Greece can produce either 100 bushels of oranges or 20 bushels of tomatoes using all of its available resources, and Turkey can produce either 40 bushels of oranges or 30 bushels of tomatoes using all of its available resources. How many bushels of oranges will Greece produce after specialization and trade, assuming that each country fully specializes in the good in which it has a comparative advantage

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

100 bushels of oranges

Explanation:

A country has comparative advantage in production if it produces at a lower opportunity cost when compared to other countries.

for Greece

opportunity cost of producing oranges = 20 / 100 = 0.2

opportunity cost of producing tomatoes = 100/ 20 = 5

For turkey

opportunity cost of producing oranges = 30 / 40 = 0.75

opportunity cost of producing tomatoes = 40 / 30 = 1.33

Greece has a comparative advantage in the production of oranges. If it specialises in the production of oranges, it would produce 100 bushels

Answer 2

Greece has an advantage in producing oranges i.e. 100 bushels of oranges.

What does the opportunity cost?

Opportunity cost is often regarded as an opportunity lost because it means the loss of cost while selecting one alternative in place of another.

Given:          Oranges      or        Tomatoes

Greece  = 100 bushels          20 bushels

Turkey= 40 bushels              30 bushels

1. Calculation for Greece=

opportunity cost of oranges production= 20 / 100 = 0.2

opportunity cost of tomatoes production = 100/ 20 = 52.

2. Calculation for Turkey=

opportunity  cost of oranges production = 30 / 40 = 0.75

opportunity cost of tomatoes production = 40 / 30 = 1.33

By the above calculations, we can say that Greece has a comparative advantage in the production of oranges. If it specializes in producing oranges.

Therefore, the above calculation shows that Greece has an advantage in producing oranges.

Learn more about opportunity costs here:

https://brainly.com/question/17204577


Related Questions

The economic term that describes the satisfaction that consumers gain from consuming goods and services is

Answers

Answer:

utility

Explanation:

Answer:

Utility

Explanation:

I got the answer right on my test

McGregor Company allows customers to pay with credit cards. The credit card company charges McGregor 3% of the sale. When a customer uses a credit card to pay McGregor $1,300 for services provided, McGregor would:

Answers

Answer:

Debit Service fees expenses $39

Explanation:

The journal entry is shown below:

Cash account  $1,261  

Service fees expenses (3% of $1,300) $39

   Service revenue $1,300

(Being the cash is recorded)

here cash and expense is debited as it increased the assets and expense and credited the service revenue as it also increased the revenue

Required-: JOURNAL ENTRY (ACCOUNT)
Paid Rs. 28,000 to Sansee stores in fullsettlement of Rs. 30,000 by cheque please help Me with this. I'm still confused in it.

Answers

- Hey there , ronisha!

Answer:

[tex] \large{ \tt{SEE \: THE \: ATTACHED \: PICTURE}}[/tex]

[tex] \large{ \tt{E \: X \: P \: L \: A \: N \: A \: T \: I \: O \: N}} : [/tex]

Full settlement generally means DISCOUNT ALLOWED.

Firstly , Read out the question and try to understand. It says we purchased some stuffs of Rs 30000 from the sansee stores and we payed Rs 28000 in full settlement which implies that we received the discount of Rs 30000-28000 i.e Rs 2000.

You must have known the rules for debit and credit. As we know In case of personal account , Debit : The receiver , We have sansee stores as the receiver so we placed it in debit side.

Remember: When the question says that the cash is payed through cheque , you should always consider cheque as a bank. Now , In the case of personal account , Credit : The giver. Who's the giver? Of course , bank! So , we placed it in credit side.

Now , In case of nominal account , Credit : the incomes or gains . The question says we received the discount so obviously it's not expenses. So, We placed discount received in credit side. You must have studied that Every debit should have equal credit. And we're done!

- Hope this helps! Please let me know if you have any questions regarding my answer and also don't hesitate to reach out to me if you need any other help! :)

If variable costs per unit decreased because of a decrease in utility rates, the break-even point would

Answers

Answer:

Decrease

Explanation:

The break-even point will decrease because the variable cost increases when the volume of quantity increases and it decreases when the volume of quantity decreases. Therefore, due to a decrease in utility rates, the decrease in variable cost will decrease the break-even point because it will fall the quantity and revenue simultaneously.

