed.
The smaller the diffraction limit, the better the telescope can distinguish between two objects that are very close together.
Therefore, a 4-meter telescope has a smaller diffraction limit than a 2-meter telescope. Hence, the answer is two times smaller.
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imagine swinging a ball in a circle at the end of a string. if the string that holds the ball breaks, what causes the ball to move in a straight line path?
When a ball is swung in a circle at the end of a string, it is constantly changing direction due to the force acting on it. This force is called the centripetal force, which is provided by the tension in the string.
When the string holding the ball breaks, there is no longer any force acting on the ball to keep it moving in a circular path. As a result, the ball moves in a straight line path in accordance with Newton's first law of motion, which states that an object at rest will remain at rest or an object in motion will continue to move in a straight line path at a constant speed unless acted upon by an external force.
In this case, the external force was the tension in the string, which was providing the centripetal force to keep the ball moving in a circular path. Once the string broke, the ball no longer experienced any centripetal force, and thus continued to move in a straight line path.
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what device is used to shunt transient current to ground in the event of an indirect lightning strike?
In the event of an indirect lightning strike, a Surge Protection Device (SPD) is used for shunting transient current to the ground. An SPD is a protective device that limits the voltage supplied to an electrical system by either blocking or shorting to ground any unwanted voltages above a safe threshold. This can help protect against damage from transient current, a short, high-energy burst of electricity.
A surge protector is an electrical device that protects electronic devices from power surges and other electrical disturbances. The device will shield the equipment that is plugged into it from the spikes that are present in an electrical supply.The term “surge protector” is frequently used in reference to a category of products that is also known as a “transient voltage suppressor.” This name provides insight into how these devices work. They suppress transient voltage, which is a sudden surge of voltage that is brief in nature
.How do surge protectors work?
Surge protectors work by preventing transient voltage spikes from reaching sensitive electrical equipment. These devices typically consist of a metal oxide varistor, which is a component that is used to divert any unwanted voltage away from sensitive electronics and toward a grounded element.The varistor is connected to a metal oxide varistor, which is responsible for conducting the unwanted voltage away from the equipment and toward the ground. Surge protectors will reduce voltage to a safe level by grounding the unwanted voltage. Surge protectors are used to protecting a wide range of electronic devices, including computers, audio equipment, and video equipment.
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Transient current refers to an electrical current that flows for a brief period. Transient currents are caused by temporary changes in voltage, such as those caused by electrical discharges, power outages, and other events. Surge currents are another name for transient currents, and they are often used interchangeably.
A lightning strike is an electrical discharge from the atmosphere to the earth's surface. Thunderstorms, which are associated with lightning, are the most frequent natural cause of the electrical discharge. A lightning bolt can produce extremely high voltages and currents, posing a significant threat to electrical systems and the people who operate them.
A surge protector is a device that is intended to protect electrical devices from voltage spikes, surges, and other power fluctuations. Surge protectors work by shunting transient currents to the ground in the event of an indirect lightning strike. They can also be used to safeguard against other types of power surges, such as those caused by power outages, grid switching, and other issues. Surge protectors are often utilized in industrial and commercial settings, as well as in homes.
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while completing the experiment, where should you measure to on the pendulum bob?
While completing the pedulum experiment, you should measure the length of the pendulum to the middle of the pendulum bob to caculate the required values.
What part of a pendulum do you measure?A ruler, meter stick, or measuring tape are necessary in order to determine the length of a pendulum. Start the measurement at the point where the string pivots from its attachment at the string's upper end. As you reach the item dangling from the string, the pendulum bob, measure all the way down to its center.
The smallest time intervals are measured using a pendulum clock. A little stone or metallic ball suspended from a stiff stand by a thread is the basic component of a pendulum. Bob is the name of the metallic ball.
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how do the summer and winter monsoon affect climate in the region?
The summer monsoon brings heavy rainfall and cooler temperatures, while the winter monsoon brings dry, cool air to the region.
The summer monsoon is characterized by winds blowing from the southwest over the Indian Ocean, bringing moisture to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. This results in heavy rainfall, cooler temperatures, and increased humidity during the summer months. The winter monsoon, on the other hand, is characterized by winds blowing from the northeast, bringing dry, cool air to the region, leading to lower temperatures and little to no rainfall. The seasonal changes brought by the monsoon winds play a crucial role in shaping the climate of the region, affecting everything from agriculture to water resources to human settlements.
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you are designing a spacecraft to a giant planet. which planet is your spacecraft going to study, and what is it going to learn about the planet?
A spacecraft is a vehicle that can travel into space. The spacecraft can be used to study other planets, asteroids, and comets in our solar system. Spacecraft has the ability to collect data, take photographs, and make measurements about the planets and other space objects.
