Like lone pairs of electrons, more than one bonds occupy greater space across the principal atom than a single bond. The result is that bond angles are barely distorted in comparison to the figure geometry.
Because the hybridization of an atom is going from sp3 (single bond) to sp2 (double bond), to sp (triple bond) the electronegativity will increase. that is because sp orbital has a shorter bond, and is greater strongly held collectively via the nucleus, than the electrons in sp2 or sp3.
Triple-bonded carbons are sp-hybridized, and feature linear shapes, with the bonded atoms at angles of 180 to every other. due to this linear form, geometric isomerism does not arise in alkynes.
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Answer: Double and triple bonds are more repulsive than single bonds
Like lone pairs of electrons, multiple bonds occupy more space around the central atom than a single bond. The result is that bond angles are slightly distorted compared to the parent geometry.
Explanation:
In actual fact, the bond length of a triple bond is SHORTER than that of a double. The bond length of a triple bond is actually shorter than that of a double bond. What may confuse you at the moment is how the length of the bond is measured. The bond length of the double bond is the distance between the two carbon atoms in ethene (seen above). The fact that it makes a double bond does not mean both the π and α bonds are not added up.
The size of the bonds comes down to the strengths of the bonds and since triple bonds create a stronger bond than double bonds, we can predict that the bond will be shorter. The strength comes down to how many electrons are being shared between the two atoms, in a double covalent bond there are sharing of 4 electrons whilst triple covalent bonds share 6 electrons between each other. This causes the pull towards each other nucleus to increase as the negative charge is greater.
triple bonds are shorter than double bonds based on the distance between the two atoms sharing 6 electrons between each other.
remember that bond length does not imply that each individual bond length is multiplied by 3 in a triple bond and in a double, it is not multiplied by 2
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desert pupfish live in springs of the american southwest. today, there are about 30 species of pupfish, but they all evolved from a common pleistocene ancestor. the southwestern united states was once much wetter than it is now, and the pleistocene pupfish flourished over a wide geographic area. over thousands of years, however, the sierra nevada mountain range was pushed upward by geological forces, blocking rainfall from the pacific ocean. as the large lakes dried up, small groups of pupfish remained in springs and pools fed by groundwater seepage. now, although many of these small springs still have pupfish, each population, through evolution, has become very different from populations of pupfish in other springs.
The isolated populations had restricted gene pools.
Evolution is alternate in the heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. Those traits are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from figure to offspring in the course of reproduction. Evolution is crucial as it explains how existence developed on this planet and how specific species are connected.
Many scientists trust that RNA, or something much like RNA, became the primary molecule on the earth to self-reflect and start the process of evolution that led to extra advanced sorts of lifestyles, such as human beings.
Homo sapiens or modern guys emerged 250000 years ago. The evolution of human beings has taken around 5 million years.
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Which of the following is an example of a population? a. all individuals of the same species in an area b. all the species that can interact in an ecosystem c. a community and its interaction with the physical environment d. the part of Earth that supports life
Answer:
A. All individuals of the same species in an area
which of these is evidence that eukaryotic genes are regulated independently instead of in units like operons?(1 point) responses each gene has its own promoters and set of transcription factors. each gene has its own promoters and set of transcription factors. genes use a common promoter and a common set of transcription factors. genes use a common promoter and a common set of transcription factors. genes use a common promoter, but each has its own set of transcription factors. genes use a common promoter, but each has its own set of transcription factors. each gene has its own promoter, but they use a common set of transcription factors. each gene has its own promoter, but they use a common set of transcription factors.
Each gene has its own promoters and a set of transcription factors is the correct option.
In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, are genes regulated individually?
Prokaryotic cells regulate gene expression only at the transcriptional level, whereas eukaryotic cells control gene expression at the epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels.
Because eukaryotic genes are not organized into operons, each gene must be regulated separately. Furthermore, eukaryotic cells contain much more genes than prokaryotic cells. Gene expression can be regulated at any stage as DNA is transcribed into mRNA and mRNA is translated into protein.