A seller entered a contract with a buyer under which the buyer agreed to purchase certain corporate securities for $500,000. The buyer refused to go through with the purchase, contending that the entire transaction was void because of federal securities statutes. The seller thus sold the securities to another party but was able to sell them for only $420,000. The seller filed an action against the buyer in federal district court, alleging that the transaction did not violate federal securities statutes and seeking $80,000 for the buyer's breach of contract. The seller and the buyer are both citizens of the same state. Does the federal court have subject matter jurisdiction over the action

Answers

Answer:

Yes.  The federal court has subject matter jurisdiction over the action because it is based on a federal statute.

Explanation:

While the state court will always have subject matter jurisdiction over most cases involving citizens of the same state, the statute under contention is a federal statute, and the defendant is claiming that the transaction violated some federal securities statutes.  Moreover, the amount that the plaintiff is asking for is more than $75,000.  As it is, the federal court has subject matter jurisdiction to hear the case.

In a free market setting where quantity supplied is 40 units and quantity demanded is 50 units, price will:

Answers

Answer: Increase

Explanation:

According to the Law of Supply and Demand, If the demand for the good is higher than the supply, the price will be higher to reflect the relative scarcity and if the demand is lower than supply, the price will be lower to reflect the relative excess.

In this case the quantity demanded is higher than the quantity supplied so the price will have to increase to reflect the relative scarcity of the good.

Jackie works as a sales rep for a company that produces and sells steel used in building construction. Jackie is in __________ sales. G2B B2C B2B C2C G2G

Answers

Answer:

B2B

Explanation:

B2B (business-to-business) is a marketing strategy that deals with meeting the needs of other businesses, by selling products or services to the organizations for resale to other consumers, used in production of goods or for the operation of an organisation.

Generally, a B2B (business-to-business) model focuses on facilitating sales transactions between businesses.

In this scenario, Jackie is employed to work as a sales rep for a company that is into the production and sales of steel used in building construction.

Hence, Jackie is in Business to business (B2B) sales.

Lee works 40 hours per week, typically working 10 hours per day Monday through Thursday, and taking a three-day weekend. Lee works a ______ workweek

Answers

Answer:

Compressed workweek

Explanation:

Compressed workweek refers to the flexibility in which a worker works complete hours in a week but it works in fewer days. For instance, a worker works 4 days and completes 40 hours of work and then enjoys three days off. Here, this flexibility is called the compressed workweek.

At the beginning of the year (January 1), Buffalo Drilling has $11,000 of common stock outstanding and retained earnings of $6,900. During the year, Buffalo reports net income of $7,200 and pays dividends of $1,900. In addition, Buffalo issues additional common stock for $6,700. Required: Prepare the statement of stockholders' equity at the end of the year (December 31)..

Answers

Answer:

Statement of stockholders' equity at the end of the year December 31

                                               Common Stock  Retained Earnings   Total

At Beginning of the year :

Balances                                      $11,000                 $6,900       $17,900

During the Year :

Net Income                                      -                         $7,200        $7,200

Dividend                                          -                         ($1,900)       ($1,900)

Issue of Common Stock             $6,700                       -              $6,700

At End of the Year :

Balances                                    $17,700               $12,200       $29,900

Explanation:

Stockholders' equity represents all items that are attributable to the owners of the company.

The statement of stockholders' equity at the end of the year December 31 has been prepared above according to IAS 1.

Each of the following are classified as an operating activity except: multiple choice payment of salaries collection of credit sales receipt of dividend revenue purchase of short-term investments

Answers

Answer:

purchase of short-term investments

Explanation:

The operating activity deals in payment and receipts of the cash payment and cash receipts with regard to day to day expenses, sales, etc

It can involved the salaries payment, credit sales, dividend revenue

But does not include the purchase of short term investment as it is the part of the investing activity not the operating activity

____ is a customer's subjective assessment of benefits relative to costs in determining the worth of a product.

Answers

Answer:

Value

Explanation:

A product can be defined as any physical object or material that typically satisfy and meets the demands, needs or wants of customers. Some examples of a product are mobile phones, television, microphone, microwave oven, bread, pencil, freezer, beverages, soft drinks etc.