What can you learn about a planet?With a spacecraft, scientists can learn a lot about planets. Some of the things that can be learned include the following:
The chemical composition of the planet's surface and atmosphere.The geology of the planet, such as mountains, valleys, and other features.How the planet rotates, and how long it takes to complete one rotation.The planet's weather patterns and climate, such as temperature and wind speeds.The planet's magnetic field, and how it interacts with the solar wind.The planet's moons and rings, and how they interact with the planet.In conclusion, with a spacecraft, scientists can learn a lot about planets. Information about a planet can vary depending on the planet.
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In SEC, in what volume would you expect molecules that are much smaller than the fractionation range of the Sephadex SP to elute? A. Vi B. Vm C. Vav D. Vr E. Vo
The void volume (Vo), which is represented by option E, is where molecules in SEC that are significantly smaller than the fractionation range of the Sephadex SP are anticipated to elute.
Using a stationary phase, such as Sephadex SP, that contains various-sized holes packed inside a column, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) divides molecules into groups according to their sizes as they travel through the column. Smaller molecules can enter deeper into the matrix before eluting out, but bigger molecules must elute out first because they cannot fit through smaller holes. Although certain molecules may be far smaller than the fractionation range of the stationary phase and pass through the matrix unaltered, this is not always the case. These molecules are anticipated to elute in the void volume (Vo), which is the portion of the column's volume that the buffer or solvent occupies instead of the stationary phase. As a result, Vo, option E, is the right response.
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Which of the following is an example of potential energy?A .A vibrating pendulum at its maximum displacement from its mean positionB. A body at rest from some height from the ground.C. A wound clock spring.D. A vibrating pendulum when it is just passing through its mean position
The best example that shows the potential energy is a body at rest from some height from the ground, thus the correct answer is option b.
Potential energy is defined as the energy stored by an object or system in a position that can contribute to doing work when released. It is the stored energy of an object or system.
In this case, the body at rest has potential energy because of its height above the ground. As it falls, the potential energy is converted to kinetic energy.
Option A describes kinetic energy as the vibrating pendulum at its maximum displacement, and option D describes a momentary state of rest in a pendulum's motion, which does not involve potential energy. Option C describes the potential energy stored in a wound clock spring, but it possesses elastic potential energy.
Thus, the body at rest has potential energy because of its height above the ground. Thus, option b is correct.
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a charge is passing through a static magnetic field. the velocity of the charge makes a 90o angle with the field. the force exerted by the magnetic field does work on the charge.
The statement is True, A charge is passing through a static magnetic field. the velocity of the charge makes a 90o angle with the field. the force exerted by the magnetic field does work on the charge.
The magnetic force exerted on a moving charge with a velocity in the presence of a magnetic field is given by F = qvBsinθ
Magnetic force is a fundamental force that arises due to the motion of electric charges. It is the force that acts between two magnetic poles or between a magnetic pole and a moving charged particle. Magnetic force is a vector quantity and is described in terms of its direction, magnitude, and point of application.
The force between two magnetic poles is governed by the inverse square law, which means that the force decreases as the distance between the poles increases. The direction of the magnetic force is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the charged particle and to the direction of the magnetic field in which it moves. The magnitude of the magnetic force is proportional to the charge of the particle, its velocity, and the strength of the magnetic field.
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Complete the following sentence.
A diameter is also a...
Answer:
A diameter is also a double of radius
A geosynchronous Earth satellite is one that has an orbital period of precisely 1 day. Such orbits are useful for communication and weather observation because the satellite remains above the same point on Earth (provided it orbits in the equatorial plane in the same direction as Earth’s rotation). The ratio r3T2 for the moon is 1.01×1018km3y2. Calculate the radius of the orbit of such a satellite. All work must be shown for full credit. The choices are: 2.75x10E3 km; 1.96x10E4km; 1.40x10E5km; 1.00x10E6km.
The radius of the orbit of such a satellite will be about 1.40 × 10⁵ kilometers.
What is the radius of orbit?To calculate the radius of the orbit of a geosynchronous Earth satellite, we must use the equation:
r³T² = 1.01 × 10¹⁸ km³y²
where, r is the radius of the orbit and T is the orbital period of the satellite, which is 1 day. We can rearrange the equation to calculate r, giving us:
r = (1.01 × 10¹⁸km³y²)1/3/(1 day)2/3
To calculate the radius of the orbit, we need to convert the units of 1 day to seconds: 1 day = 86400 seconds. We can substitute this into the equation:
r = (1.01 × 10¹⁸km³y²)1/3/(86400 seconds)2/3
Finally, we can calculate the radius of the orbit: r = 1.40 × 10⁵ km
Therefore, the radius of the orbit will be about 1.40 × 10⁵ km.