Therefore, Each gene has its own promoters and transcription factors, indicating that eukaryotic genes are regulated independently rather than in groups like operons.
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if you have a choice of what you are going to hit in a crash, hit the object ___________
if you have a choice of what you are going to hit in a crash, hit the object the least force.
What is force ?
Force is either pushing or pulling of any object resulting from the object’s interaction or movement, without force the objects can not be moved, can be stopped or change the direction.
It is a quantitative interaction between two physical bodies, means an object and its environment, there are different types of forces in nature.
If an object in its moving state will be either static or motion, the position of the object will only be changed if it is pushed or pulled and The external push or pull upon the object called as Force.
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Assuming ri, r2 are negative constants and that $1,2, and $2,1 are positive constants, what do the following equations represent? 1 dN1 = ri + $1,2N2 Ni dt 1 dN2 = r2 + 82,1N1 N2 dt a. Competition b. Predation c. Facultative mutualism d. Obligate mutualisme.
Assuming a, r2 are negative constants and that $1,2, and $2,1 are superb constants choice D obligates mutualism.
D. Obligate mutualisme.
crosses x-axis --> 1 species relies upon on the alternative/ negative population increase at some unspecified time in the future.
The negative constant time period is n. If n is wonderful, the graph of a line with slope m intersects the y-axis above the starting place at (0, n) If n is bad, the graph of a line with slope m intersects the y-axis under the foundation, at (0, n). The phrase "tremendous linear feature" isn't used.
The regular can be high quality or negative. If for a few purposes we already know it is able to simplest have values such as 1 and –1, we may say it equals ±1. Mathematical symbols are used mostly for comfort they do not make anything greater correct.
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Correctly label the following anatomical features of a neuron. Axon Axon terminals Myelin sheath Soma Internode Nucleus Node of Ranvier Dendrites Nucleolus
A neuron is a specialized cell, found in the brain, spinal cord and the peripheral nerves known as the nerve cell. The structure of a neuron varies with their shape and size and it mainly depends upon their functions
what is the structure of neuron ?Dendrites which is A branch-like structure that functions by receiving messages from other neurons and allow the transmission
Cell Body has a cell body with a nucleus, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and other components.
Axon is a tube-like structure that functions by carrying an electrical impulse from the cell body to the axon terminals
Synapse functions by permitting the entry of a neuron to move an electrical or chemical signal from one neuron to another neuron.
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many people believe that taking zinc lozenges reduces the severity and duration of the common cold. sebastien decides to conduct a study at his school to explore this claim. he sends a survey to a simple random sample of 100 students, asking them to if they took zinc lozenges or not during their last cold, and how long they experienced cold symptoms. he found that students who took zinc had a mean cold duration that was 1.2 days lower than those who did not take zinc. which of the following statements about his study is true?
Sebastien's study is subject to confounding.
What are zinc lozenges?
A well-liked remedy for the common cold is zinc. According to some studies, zinc lozenges may shorten colds' duration by one or two days and may lessen the incidence of upper respiratory infections. Zinc aids in wound healing and infection prevention. Treatment of the common cold with zinc gluconate lozenges, using adequate doses of elemental zinc, may be effective in reducing the duration and severity of cold symptoms. If the lozenges are started as soon as symptoms appear, the benefit seems to be at its greatest. The formulation of the lozenges also appears to be important because the addition of citric acid or tartaric acid may reduce efficacy due to the chelation of zinc ions.
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The atypical neuroleptic clozapine raises problems for the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia because it (fill in the blank)
The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia states that while negative and cognitive symptoms of the disorder can be attributed to hypofunctionality of dopamine D1, positive symptoms of the disorder are thought to be influenced by hyperactivity of dopamine D2 receptor neurotransmission in subcortical and limbic brain regions.
How is dopamine impacted by clozapine?In the main sulcus and, to a lesser extent, in the caudate nucleus, clozapine significantly and persistently increased dopamine release. Although it increased dopamine release in the caudate, haloperidol did not consistently affect dopamine release in the main sulcus.