According to the economist Philip Kotler in his book titled "Marketing management" he stated that, there are five (5) levels of a product. This includes;

1. Core benefit.

2. Generic product.

3. Expected product.

4. Augmented product.

5. Potential product.

The core benefit of a product can be defined as the basic (fundamental) wants or needs that is being satisfied, met and taken care of when a customer purchase a product.

In Economics, value is a subjective assessment of benefits by a customer with respect to costs in determining the worth of a product.

For example, a hotel provides a comfortable and convenient bed to spend the night (sleep) when you travel for a vacation at a price.

Ted is a favorite among his subordinates, as he gets directly involved in the minute details of their work. He is task-oriented and has clear knowledge on critical operational details of his team. In this context, Ted can be considered a(n) _____ leader.

Answers

Answer:

ingratiating.

Explanation:

It is correct to say that Ted can be considered an ingratiating leader, which is a technique used to improve personal relationships through the use of sympathy, assistance, interest and collaboration, so that there is a positive influence on people and consequently greater individual willingness to respond to expectations of that person.

As the question explains, Ted has the sympathy of subordinates and is considered one of the favorite leaders because he gets involved in the work, understands the workers and helps with tasks, so he is a ingratiating leader.

Why do companies like Abercrombie & Fitch and Zara think that opening retail outlets in Japan will help them with their future products?

Answers

Answer: opportunity

Explanation:

Saw a question like this before. Because it's a opportunity to get more customers and doing it in other countries gives you opportunity for it

Answer:

Because of opportunity

On June 1, Edward visited a bicycle sales and service center. Edward spotted a used bike he liked and was told by the dealer that he could have the bike for $100 cash. Since Edward needed a few days to get the money, Edward got a signed, written statement by the dealer that Edward could buy the bike for $100 at anytime on or before June 15. On June 10 Edward came to the dealer with the money, but the bike had been sold to another customer. Was the dealer under any obligation to Edward to keep this offer open until June 15? Give legal reasoning for your answer.

Answers

Answer:

"Yes" will be the correct response.

Explanation:

The dealership has been obliged to Edward since Edward as well as Dealer had written agreements stating that somehow Edwards may acquire their motorbike on the day before the fifteenth of June.The two parties offered and otherwise accepted as well as agreed in writing. That's because the contract remained valid, Dealer may be prosecuted as well for contravention.

Suppose that Dr. Reilly owns a medical clinic and he enters into a contract to buy 500 tablets of Gensol from Pharzime. The Gensol that he orders are 200 milligrams each. The Gensol that is delivered however are 100 milligrams each. Decide.

Answers

Answer: See explanation

Explanation:

Based on the information given, it can be infered that the goods are nonconforming due to the perfect tender rule.

According to the perfect tender rule, a buyer can reject goods that are deliveres to him or her tender of the goods from the seller isn't perfect. Since the Gensol that he orders are 200 milligrams each while the one delivered are 100 milligrams each, then they aren't perfect.

Therefore, the clinic can reject the shipment, or keep some and reject others if it wants to.

Bradley was recently promoted to the production manager of a busy shoe factory. He was chosen because prior to his promotion he had proven himself to be very efficient, and as a department manager he had a logical and practical approach to solving problems. Bradley has a reputation for being decisive and getting things done. Most of the factory's employees like Bradley, but they feel he exercises too much control over them. Bradley has a(n) ________ style. Group of answer choices conceptual behavioral ambiguous directive analytical

Answers

Answer:

Option d "Directive" is the correct alternative.

Explanation:

Under this approach, management teams or supervisors should lead the organizational objectives of workers and design the way to reach these objectives.The manner including its directive ensures that perhaps the organization specifically addresses as well as follows the guidelines and restrictions.

All other alternatives aren't connected to the scenario. So the above is the right approach.

1. An open market purchase A. shifts the supply curve for reserves to the right and causes the federal funds rate to fall. B. shifts the demand curve for reserves to the right and causes the federal funds rate to rise. C. shifts the supply curve for reserves to the left and causes the federal funds rate to rise. D. shifts the demand curve for reserves to the left and causes the federal funds rate to fall.

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is option A (shifts the supply curve for reserves to the right and causes the federal funds rate to fall).