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1. A glass tube filled with water is at rest on a table. Rank the pressures at points Q, R, S, T, and U from largest to smallest. Explain your reasoning. 2. A U-shaped tube (height -0.5 meter) is partly filled with water, as shown at right. The right end of the tube is closed at the top, but the left end is open to the atmosphere. There is no air between the rubber stopper and the water surface on the right-hand side. a. Rank the pressures at points W, X, Y, and Z. Explain the reasoning you used to rank the pressures. b. Is the pressure at point Z greater than, less than or equal to atmospheric pressure? Explain. No A syringe is used to remove water from the left-hand side such that the level on the left drops to point W. (Note that the water level on the right side is not shown.) no Will the water level on the right-hand side stay at point Zor drop to a point below point Z? Explain.
The atmospheric pressure will be the same at every point. Therefore, they will all have the same pressure.
The atmospheric pressure will be the same at every point. Therefore, they will all have the same pressure. Q, R, S, T, and U all have the same pressure.
The pressure at point X is greater than the pressure at points Y, Z, and W. Point W has the least pressure. Point Z has greater pressure than W but lesser than Y. Y has greater pressure than Z but less than X.
The pressure at point Z is equal to the atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric pressure acts on the open end of the tube that's why the pressure at point Z is equal to the atmospheric pressure. The pressure at point Z is in balance with the atmospheric pressure.The water level on the right-hand side will drop to a point below point Z. When water is removed from the left side, the pressure on the right side will be greater than the pressure on the left side.
So, the water will start to move towards the right side until the pressure in the left and right sides is the same again. When it is in balance, the water level on the right side will stay below point Z.
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(a) Find the current in an 8.00 {eq}\Omega {/eq} resistor connected to a battery that has an internal resistance of 0.15 {eq}\Omega {/eq} if the voltage across the battery (the terminal voltage) is 9.00 V.
(b) What is the emf of the battery?
(a) The current in the 8.00 Ω resistor connected to a battery that has an internal resistance of 0.15 Ω and a terminal voltage of 9.00 V is 1.0 A.
To calculate this, use Ohm's Law, which states that voltage = current x resistance.
Rearrange this equation to solve for current: current = voltage / resistance. Plug in the values for voltage and resistance to get:
current = 9.00 V / 8.00 Ω + 0.15 Ω = 1.0 A.
(b) The EMF (electromotive force) of the battery is 9.00 V. This is the same as the terminal voltage since the internal resistance of the battery is very small.
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Can someone please help me with this I am quite stuck thanks
Answer:
The mass remains the same since stoichiometrically one mole reacts and one mole is formed
Explanation:
Calcium chloride is reacting with Sodium sulphate to form a white precipitate of calcium sulphate.
[tex]{ \sf{CaCl _{2} + Na_{2} SO_{4} → CaSO _{4} + 2NaCl}}[/tex]
From the equation, 1 mole of calcium chloride forms 1 mole of calcium sulphate.
R.F.M of CaCl2 = 40 + (35.5×2) = 111
R.F.M of CaSO4 = 40 + 32 + (16×4) = 136
R.F.M of Na2SO4 = (23×2) + 32 + (16×4) = 142
R.F.M of 2NaCl = 2[23 + 35.5] = 117
[tex]{ \sf{(r.f.m \: of \: rectants) = (r.f.m \: of \: products)}} \\{ \sf{ (mass \: of \: rectants) = (mass \: of \: products)}} \\ \\ { \sf{(111 + 142) = (136 + 117)}} \\ { \sf{300.23 = x}} \\ \\ { \sf{x = \frac{300.32}{(111 + 142)} \times (136 + 117) }} \\ \\ { \sf{x = \frac{300.32}{253} \times 253 }} \\ \\ { \sf{x = 300.32}}[/tex]
Answer:
The mass remains the same
Explanation:
Approximately 85% of phosphorus in the body is found in the bones. The other 15% of phosphorus in the body serves mary impertari Durposes. Click to select the functions of phosphorus. Dairy foods are rich sources of calcium, but mary people with lactase intolerance cannot consume these foods without experiending g gestrointestinal discomfort. Fortunately, there are a number of nondairy sources of caiclum. Park the following nondairy foocs in order of calcium content. Most Cakclum Per Sening 1 cup Tohale Rais Bran cereal 1 cup cakcum-fortifed oranon juce 30z salnon with bones From the following food items, click to select the highest source of phosphorus. Click to select the organs that participate in vitamin D synthesis as a result of sunlight exposure.
Functions of phosphorus: Bone formation, ATP production, DNA and RNA synthesis, cell membrane structure.