In which dopamine receptors does schizophrenia occur?Although the presynaptic release of dopamine is normal in stable schizophrenia patients, brain imaging studies discover that D2 receptors are elevated by an average of 5.8% in stable schizophrenia patients.
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fossilized tree sap, also known as blank, prevents scavengers, water, and oxygen from getting to the organism and destroying its remains.fossilized tree sap, also known as blank, prevents scavengers, water, and oxygen from getting to the organism and destroying its remains.
fossilized tree sap, also known as amber, prevents scavengers, water, and oxygen from getting to the organism and destroying its remains.
Amber is a fossilized tree sap that has been prized since Neolithic times for its color and natural beauty. Amber has long been valued as a gemstone, and it is now used to create a variety of decorative objects. Tree resin is a fluid (Sap) produced by plants (most commonly trees), but it is not the same as sap. Sap is a watery, sweet substance, whereas resin is thicker and stickier. Frankincense, Myrrh, Benzoin, and Copal are examples of well-known resins.
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What is the cell membrane's structure?:
cells are surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane, through which they exchange materials with their membrane. as a result of diffusion, substances tend to move through the membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. the diffusion of water is known as osmosis.
It is claimed that the cell membrane is selectively permeable. For instance, small molecules could be able to cross the membrane. The process is referred to as passive transport if no energy is required for substances to flow through the membrane.
What is diffusion and osmosis?
Diffusion
The net transfer of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration is known as diffusion.
Due to their kinetic energy, molecules in a gas, liquid, or solid are always in motion. There is continual movement and collision between molecules. The molecules move randomly as a result of these collisions. But as time passes, more molecules will be thrown into the less dense region. As a result, molecules always flow in a net direction from densely packed places to less densely packed areas. The ability to disseminate is broad. Salt diffuses through water, odours diffuse through the air, and nutrients go from the blood to the tissues of the body.
Osmosis
Osmosis is a particular kind of diffusion that involves the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from an area with a high water concentration to one with a low water concentration.
Semi-permeable membranes are incredibly thin layers of material that permit some substances to pass through them but obstruct the passage of others. Semi-permeable membranes include, for instance, cell membranes. Small molecules like oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, and glucose can flow through cell membranes but bigger molecules like sucrose, proteins, and starch cannot directly enter the cell.
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is there a difference between motor commands going to skeletal muscles amd motor commands going to visceral organs? locate the spinal cord where the two different types of motor commands originat from
The skeletal muscle is the sole voluntary muscle in the human body. Every voluntary physical motion, including speaking or running, requires skeletal muscle. Visceral muscle is found inside blood arteries, the stomach, as well as other vital organs.
What carries signals from the spinal cord that control movement?
The spinal cord serves as a conduit for communications between both the body and the CNS. The head and neck are directly connected to the brain through the cranial nerves, but the spine receives sensory information and transmits motor instructions to the body via the spinal nerves.
The primary motor cortex is found in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. This area is where the majority of the brain impulses that eventually cause the execution of voluntary actions are generated.
Therefore, The spinal cord serves as a conduit between the body and the CNS.
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Maltase is an enzyme that is not able to catalyze the synthesis of lipids because maltase.
Due to its unique active site, the enzyme maltase is unable to catalyze the production of lipids. One enzyme that particularly reacts with maltose is called maltosease (a sugar molecule). Because maltase has a unique active site, it is an enzyme that cannot catalyze the creation of lipids.
The biological molecules known as enzymes serve as catalysts in living things. They have a proteinoid makeup. The following characteristics of enzymes are listed The processes that enzymes catalyze do not affect them in any way. Enzymes work on particular substrates because they are substrate-specific. pH and temperature catalyze affect how well enzymes work.
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damage to the highlighted structure would be evidenced by numbness on which of the following skin regions?
damage to the highlighted structure would be evidenced by numbness on dorsum of the lateral part of the hand and the proximal regions of digits 1 - 4.