Explanation:

Open market purchase Increases the money supply in an economy where government bonds are bought from a bank by the Federal Reserve, this single act makes money available to the bank, which now makes Interest rates fall and raise investment spending. When federal funds rates fall, money supply increases which is a visible characteristic of an open market purchase. Similarly, when the supply curve for reserves shifts to the right, it signifies an open market purchase.

Earline rented a drilling machine from Quatero Rental Corp. While Earline was drilling as instructed by the product manual, the drill bit snapped and injured her seriously. A thorough examination of the broken drill bit showed that it had a flaw that caused it to snap under intense heat or pressure. Under these circumstances, Quatero will _____.

Answers

Answer:

The options are

A. be held liable for Earline's injuries because a bailment for the sole benefit of the bailee was created

B.be held liable for Earline's injuries if it knew of the flaw in the drilling machine when it rented it to Earline, but failed to warn her of the defect

C.not be held liable for Earline's injuries because both Quatero and Earline share mutual benefits from the bailment

D.not be held liable for Earline's injuries because it is a private contract carrier and is held to a lower level of responsibility

The Answer is B. be held liable for Earline's injuries if it knew of the flaw in the drilling machine when it rented it to Earline, but failed to warn her of the defect

The drilling machine having a fault and Quatero Rental Corp. being aware of it and not telling Earline about it means the company is at fault and will be held liable for any form of injury or death it poses. This is because it’s their responsibility to ensure goods and services being rendered are safe for use and consumption and it applies to all companies.

ike started a calendar-year business on September 1st of this year by paying 12 months of rent on his shop at $650 per month. What is the maximum amount of rent that Mike can deduct this year under each type of accounting method

Answers

Answer:

$7800 under the cash method and $2600 under the accrual method

Explanation:

Calculation to determine the maximum amount of rent that Mike can deduct this year under each type of accounting method

UNDER THE CASH METHOD

Cash method=$650*12

Cash method=$7800

UNDER THE ACCRUAL METHOD

Accrual method =4 months*650

Accrual method =$2600

(September 1st to December 31st =4 months)

Therefore the maximum amount of rent that Mike can deduct this year under each type of accounting method is :$7800 under the cash method and $2600 under the accrual method

Smith Company produces and sells one product for $40 per unit. The company has no beginning inventories. Its variable manufacturing cost per unit is $18 and the variable selling and administrative expense per unit is $4. The fixed manufacturing overhead and fixed selling and administrative expense total $80,000 and $20,000, respectively. If Smith Company produces 8,000 units and sells 7,500 units during the year, then its net operating income under variable costing would be

Answers

Answer:

$35,000

Explanation:

net operating income under variable costing would be calculated by preparing income statement under variable costing.

Smith Company

income statement under variable costing system

Sales (7,500 x $40)                                                          $300,000

Less Cost of Sales (7,500 x $18)                                     ($135,000)

Contribution                                                                       $165,000

Less Expenses

selling and administrative expense ($4 x 7,500)            ($30,000)

fixed overheads :

manufacturing                                                                   ($80,000)

selling and administrative expense                                 ($20,000)

Net Income                                                                         $35,000

a transportation service provider that handles shipments on a case-by-case basis, without the need for long-term agreements or contracts Unselected a service firm that handles all of the logistics requirements for other companies Unselected a transportation service provider that handles shipments for other firms based on long-term agreements or contracts Unselected an agent who serves as an intermediary between an organization shipping a product and the actual carrier, typically on international shipments Unselected

Answers

Answer:

1. Common (public) carrier.

2. Third-party logistic provider (3PL).

3. Contract carriers.

4. Freight forwarder.

Explanation:

Supply chain management can be defined as the effective and efficient management of the flow of goods and services as well as all of the production processes involved in the transformation of raw materials into finished products that meet the insatiable want and need of the consumers.

Generally, the supply chain management involves all the activities associated with planning, execution and supply of finished goods and services to the consumers.

Some of the service providers in the supply and logistics chain management are;

1. Common (public) carrier: a transportation service provider that handles shipments on a case-by-case basis i.e based on the type of shipment, without entering into long-term agreements or contracts.

2. Third-party logistic provider (3PL): a service firm that is saddled with the responsibility of handling all of the logistics requirements for other companies.

3. Contract carriers: a transportation service provider that handles shipments for other firms based on long-term agreements or contracts. It is simply the opposite of common (public) carriers. Shipments from different local businesses may be combined by a contract carrier through the use of a consolidation warehouse.