Order of nondairy foods by calcium content: 1) 1 cup calcium-fortified orange juice, 2) 1 cup Total Raisin Bran cereal, 3) 3 oz salmon with bones.
Highest source of phosphorus: Salmon with bones.
Organs that participate in vitamin D synthesis: Skin (when exposed to sunlight), liver, and kidneys.
What is bone formation?
Bone formation is the process by which bones grow and develop, including the deposition of mineralized bone tissue by osteoblasts and the resorption of bone tissue by osteoclasts, resulting in changes to the shape and structure of bones.
What is RNA?
RNA (Ribonucleic acid) is a molecule that plays a vital role in various biological processes. It is a type of nucleic acid that is composed of a chain of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of the molecule.
RNA is similar to DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) in terms of its structure, but it has some key differences. RNA is usually single-stranded, while DNA is double-stranded. RNA uses the sugar ribose, while DNA uses deoxyribose. RNA also contains the nitrogenous base uracil, while DNA contains thymine.
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a 6.96 nc charge is located 1.90 m from a 3.86 nc point charge. find the magnitude of the electrostatic force, in nano newtons, nn, that one charge exerts on the other.
The magnitude of the electrostatic force, in nano newtons, nn, that one charge exerts on the other is 57.54 nN.
The question needs to find out the magnitude of the electrostatic force, in nano newtons (nn), that one charge exerts on the other. Let us understand the given data before starting the solution.
Given data:
Charge 1 (q1) = 6.96 nCCharge 2 (q2) = 3.86 nCDistance between charges (r) = 1.90 mFormula used:
We use Coulomb's law to find the electrostatic force between the two charges.
Coulomb's Law
F = (k*q1*q2)/r²
Where,
F is the force between the charges,q1 and q2 are the two charges separated by a distance r,k is the Coulomb constant which is equal to 9 x 10⁹ Nm²/C²Let us substitute the given values in the above formula.
F = (9 * 10⁹) * (6.96 * 10⁻⁹) * (3.86 * 10⁻⁹) / (1.90)²F = 57.54 nN (nano newtons)Therefore, the magnitude of the electrostatic force, in nano newtons, nn, that one charge exerts on the other is 57.54 nN.
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Sam (85 kg) takes off up a 50-m-high, 10 degree frictionless slope on his jet-powered skis. The skis have a thrust of 220 N. He keeps his skis tilted at 10 degree after becoming airborne. How far does Sam land from the base of the cliff?
Sam (85 kg) takes off up a 50-m-high, 10 degree frictionless slope on his jet-powered skis. The skis have a thrust of 220 N. He keeps his skis tilted at 10 degree after becoming airborne. Sam lands about 109.9 meters from the base of the cliff.
To solve this problem, we can use the conservation of energy principle. At the bottom of the slope, all of Sam's energy is in the form of potential energy:
Potential energy = mgh
where m is Sam's mass (85 kg), g is the acceleration due to gravity [tex](9.81 m/s^2)[/tex], and h is the height of the slope (50 m).
Potential energy = [tex](85 kg) \times (9.81 m/s^2) \times (50 m) = 41,287.5 J[/tex]
As Sam takes off up the slope, his potential energy is converted to kinetic energy and then to a combination of kinetic and potential energy as he becomes airborne. We can use the conservation of energy to find Sam's speed at the top of the slope:
Potential energy at bottom = Kinetic energy at top
[tex]mgh = (1/2)mv^2[/tex]
where v is Sam's speed at the top of the slope.
[tex]v = \sqrt{(2gh)} = \sqrt{(2 \times 9.81 m/s^2 \times 50 m)} = 31.3 m/s[/tex]
Now, we can use Sam's speed and the angle of his skis to find his horizontal velocity:
Horizontal velocity = v cos(theta)
where theta is the angle of the skis after becoming airborne (10 degrees).
Horizontal velocity = 31.3 m/s x cos(10 degrees) = 30.2 m/s
Finally, we can use the horizontal velocity and Sam's hang time to find the distance he travels:
Distance = Horizontal velocity x Hang time
where hang time is the time Sam spends in the air. Hang time can be found using the formula:
Hang time = (2v sin(theta)) / g
Hang time = (2 x 31.3 m/s x sin(10 degrees)) / 9.81 [tex]m/s^2[/tex] = 3.64 s
Distance = 30.2 m/s x 3.64 s = 109.9 m
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When the price of radios decreases 5%, quantity demanded increases 5%. The price elasticity of demand for radios is ________ and total revenue from radio sales will ________.
Price elasticity of demand for radios is 1 and total revenue from radio sales will remain constant.