The back of the hand is referred to formally as the dorsum of the hand. The human hand differs from other animals in that all of the fingers are independent of one another and the thumb can make contact with any of the fingers. The thumb is the lateral digit of the hands, as the standard anatomical position indicates. Because the palmar surface of the hand will be facing anterior in this position, the thumbs will always be the most lateral digit. The fifth digit, commonly referred to as the pinky, is the most medial digit.
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in a study of the forces involved when motor proteins
Motor proteins also produce force locally within the network of cytoskeletal polymers, which transmits these forces to determine the shape of each cell and, ultimately, the architecture of tissues and whole organisms. Chapters 37 to 39 and 44 illustrate how motors move cells and their parts.
Which is not true about all
of these elements?
Answer:
A. They are all in the same group B. They all have the same number of valence electrons C. They all have the same number of protons D. They all share similar properties
Explanation:
which of the following phenotypic classes reflect offspring that were generated as a result of a crossover event? select all that apply. which of the following phenotypic classes reflect offspring that were generated as a result of a crossover event?select all that apply. garnet eyes miniature wings, garnet eyes miniature wings wild type
The offspring with two different phenotype classes that are formed by crossing over are wild type miniature wings , garnet eyes.
What do you mean by Phenotype?
The term "phenotype" describes a person's distinguishable characteristics, such as height, eye colour, and blood type. Both a person's genetic make-up (genotype) and environmental circumstances affect their phenotype.What does the term "genotype" and "phenotype" mean? EXPLAIN BRIEFLY.
A person's genotype is made up of all the alleles they have for a certain gene. The sum of a person's attributes or observable features is their phenotype. The phenotype of an organism is only impacted by its genotype, which is directly inherited from its parents.To know more about phenotype, checkout this link:
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sexual reproduction in humans .group of answer choicesallows a haploid sperm cell to fertilize a haploid egg cellproduces a haploid individualproduces an individual with 23 chromosomescombines two diploid gametes, producing a zygote
Sexual reproduction in humans is A. allows a haploid sperm cell to fertilize a haploid egg.
The human reproductive system occurs through the fertilization process, namely the meeting of male gametes and female gametes. The fertilization process will produce a zygote, the zygote then undergoes embryonic development until it is born as a child.
The fertilization process begins with the maturation of the egg and spermatozoa. During ovulation, the spermatozoa penetrate the corona radiata until the sperm attaches to the zona pellucida. When the spermatozoa successfully penetrate the zona pellucida, oocyte fusion will occur. Haploid sperm cell to fertilize the haploid egg. The union of the ovum and spermatozoa triggers the start of mitotic division which will produce up to 32 cells called morula which will develop into a blastocyst.
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which choice below is the correct phylogenetic order from largest, most inclusive group to smallest, most exclusive group? group of answer choices ecdysozoa > arthropoda > protostomia > insects protostomia > ecdysozoa > arthopoda > insects ecdysozoa > protostomia > arthopoda > insects arthropoda > protostomia > insects > ecdysozoa
Phylogenetic order from the largest most inclusive group to the smallest and most exclusive group: Protostomes > Ecdysozoa > Arthropods > Insects.
Phylogeny is a classification description that shows the kinship relationship of a species with its ancestors and the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Protostomes are divided into two groups:
Lophotrochozoa - these include segmented worms, mollusks, lophophores and several more obscure phyla.Ecdysozoa include arthropods and several other phyla that occasionally molt.Arthropods are triploblastic protostomes. They also have a nervous system with a dorsal "brain", an oropharyngeal nerve, and a pair of ventral nerves. Like annelids, their bodies are segmented both internally and externally. This is taken as evidence that annelids and arthropods are closely related. We now believe that segmentation is a convergent property.
Insects are the most successful group of organisms on the planet. Every third species of organism is an insect. During its development, the insect acquires several features that contribute to its success. The earliest insects lacked wings: The evolution of insect wings was a milestone - the first creatures to soar into the sky ruled the skies for 100 million years.