4. Freight forwarder: an agent who serves as an intermediary between an organization shipping a product and the actual carrier, typically on international shipments. Thus, he or she is a middleman between the organization whose product is being shipped and the carrier company, especially for international freights.

Under a fixed exchange rate regime, the government of the country is officially responsible for ___

Answers

Answer:

D. all of the above

Explanation:

THESE IS THE COMPLETE QUESTION BELOW;

Under a fixed exchange rate regime, the government of the country is officially responsible for

A) intervention in the foreign exchange markets using gold and reserves.

B) setting the fixed/parity exchange rate.

C) maintaining the fixed/parity exchange rate.

D) all of the above.

A fixed exchange rate can be regarded as regime that is been applied by either government or central bank , which is responsible for tieing official currency exchange rate of a country to that of another currency of a country or the price of gold. Government use fixed exchange rate system to keep within a narrow band the value of currency. It should be noted that Under a fixed exchange rate regime, the government of the country is officially responsible for;

✓ maintaining the fixed/parity exchange rate.

✓intervention in the foreign exchange markets using gold and reserves.

✓setting the fixed/parity exchange rate.

Reliable Industries is a maker of component parts in heating and cooling ventilation systems. The company is looking for a site on which to build a new production facility. Major considerations the company must take into account are that any area selected has adequate rail access and is at the hub of major highways to quickly move products. Reliable is in the process of

Answers

Answer: facility location

Explanation:

Based on the information given, it can be infered that Reliable Industries is in the process of facility location.

Facility Location simply refers to the selection of the rightt location for the manufacturing facility. The location selected should be easily accessible for the customers and transportation.

Selecting a suitable facility location is essential for an effective operation.

3M, an American firm, manufactures adhesive tape in St. Paul, Minnesota, and ships the tape to South Korea for sale. According to this information, 3M uses ________ to deliver this product. A. exporting B. licensing C. franchising D. insourcing E. outsourcing

Answers

Answer: exporting

Explanation:

Exporting refers to the sale of products and services that are sources or made in a particular country to foreign countries. On the other hand, importing is the purchasing of goods and services from the foreign countries and then bringing them into the home country.

In this case since 3M manufactures adhesive tape in St. Paul, Minnesota, and ships the tape to South Korea for sale, this is exporting.

Management should conduct a ________ to identify those controls that are most appropriate and provide the greatest benefit to the organization given the available resources.

Answers

Answer:

cost-benefit analysis

Explanation:

A cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is the process that are applied to determine the decision benefits or the actions are taken minus the cost along with the actions. It includes the financial metrics like revenue or the cost i.e. saved

So here in the given situation the cost benefit also provides the high benegits to the organization by having the resources

Therefore the above should be the answer

Norah was less educationally qualified and experienced than her colleagues when she joined Micro Systems Inc. However, due to her ability to negotiate effectively with clients, convince her team members to work harder, and understand their needs, she is a senior-level manager today. Which skills can be most attributed to Norah's success in this scenario

Answers

Answer:

human relations skills

Explanation:

It is correct to say that Norah's human relations skills helped her achieve the position of senior manager, despite being less educationally qualified than her peers.

Human relations skills correspond to the skills a person has in dealing with people, such as Norah's negotiating, convincing, understanding, and motivating skills in relation to her team members. These skills are essential for a manager, who is the leader responsible for coordinating and controlling through good interpersonal skills, the ability to help and motivate his team to achieve organizational goals and objectives.

Which program provides lump-sum compensation and health benefits for eligible Department of Energy nuclear weapons workers injured on the job

Answers

Answer: Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program (EECICP)

Explanation:

Much like private companies, the Federal government is also required to insure its workers and this is regulated under the Office of Workers' Compensation Programs (OWCP). There are several compensation programs but the relevant one here is the EECICP.

The EECICP is for federal employees in the Department of Energy as well as agencies related to them. This also includes contractors and subcontractors. Under this program, eligible workers who got injured are entitled to a lump-sum compensation as well as health benefits. If the worker dies as a result of the injuries however, a lump-sum might go to their survivors instead.

Which type of retailer offers a wide choice of products and high-quality service?