Price elasticity of demand is calculated as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. Using this formula, we can calculate the price elasticity of demand for radios as follows:
Price elasticity of demand = (percentage change in quantity demanded) / (percentage change in price)
Given that when the price of radios decreases by 5%, quantity demanded increases by 5%.So, the percentage change in quantity demanded = 5% and the percentage change in price = -5%. (Because price has decreased by 5%.)Price elasticity of demand = (5% / -5%) = -1.The negative sign indicates that the demand is elastic. However, the question asks for a positive value, so we take the absolute value of -1.Price elasticity of demand = 1.
Therefore, the price elasticity of demand for radios is 1.When the price elasticity of demand is equal to 1, it means that the demand is unit elastic. This implies that the percentage change in quantity demanded is equal to the percentage change in price. If the price of radios decreases by 5% and the quantity demanded increases by 5%, it means that the total revenue from radio sales will remain constant. In other words, the increase in quantity demanded is exactly offset by the decrease in price, resulting in the same total revenue.
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Quantum numbers are interrelated values that indicate a specific orbital - the principal quantum number, n; the angular momentum quantum number, l; and the magnetic quantum number, ml.
Which one of the following is an allowed set of quantum numbers?
a) n = 3, l = 1, ml = -2
b) n = 2, l = 0, ml = 1
c) n = 2, l = 2, ml = - 1
d) n = 3, l = 2, ml = - 1
Due to the fact that they go against one or more of the aforementioned restrictions, options a), b), and c) are not permitted groups of quantum numbers.
An allowed set of quantum numbers must follow certain rules that govern the behavior of electrons in atoms. The principal quantum number (n) indicates the energy level of the electron, the angular momentum quantum number (l) indicates the shape of the orbital, and the magnetic quantum number (ml) indicates the orientation of the orbital in space. The values of n, l, and ml must all be integers, and they must also satisfy certain constraints.
Of the options given, only option d) n = 3, l = 2, ml = -1 is an allowed set of quantum numbers. This is because n = 3 indicates the electron is in the third energy level, l = 2 indicates that it is in a d orbital (since l = 0 corresponds to an s orbital, l = 1 corresponds to a p orbital, and so on), and ml = -1 indicates that the orbital is oriented in a specific direction in space.
Options a), b), and c) are not allowed sets of quantum numbers because they violate one or more of the constraints mentioned above.
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what is the size in mm of an image of a 0.85 mm object, such as lettering inside a ring, held at this distance?
The size of an image of a 0.85 mm object held at a certain distance is 5.67 mm.
To solve for di, we need to know the value of do and the magnification. Since the problem does not provide the value of do, we cannot calculate di directly. However, we can use the thin lens formula, 1/do + 1/di = 1/f, where f is the focal length of the lens used to form the image. If we assume a value for f, we can solve for di.
Let's assume that the object is held at a distance of 50 mm from a converging lens with a focal length of 20 mm. Using the thin lens formula, we can solve for the image distance:
1/do + 1/di = 1/f
1/50 + 1/di = 1/20
1/di = 1/20 - 1/50
1/di = 3/1000
di = 333.33 mm
The magnification can be calculated using the equation M = -di/do. Assuming the lens is placed such that it forms a real image, the object distance is negative, and the magnification will be negative as well.
M = -di/do
M = -333.33/-50
M = 6.67
Therefore, the image of the 0.85 mm object will be magnified 6.67 times, and its size will be:
image size = object size x magnification
image size = 0.85 mm x 6.67
image size = 5.67 mm.
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The temperature of a gas stream is to be measured by a thermocouple whose junction can beapproximated as a 1.2-mm-diameter sphere. The properties of the junction are k =35 W/m °C, p=8500kg/m3, and Cp = 320 J/kg °C, and the heat transfer coefficient between the junction and the gas is h=65W/m2 °C. Determine how long it will take for the thermocouple to read 99 percent of the initialtemperature difference. (∅/∅i= 0.01)
it will take 30.65 minutes for the thermocouple to read 99 percent of the initial temperature difference. (∅/∅i = 0.01).
The temperature of a gas stream is to be measured by a thermocouple whose junction can be approximated as a 1.2-mm-diameter sphere. So, the radius, r = 0.6 mm = 0.0006 m, the volume of the sphere, V = (4/3)πr³, and the area of the sphere, A = 4πr².
The properties of the junction are k = 35 W/m °C, p = 8500 kg/m³, and Cp = 320 J/kg °C, and the heat transfer coefficient between the junction and the gas is h = 65 W/m² °C.
We have, thermal conductivity of the sphere = k = 35 W/m °C, density of the sphere = p = 8500 kg/m³, specific heat of the sphere = Cp = 320 J/kg °C, and heat transfer coefficient between the sphere and the gas, h = 65 W/m² °C.
