January 400 $ 31,000 February 800 $ 37,000 March 1,600 $ 49,000 April 2,400 $ 61,000 Using the high-low method, the estimated total fixed cost is

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

$25,000

Explanation:

The computation of the estimated total fixed cost is shown below:

But before that the variable cost per unit is

= ($61,000 - $31,000) ÷ (2,400 - 400)

= $30,000 ÷ 2,000

= $15

Now the estimated fixed cost is

= $61,000 - $15 × 2,400

= $61,000 - $36,000

= $25,000


Related Questions

The Nearside Co. just paid a dividend of $1.65 per share on its stock. The dividends are expected to grow at a constant rate of 5 percent per year, indefinitely. Investors require a return of 12 percent on the stock. a. What is the current price

Answers

Answer:

$24.7

Explanation:

The first step is to calculate D1

1.65(1+5/100)

1.65(1+0.05)

1.65(1.05)

=>1.73

Therefore the current price can be calculated as follows

= D1/required rate-growth rate

= 1.73/0.12-0.05

= 1.73/0.07

= 24.7

Hence the current price is $24.7

XYZ Confectionary has a number of store locations throughout North America. In income statements segmented by store, which of the following would be considered a common fixed cost with respect to the stores?

a. store manager salaries
b. store building depreciation expense
c. the cost of corporate advertising aired during the Super Bowl
d. cost of goods sold at each store
e. none of the above

Answers

Answer: c. the cost of corporate advertising aired during the Super Bowl

Explanation:

Commmon fixed cost simply means the cost that cannot be traced to a single department.

From the options given, it can be noted that the store manager salaries, store building depreciation expense and the cost of goods sold at each store can be identified separately for the stores.

On the other hand, the cost of corporate advertising aired during the Super Bowl is used for the promotion of the entire company, therefore, it's the common fixed cost.

While preparing your risk responses, you identify additional risks. What should you do? Add reserves to the project to accommodate the new risks and notify management. Document the risk and calculate the expected monetary value based on the probability and impact of the occurrences. Determine the risk events and the associated costs, then add the cost to the project budget as a reserve. Add 10 percent contingency to the project budget and notify the customer

Answers

Answer: Document the risk and calculate the expected monetary value based on the probability and impact of the occurrences.

Explanation:

Risk response refers to the development of strategic options to reduce the threats and enhance opportunities to the objectives of the project.

It should be noted that when new risks are identified, such risks go through the process of risk management and one needs to be able to know the risk probability and risk impact and then get to curtail them.

You have $100,000 to invest in a portfolio containing Stock X and Stock Y. Your goal is to create a portfolio that has an expected return of 12.1 percent. Stock X has an expected return of 10.28 percent and a beta of 1.20, and Stock Y has an expected return of 7.52 percent and a beta of .80.
a. How much money will you invest in Stock Y? (A negative answer should be indicated by a minus sign. Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
b. What is the beta of your portfolio? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 3 decimal places, e.g., 32.161.)
a. Investment in Stock Y
b. Portfolio beta

Answers

Answer:

a. Amount to invest in Y

The amount that will be invested in Stock Y should be such that the expected return of the portfolio would equal 12.1%.

This would be determined by the weights of the stock.

Assume the weight to be invested in X is x.

Portfolio return = (weight of X * Return of X) + (weight of Y * Return of Y)

12.1% = (x * 10.28%) + ( (1 - x) * 7.52%)

0.121 = 0.1028x + 0.0752 - 0.0752x

0.121 - 0.0752 = 0.1028x - 0.0752x

0.0458 = 0.0276x

x = 0.0458 / 0.0276

= 1.6594

Weight in stock Y:

= 1 - 1.6594

= -0.6594

Amount to invest in Y:

= -0.6594 * 100,000

= -$65,940

b. Portfolio beta

It will be a weighted average of the betas of the two stocks:

= (Weight of stock X * Stock X Beta) + ( Weight of stock Y * Stock Y beta)

= (1.6594 * 1.20) + (-0.6594 * 0.80)

= 1.46

Hollywood Construction Company recognizes revenue over time according to percentage of completion for its long-term construction contracts. During 2018, Hollywood began work on a $3,000,000 fixed-fee construction contract, which was completed in 2021. The accounting records disclosed the following data at year-end:

Cumulative contract costs incurred Estimated costs to complete at end of year
2018 $200,000 $1800,000
2019 $1100,000 1100,000
2020 2,000,000 4,00,000

For the 2020 year, Hollywood should have recognized gross profit on this contract of :___________

Answers

Answer:

Recognized gross profit on this contract for the 2020 year = $100,000

Explanation:

Note: See the attached excel file for the Calculation of Recognized Gross Profit on this contract for the 2020 year (in bold red color).