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Place the following events of a reflex arc in the correct order 1) motor neuron activation 2) sensory neuron activation 31 sensory receptor activation 4) information processing 5) effector response
a. 4.3.1.2.5 b. 1.5.3.2.4 c. 3.2, 1.5,4 d. 2,3,4,5, 1
e. 3.2, 4.1.5
The event of a reflex arc in correct order 3,2,4,1,5
( sensory receptor activation, sensory neuron activation, Information processing, motor neuron activation and effector response)
The neural pathway that is followed by a reflex response is called the reflex arc. The reflex arc is demonstrated by what occurs when we unintentionally contact something hot. The receptor is the first to notice a change in temperature. The relay neuron, which is located in the spinal cord, is then delivered electrical impulses. Motor neurons are linked to sensory neurons by these latter. The motor neuron transmits electrical impulses to an effector. The effector produces a reaction.
Hence, the neural system that triggers a reflex action is known as the reflex arc.
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electrons excited in photosystem ii help the chloroplast produce
As excited electrons move through the electron transport chain, NADPH is created.
The photosystem II's source of the excited electrons is what?A chlorophyll molecule's excited electron is moved to the an electron acceptor at the reaction center.It's an oxidation-reduction reaction right now.An electron from water is used in photosystem II to replace the electron lost from the reaction center.
What is produced during photosynthesis by photosystem 2?In oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, photosystem II is the first membrane protein complex.It uses light energy to catalyze the oxidation of water, which results in the production of atmospheric oxygen.
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Cancer cells can be characterized as ""generic"" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack ________. a. differentiation b. reproduction c. responsiveness d. both reproduction and responsiveness
Cancer cells can be characterized as ""generic"" cells that perform no specialized body function, thus cancer cells lack differentiation and is therefore denoted as option A.
What is Differentiation?This a term which is referred to as the process in which the cell grows and becomes specialized which depicts that it is now able to do some special body function. Examples include red blood cells which are able to distribute oxygen and nutrients to other parts pof the body.
In this scenario, we were told that cancer cells aren't able to perform specialized body function which depicts differentiation and is therefore the reason why it was chosen as the correct choice.
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Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify whether the statement depicts something true or false about the specimen pictured below: - contains connective tissues- visible directional orientation of collagen fibers- found in areas where bones are joined via cartilage- same tissue category as blood- a larger portion of extracellular matrix to cells- functions to resist shock; - seen in tendons
- contains dense irregular connective tissue
- contains a perichondrium
- chondrocytes in clusters of 3-4 arranged in clumps
TRUE Statement
- contains connective tissues
- visible directional orientation of collagen fibers
- found in areas where bones are joined via cartilage
- same tissue category as blood
- a larger portion of extracellular matrix to cells
- functions to resist shock
FALSE Statement
- seen in tendons
- contains dense irregular connective tissue
- contains a perichondrium
- chondrocytes in clusters of 3-4 arranged in clumps
What is perichondrium?
The cartilage of growing bones is surrounded by a layer of dense, wavy connective tissue called the perichondrium. It is made up of an inner chondrogenic layer and an exterior fibrous layer. Fibroblasts in the fibrous layer create collagenous fibers. The chondrogenic layer can produce chondroblasts and is yet undifferentiated. Both hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage have perichondrium at their edges.
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which of the following is most closely related to a lizard? group of answer choices salamander bird lamprey chimaera
The choice of animal most closely related to lizards is the salamander.
Explanation of lizards and salamandersSalamanders and lizard are tetrapods. Both are cold blooded vertebrate animals. Both salamanders and lizards are similar in appearance. But, Salamanders and lizards are ectotherms or cold-blooded animals which means they cannot generate their own body heat like mammals. To control their body temperature, salamanders and lizards get heat from their surroundings.
Salamanders are amphibians with moist skin without scales. Lizards are reptiles with rough, scaly skin. Salamanders live in humid environments while lizards are adapted to live in terrestrial environments. The main difference between salamanders and lizards is the phylogenetic adaptation of the two types of animals.