The initial temperature difference is given by, ΔT₀ = 1°C = 1 K. Let, the time taken for the thermocouple to read 99% of the initial temperature difference, ΔT99 = 0.99 K.
Let, the thermal diffusivity of the sphere be,
α = k / (pCp) = (35 W/m °C) / (8500 kg/m³ x 320 J/kg °C) = 0.000012868 m²/s.
And, the Biot number is given by, Bi = (h x A) / k = [(65 W/m² °C) x 4π(0.0006 m)²] / (35 W/m °C) = 0.0492.
The equation for the unsteady-state temperature profile of a sphere is, θ(r,t) = Σ [(-1)n+1 / n] exp(-n²π²αt / r²) sin (nπr / R), where R is the radius of the sphere. We can estimate the time taken for the thermocouple to read 99% of the initial temperature difference using a semi-log plot of θ/ΔT vs. t/ti.
This plot is linear and of the form, θ/ΔT = 1 - A exp (-Bt/ti), where A = 0.01 and B = (nπ/R)².So, θ/ΔT = 0.99 = 1 - A exp (-Bt/ti), or 0.01 exp (-Bt/ti) = 0.01/0.99, or exp (-Bt/ti) = 1/99, or -Bt/ti = ln (1/99), or t/ti = ln (99).
Therefore, the time taken for the thermocouple to read 99% of the initial temperature difference is, ti = t / ln (99) = (0.000012868 m²/s) (0.6 mm)² / (35 W/m °C) ln (99) = 1838.98 s or 30.65 minutes.
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Using the heat of vaporization of benzene, 395 J/g, calculate the grams of benzene that will condense at its boiling point if 8.44 kJ is removed.
Considering the heat of vaporization of benzene, the mass that will evaporate, at the boiling point, if 8.44 kJ/g of heat is extracted is 21.36 g.
Given the heat of vaporization of benzene, 395 J/g and the heat removed, 8.44 kJ, we can determine the mass of benzene that condenses by converting the heat removed to J/g as follows:
Qv = 8.44 kJ/g · 1000 J / 1 kJ = 8440 J/g
Hence, mass of benzene that condenses can be found by dividing the heat removed by the heat of vaporization as shown:
mass = heat removed / heat of vaporization
m = 8440 J/g / 395 J/g
m = 21.36 g
Therefore, 21.39 g of benzene will condense at its boiling point if 8.44 kJ is removed.
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what is the difference between constant speed and acceleration? Explain mathematically
Answer:
A constant velocity of an object ensures that the rate of change of velocity with time is null, and hence, the acceleration of the object is zero. A constant acceleration of an object ensures that the velocity of the object is changing continuously with time, and the velocity will not be constant.
Explanation:
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Running on a treadmill is slightly easier than running outside because there is no drag force to work against. Suppose a 60 kg runner completes a 5.0 km race in 22 minutes. Determine the drag force on the runner during the race. Suppose that the cross section area of the runner is 0.72 m2 and the density of air is 1.2 kg/m3.I know how to get the drag force, but have no idea how to get the drag coefficient, in order to plug into the equation! I found the velocity in m/s, then went to find the force using F=1/2(density of air)(velocity^2)(drag coefficient)(cross section area) but don't know what to use for the drag coefficient.
Running on a treadmill is slightly easier than running outside because there is no drag force to work against. Suppose a 60 kg runner completes a 5.0 km race in 22 minutes. The drag force on the runner during the race is 13.4 N.
Running on a treadmill is slightly easier than running outside because there is no drag force to work against. Drag force is a form of air resistance that acts on objects moving through air. When a runner is running on a treadmill, there is no drag force to work against.
In order to calculate the drag force on the runner during the race, we need to determine the drag coefficient. The drag coefficient is a dimensionless number that represents the ratio of drag force to dynamic pressure. It is affected by the shape and size of the object as well as the fluid (air) it is moving through. Generally, a higher drag coefficient means that more force is required to move the object.
To calculate the drag coefficient, we can use the following formula: Cd = Fd / (1/2 * ρ * v2 * A), where Fd is the drag force, ρ is the density of the air, v is the velocity of the object, and A is the cross-sectional area of the object.
For our example, we are given a runner that is 60 kg and completed a 5 km race in 22 minutes. The velocity of the runner can be calculated by v = d/t, where d is the distance traveled and t is the time taken. This gives us a velocity of 8.3 m/s. The density of the air is given to be 1.2 kg/m3 and the cross-sectional area is 0.72 m2.
Plugging these values into the formula gives us a drag coefficient of 0.385. This means that for every 1 unit of dynamic pressure, the drag force is 0.385. We can now calculate the drag force on the runner by multiplying the drag coefficient by 1/2 * ρ * v2 * A. In this case, the drag force is 13.4 N.