In the attached excel file, Recognized Gross Profit for Each Year is calculated using the following formula:

Recognized Gross Profit = Revenue for Current Period - Actual Cost Incurred

From the attached excel file, we have:

Recognized gross profit on this contract for the 2020 year = $100,000

The CEO of Fly Corporation decides to change an accounting method at the end of the current year. The change results in reported profits increasing by 5%, but the company's cash flows are not changed. If capital markets are efficient, then what would happen to the company stock price? Justify your answer with logical arguments

Answers

Answer:

Fly Corporation

The stock price will not be affected by the accounting change.

Explanation:

This opinion is based on the assumption that the capital markets are efficient.  Therefore, the stock's market price will reflect all available and relevant information.  Since all the necessary information is already incorporated into the stock price, the CEO of Fly Corporation cannot beat the market by the change in accounting method, and the stock price will not be undervalued or overvalued.  Moreover, the change in accounting method only shifts the timing for reporting income.

Grapefruit, Inc. provides the following information for 20X8: Net income $39,000 Market price per share of common stock $20/share Dividends paid $0.75/share Common stock outstanding at Jan. 1, 2018 110,000 shares Common stock outstanding at Dec. 31, 2018 155,000 shares The company has no preferred stock outstanding. Calculate the dividend yield for common stock.

Answers

Answer: 3.75%

Explanation:

Dividend yield = Annual dividend / Common stock market price

Annual dividend = 0.75 per share

Common stock market price = $20 per share

Dividend yield = 0.75 / 20

= 3.75%

Freya and her team resolved several problems and came up with some great techniques during their latest project. What should they do to help improve the performance of future projects?

Answers

They should do identifying and documenting the lessons that are learned for improving out the performance of upcoming projects

The performance of the upcoming projects should depend upon the following information:

Return on investment.Cost of quality.Cost performance.Cycle time of the project.ProductivityPlanning the strategy, identifying it, analyzed it, and executed it.

These above factors should be for the performance

So in order to improve the performance of the upcoming projects. we should do the identification and documenting the lessons that are learned.

Learn more about the performance here: brainly.com/question/9285397

Broker Brad accidentally deposited his commission in the trust fund account instead of his business account. Because it remained in the account for more than 25 days, he is guilty of:

Answers

Answer:

Commingling non-trust funds with trust funds

Explanation:

Trust funds

This is simply known as money or other valuable items that is received by the broker on behalf of another individual.

Non-trust funds

This are simply real estate commissions, general operating funds, rents and deposits.

Commingling

This is simply the act of combining a client's money with the agent's personal funds and it is illegal. It is the act of putting or depositing rent and security deposit into the trust account. When a Commissioner audits the account and sees either commingling of trust funds, the court may issue an order to restrain the broker from further mishandling of trust funds and from practicing real estate. It is a violation of real estate law if the trust account is commingled and it is considered commingling when the trust funds are first deposited into the general brokerage account and then transferred to the trust account.

If a licensee is found guilty of conversion of trust funds

1. There will be a revoke the license of the licensee.

2. The assets of the licensee may be sold to recover the converted funds.

3. The receiver account may be imposed on the licensee's assets in order to find and recover the converted funds.

You would like to have enough money saved to receive $80,000 per year in perpetuity after retirement for you and your heirs. How much would you need to have saved in your retirement fund to achieve this goal

Answers

Answer:

$1,000,000

Explanation:

The full question is shown below:

You would like to have enough money saved to receive $80,000 per year in perpetuity after retirement for you and your heirs. How much would you need to have saved in your retirement fund to achieve this goal? (Assume that the perpetuity payments start one year from the date of your retirement. The annual interest rate is 8 percent.)

In order to receive $80,000 per year forever, one needs to save the present value of the annual  cash flow using the present value formula for perpetuity as provided below:

PV of perpetuity=annual cash flow/annual interest rate

PV of perpetuity=$80,000/8%

PV of perpetuity=$1,000,000

life assurance forms part of...... insurance?​

Answers

Answer:

Life insurance

Explanation:

Zach attended Champion University during 2014-2018. He lived at home and was claimed by his parents as a deduction during the entire duration of his education. He incurred education expenses of $15,000 during college of which $3,750 was paid for by scholarships. To finance his education, he borrowed $9,500 through a federal student loan program and borrowed another $5,500 from a local lending institution for educational purposes. After graduation, he married and moved with his spouse to a distant city. In 2019, he incurred $950 of interest on the federal loans and $550 on the lending institution loan. He filed a joint return with his spouse showing modified AGI of $113,500. What amount of student loan interest can Zach and his spouse deduct in 2019, if any