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unlike b lymphocytes, t lymphocytes do not generate a secreted form of their antigen receptors
Self-reactive antigen receptors may be produced by the random process that produces lymphocyte antigen receptors.Several of these possibly self-reactive lymphocytes are removed during lymphocyte development,
Why does the antigen receptor exist?It serves as a receptor that identifies and binds antigen through the exposed V regions on the cell's surface, sending a signal that activates B cells, triggering clonal growth and the production of specific antibodies.
Describe the three antigen receptors?A co-receptor complex made up of at least three cell-surface molecules—CD19, CD21, and CD81—modifies the signaling of B-cell antigen receptors.
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PLSSS HELP IF YOU TURLY KNOW THISS
Which statement about DNA replication is CORRECT?
A). DNA ligase helps assemble the leading strand.
B). The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces.
C). The leading strand is one of the strands of parental DNA.
D). The lagging strand is built continuously.
E). The lagging strand is one of the strands of parental DNA.
The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces, is the correct statement.
What is the DNA replication process ?
A double-stranded DNA molecule is copied during DNA replication to create two identical DNA molecules. Replication is a critical process because, once a cell splits, the two new daughter cells must contain the same genetic material, or DNA, as the parent cell.
The ability of each DNA strand to operate as a template for duplication is vital to the replication process. DNA double helix unwinding happens at defined places, known as origins, where DNA replication begins. The creation of a primer, a short RNA segment that acts as the starting point for the synthesis of new DNA, is the next step. A protein called DNA polymerase then replicates the DNA by matching its base composition to that of the original strand. The RNA primers are switched out for DNA once synthesis is finished, and any gaps between freshly produced DNA segments are filled up by enzymes.
Since DNA replication is a crucial operation, the newly created DNA is checked by the cell for errors or mutations before replication begins. A cell can divide into two identical duplicates, each of which has the original DNA, once its DNA has been duplicated.
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arginase, a key enzyme in liver urea production, requires four ____ atoms per molecule. group of answer choices iron copper zinc manganese
Ceruloplasmin is one illustration; it has eight copper atoms per molecule. Copper and zinc provide as examples of the needs for and toxicity of important trace elements.
What trace mineral is necessary for gluconeogenesis' primary enzyme to be activated?Manganese is a trace mineral that functions as a cofactor for enzymes that produce urea, cholesterol, and glucose (gluconeogenesis) (amino-acid catabolism in the liver).
Which Micromineral is deemed crucial for healthy brain function?The liver, kidney, pancreas, and bones are where manganese is primarily deposited. and contributes to the regulation of blood sugar, calcium absorption, and fat and carbohydrate metabolism. For healthy nerve and brain function, manganese is also essential.
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Any stimulus that opens ________ ion channel will produce a graded potential.A) a sodiumB) a chemically-gatedC) a voltage-gatedD) a mechanically-gatedE) All of the answers are correct.
The correct option is E) All of the answers are correct.
Graded potential refers to the postsynaptic electrical impulse. These potentials are termed graded because of their size or amplitude that is directly proportional to the durability of the triggering event. These graded potential are generally produced when a ligand opens a ligand-gated channel in the dendrites, permits the entry of ion in the cell. For example, Na+ will enter the cell and K+ will exit, in equilibrium condition.
Hence, Graded potentials occurred by stimuli opening a gated channel and they are local potentials that don't get spread over long distances away from the stimulation.
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People infected with chlamydia are often symptom-free, which increases the chance of their infecting other people. True False
True
Even in the absence of symptoms, chlamydia may create serious problems.
There is evidence that chlamydia raises the risk of contracting other STIs, including HIV and gonorrhea.
It's important for women to be tested for chlamydia because it may cause pelvic inflammatory disease, which can spread to the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries (PID). Lower abdomen discomfort, heavier and more painful menstrual cycles, fever, and vomiting are all potential symptoms of PID. Scar tissue forms in PID, which can lead to either a complete blockage of the fallopian tubes and subsequent infertility or a partial blockage and subsequent tubal (ectopic) pregnancy.
Epididymitis, an infection of the testicles, may result from untreated chlamydia in men.
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