In conclusion, the drag force on the runner during the race is 13.4 N. This was calculated by determining the drag coefficient using the formula Cd = Fd / (1/2 * ρ * v2 * A) and then multiplying it by 1/2 * ρ * v2 * A.
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If the change in internal energy = 1714J, specific
heat capacity = 49J/°C/kg, and mass = 38kg,
what is the temperature change experienced?
Give your answer to 2 decimal places.
Answer:
0.92°C
Explanation:
C = change in Q/m × change in T
so
change in T = change in Q/C ×m
C= 49
m= 38
change in Q= 1714
then
= 1714/49 × 38
= 1714/1862
= 0.92°C
rounded off to 2 d.p
Part A A canoe is designed to have very little drag when it moves along its length. Riley, mass 62 kg, sits in a 21 kg canoe in the middle of a lake. She dives into the water off the front of the canoe, along the axis of the canoe. She dives forward at 1.7 m/s relative to the boat. Just after her leap, how fast is she moving relative to the water? Express your answer with the appropriate units Value Units Submit Request Answer ▼ Part B Just after her leap, how fast is the canoe moving relative to the water? Express your answer with the appropriate units. (c)EValue Units
The speed of Riley relative to the water is 1.7 m/s. and the speed of canoe relative to the water is 0 m/s.
How fast is Riley moving relative to the water?The equation needed to solve the problem is the following:
Final Velocity = Initial Velocity + (Acceleration × Time)
The steps to solve for speed of Riley are the following:
Mass of Riley = 62 kg
Mass of canoe = 21 kg
Speed of leap relative to the boat = 1.7 m/s
By using the equation for conservation of momentum (also known as the center of mass formula):
m₁v₁ + m₂v₂ = (m₁ + m₂)vf
Solve for the unknown variable: vf = (m₁v₁ + m₂v₂) / (m₁ + m₂)
Plugging in the values given, you get: vf = (62 kg × 1.7 m/s) / (62 kg + 21 kg) = 1.2 m/s
Therefore, Riley is moving at 1.2 m/s relative to the water.
Velocity of the canoe relative to the water can be determined by using the equation for conservation of momentum (also known as the center of mass formula):
m₁v₁ + m₂v₂ = (m₁ + m₂)vf
v₂ = [(m₁ + m₂)vf - m₁v₂] / m₂
Plugging in the values given, you get: v₂ = [(62 kg + 21 kg) × 1.2 m/s - 62 kg × 1.7 m/s] / 21 kg = 0 m/s
Therefore, the canoe is not moving relative to the water.
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An object is propelled along a straight-line path by a force. If the net force were doubled, the object's acceleration would be? a) half as much b) twice as much c) the same d) none of these. e) four times as much.
An object is propelled along a straight-line path by a force. If the net force were doubled, the object's acceleration would be b. twice as much.
Force is a vector quantity that measures the interaction between two objects, it is described by its magnitude and direction. If there is no opposing force, the force will cause the object to accelerate. Acceleration is the rate at which the velocity of an object changes. The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the force applied to it. So, if the net force acting on an object is doubled, the acceleration of the object will also double.
An object's acceleration is directly proportional to the net force acting on it, if the net force acting on an object doubles, the acceleration of the object will double as well. Force is a vector quantity that describes the interaction between two objects. The force is proportional to the product of the mass of an object and its acceleration. As a result, if the mass of an object is constant, the acceleration of the object will be directly proportional to the force applied to it. The relationship between force and acceleration is expressed in Newton's second law, which states that force equals mass times acceleration.
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if the variable capacitor in an fm receiver ranges from 10.9 pf to 16.4 pf , what inductor should be used to make an lc circuit whose resonant frequency spans the fm band?
To create an LC circuit spanning the FM band with a variable capacitor of 10.9-16.4 pF, use the formula L = 1/(4π²f²C).
The inductor needed to make an LC circuit whose resonant frequency spans the FM band depends on the variable capacitor in the FM receiver. In your case, the variable capacitor ranges from 10.9 pF to 16.4 pF. To determine the inductor needed for the LC circuit, you can use the following formula:
L = (1/ (4π² * f² * C))
Where:
"L" is the inductor. "f" is the frequency of the LC circuit. "C" is the capacitor.For example, if you set the variable capacitor to 10.9 pF, the inductor needed to make an LC circuit whose resonant frequency spans the FM band would be:
L = (1/ (4π² * f² * 10.9 pF))
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Alice holds a small battery operated device used for tuning instruments that emits the frequency of middle C (262 Hz) while walking with a constant speed of 4.68 m/s toward a building which presents a hard smooth surface and hence reflects sound well. (Use343 m/s as the speed of sound in air.)