Answers

Answer:

Department store

Explanation:

Stores may be categorized based on the type and variety of goods which they offer. Department stores may be described as a retail store or opening which is designed to offer a wide range of consumer products. Department stores on their case offers several categories of consumer products and are thus segmented based on these categories :

Categories of consumer product offers may include ; Clothing ; Electronics ; Mobile devices ; Furniture, Groceries and so on. With department stores, consumers can have almost all their retail needs met all in one place.

Scope describes the full length of time required to complete a project. Group of answer choices True False

Answers

Answer:

False

Explanation:

Project scope can be regarded as part of project planning which involves determining as well as documenting listed particular project , tasks, deadlines as well as goals and the cost and deliverables. The documentation of scope of a project is is called a scope statement, this elaborate the boundaries of the project as well as establishment of responsibilities that is required by each team member, then

sets up procedures for verification and approval of of completed work. The scope shed light clearly on project goals which are measurable

realistic and obtainable, it it gives a clear vision and specifies about what is expected as well as when it is expected, and the exoected cost, it also specifies the deliverables as well as milestones and needed resources.

During 2013, Arb Company incurred the following direct labor costs: January $20,000 and February $30,000. Arb uses a predetermined overhead rate of 120% of direct labor cost. Estimated overhead for the 2 months, respectively, totaled $19,500 and $35,700. Actual overhead for the 2 months, respectively, totaled $24,500 and $32,500.

Determine if overhead is over- or underapplied for each of the two months and the respective amounts.

Answers

Answer:

Results are below.

Explanation:

Giving the following information:

Predetermined overhead rate= 120% of direct labor cost

First, we need to allocate overhead for the 2 months:

Allocated MOH= Estimated manufacturing overhead rate* Actual amount of allocation base

Month 1:

Allocated MOH= 20,000*1.2= $24,000

Month 2:

Allocated MOH= 30,000*1.2= $36,000

Now, the over/under allocation:

Under/over applied overhead= real overhead - allocated overhead

Month 1:

Under/over applied overhead= 24,500 - 24,000

Underapplied overhead= $500

Month 2:

Under/over applied overhead= 32,500 - 36,000

Overapplied overhead= $3,500

Other Questions
g(x)=8x What is the domain of g? What is an example of a civil service job? what is the characteristics of computer?dicuss any 5 of them Using 1.5 V batteries, a switch, and three lamps, devise a circuit to apply 4.5 V across eitherone lamp, two lamps in series, or three lamps in series with a single-control switch. Draw theschematic. Question Progress-To ProgressFind the equation of the ine shown. A painting by Jacques-Louis David. Roman orator Horace receives allegiance from his three sons to protect Rome. What is the title of the piece above? a. Oath of Horatii b. Oath of Horatio c. Oath of Horus d. Oath of Homer Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D Canadian individual or group medical insurance plans typically cover which of the following? Using a weight of 12 for the most recent observation, 13 for the second most recent observation, and 16 for third most recent observation, compute a three-week weighted moving average for the time series. (Round your answers to two decimal places.) I have a lot of algebra problems. Someone help me even with this one please! Do you think it's important to eat with your family? Why? 10 of 10Work out the area of a rectangle with base, b = 38mm and perimeter, P =100mm.b Suppose a basket of goods and services has been selected to calculate the consumer price index (CPI) and 2002 has been selected as the base year. In 2002, the basket's cost was $600; in 2004, the basket's cost was $650; and in 2006, the basket's cost was $700. The value of the CPI in 2004 was:___________ a. 92.3. b. 106.3. c. 108.3. d. 152.0. e. more than 155.0. 0. The temperature of source is 500K with source energy 2003, what is the temperature of sink with sink energy 100 J? a. 500 K b. 300 K c. 250 K d. 125 K which of the following sets represents the tangeof the function shown? {(-3,4),(5,11),(9,-1),(10,13)} Can someone help with questions 5 -9 How can you teach syntax and grammar to children? a. by expanding what children say during conversations b. by playing games targeting specific language structures c. by modeling more sophisticated sentence structures in your own language d. all of the above Solvex - 7x - 34 = 10 halo pls helppppppp Click on the photo! Needing help ASAP please! la suma de 4 numeros consecutivos es 54 cual es el numero mayor? The form of government that best describes the American system before the adoption of the Constitution we use today is Group of answer choices unitary. federal. Byzantine. confederal.