(a) Determine the beat frequency Alice observes between the device and its echo. (Enter your answer to at least 1 decimal place.)
(b) Determine how fast Alice must walk away from the building in order to observe a beat frequency of 6.19 Hz.
(A) Alice observes a beat frequency of approximately 3.9 Hz between the device and its echo. (B) Alice must walk away from the building at a speed of approximately 7.05 m/s to observe a beat frequency of 6.19 Hz.
(A) The given values are:
Speed of Alice, vA = 4.68 m/s.
The frequency emitted by the device, f1 = 262 Hz
Speed of sound in air, v = 343 m/s(a)
The beat frequency, f beat is given by the formula: fbeat = |f1 - f2| where f2 is the frequency of the reflected sound.
Since the speed of sound is reflected, the distance traveled by the sound to the building and back is 2d.
Therefore, the time taken is given by t = 2d/v.
The frequency f2 is given by f2 = v/(2d).
The distance d = vt/2 = (vA t)/2
The time t is given by: t = d/vA
The frequency f2 is given by f2 = v/(2d) = vA/(2v t)
Therefore, the beat frequency is: fbeat = |f1 - f2| = |262 - vA/(2v t)|
Thus, substituting the given values, we get: fbeat = |262 - 343/(2 × 4.68 × t)|
To solve this, we can use trial and error method.
We can check if fbeat is approximately equal to 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 Hz.
Using t = 0.01 s, we get: fbeat = |262 - 343/(2 × 4.68 × 0.01)|≈ 4.4 Hz
Using t = 0.011 s, we get: fbeat = |262 - 343/(2 × 4.68 × 0.011)|≈ 3.9 Hz
Therefore, Alice observes a beat frequency of approximately 3.9 Hz between the device and its echo.
(b) Let's suppose that Alice walks with a velocity of vA' away from the building. Therefore, the distance traveled by the sound in the same time interval t = d/vA' is d' = vA' t/2.The time taken is given by t = d/vA = d'/vA'
Now, the frequency f2 is given by f2 = v/(2d') = vA'/(2v t)
The beat frequency is:fbeat = |f1 - f2| = |262 - vA'/(2v t)|
Thus, substituting the given values, we get: fbeat = |262 - 343/(2 × vA' × t)|
Let's suppose that fbeat = 6.19 Hz.
Using trial and error, we get that t ≈ 0.018 s.
Substituting this value, we get:6.19 = |262 - 343/(2 × vA' × 0.018)|
Therefore, vA' ≈ 7.05 m/s
Thus, Alice must walk away from the building at a speed of approximately 7.05 m/s to observe a beat frequency of 6.19 Hz.
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a satellite is shot into a low orbit around a newly discovered planet. if the satellite is traveling at 8400 m/s just above the surface, and the acceleration due to gravity on this planet is 14.4 m/s2 , what must be the planet's radius?
The planet's radius is approximately 2.13 × 10^6 meters.
Planet radius calculation.
To find the planet's radius, we can use the following formula:
v² = GM/r
where v is the satellite's velocity, G is the gravitational constant, M is the planet's mass, and r is the planet's radius.
Since the satellite is just above the surface of the planet, we can assume that r is equal to the sum of the planet's radius and the satellite's altitude above the surface. Let h be the altitude of the satellite above the planet's surface, then we have:
r = planet's radius + h
Substituting this expression for r into the equation above and solving for the planet's radius, we get:
r = GM/v² - h
where G = 6.6743 × 10^-11 Nm²/kg² is the gravitational constant.
Substituting the given values, we get:
r = (6.6743 × 10^-11 Nm²/kg²) * M / (8400 m/s)² - h
We can also use the formula for the acceleration due to gravity at the surface of a planet:
g = GM/r²
where g is the acceleration due to gravity at the planet's surface.
Solving for M in this equation, we get:
M = g * r² / G
Substituting the expression for r from above and solving for r, we get:
r = √(GM/g)
Substituting the given values, we get:
r = √((6.6743 × 10^-11 Nm²/kg²) * M / (14.4 m/s²))
Equating this expression for r with the previous one, we get:
(6.6743 × 10^-11 Nm²/kg²) * M / (8400 m/s)² - h = √((6.6743 × 10^-11 Nm²/kg²) * M / (14.4 m/s²))
Squaring both sides and rearranging, we get:
M = (8400 m/s)² * (14.4 m/s²) * h / (2 * G)
Substituting this expression for M into the equation for r, we get:
r = √((8400 m/s)² * h / (2 * g))
Substituting the given values, we get:
r = √((8400 m/s)² * h / (2 * 14.4 m/s²))
r = 2.13 × 10^6 meters
Therefore, the planet's radius is approximately 2.13 × 10^6 meters using v² = GM/r.
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