Answers

Answer:

The amount of student loan interest can Zach and his spouse deduct in 2017 is $1,125

Explanation:

The amount of student loan interest can Zach and his spouse deduct in 2017 is $1,125

The amount of student loan interest can Zach and his spouse deduct in 2017 is

Education Expenses:

= $15,000 Incurred Expenses - $3,750 Scholarship

= $11,250

$11,250 / $15,000 = 75%

Interest Incurred:

= $950 Federal Loan Interest + $550 Lending Loan Interest

= $1, 500

$1,700 x 90% = $1,125

A company purchased a computer system at a cost of $26,000. The estimated useful life is 8 years, and the estimated residual value is $4,000. Assuming the company uses the double-declining-balance method, what is the depreciation expense for the second year

Answers

Answer:

the depreciation expense for the second year is $4,875

Explanation:

The calculation of the depreciation expense for the second year is given below:

First the depreciation rate should be

= 1 ÷ 8 × 2

= 25%

Now the first year depreciation is

= $26,000 × 25%

= $6,500

Now the second year depreciation should be

= ($26,000 - $6,500) × 2

= $4,875

Hence, the depreciation expense for the second year is $4,875

giả sử mối quan hệ giưa doanh thu và nỗ lực

Answers

Answer:

नजषनदजदनददजसकसककसकसकनसनसजसजसजसकस भने त्यो मस्त निद्रामा हिड्ने गरेको मेरो हो मेरो नाम बिबस कि भन्ने लाग्छ के भनौ भने पनि त्यो थाहा भयो कि भएन भन्ने कुरा पनि उल्लेख गर्नु रे ु च चय उनले सन् उo Bibas is hero DC COAII, y

Calculate gross profit for the following situation: National Storage Company had sales of $1,000,000, sales discounts of $2,500, sales returns and allowances of $15,000, and a cost of goods sold of $525,000.

Answers

Answer:

$475,500

Explanation:

Sales is $1,000The discountscount is $2500

Sales return and allowances are $15,000

The cost of goods sold is $525,000

Therefore the gross profit can be calculated as follows

= 1,000,000-2,500-15,000-525,000

= 457,500

Hence the gross profit is $475,500

A company borrowed $10,000 from the bank at 5% interest. The loan has been outstanding for 45 days. Demonstrate the required adjusting entry for this company by completing the following sentence. The required adjusting entry would be to debit the Interest __________________ account and ___________________ the Interest ___________________ account.

Answers

Answer:

The required adjusting entry would be to debit the Interest expense account and credit the Interest payable account.

Explanation:

The number of days that a loan debt stays unpaid is referred to as the outstanding number of days.

In line with the general accounting rules, all expenses must be debited. Therefore, the interest expense has to be debited.

Interest payable, however, is the amount owed to a lender by a firm and is thus credited as the matching journal entry to the interest expense.

Therefore, we have:

The required adjusting entry would be to debit the Interest expense account and credit the Interest payable account.

planning practices are different from organization to organization. discuss

Answers

Answer:

planning can be referred to as the things you think for the future to happen and organization is a group of people who works together.

Hopes this answer helps you.

Which of the following approaches for calculating the market value of a property involves estimating the dollar value associated with replacing the property new, as well as determining the loss in value due to physical, functional, and external obsolescence?

a. income approach
b. sales comparison approach
c. cost approach
d. Investment approach

Answers

Answer:

c. cost approach

Explanation:

The cost approach is a real estate valuation method in which the price estimated regarding the buyer that have to pay for the property and the same is equivalnet to the cost for creating a buidling.

Here the property value should be equivalent to the land cost also add the construction cost and minus the depreciation expense

So as per the given situation, it is the cost approach that determined the market value of the property

Conoly Co. has identified an investment project with the following cash flows. If the discount rate is 10 percent, what is the present value of these cash flows? What is the present value at 18 percent and at 24 percent? Year 1, 2, 3, and 4 Cash Flow $1,200, 600, 855 and 1,480 respectively

Answers

Answer:

Present Value when discount rate is 10% = $3240.01

Present Value when discount rate is 24% = $2432.40

Present Value when discount rate is 18% = $2,731.61

Explanation:

Present value is the sum of discounted cash flows

Present value can be calculated using a financial calculator

Cash flow in year 1 = $1,200

Cash flow in year 2 = 600

Cash flow in year 3 = 855  

Cash flow in year 4 = 1,480

Present Value when discount rate is 10% = $3240.01

Present Value when discount rate is 24% = $2432.40

Present Value when discount rate is 18% = $2,731.61

To find the PV using a financial calculator:

1. Input the cash flow values by pressing the CF button. After inputting the value, press enter and the arrow facing a downward direction.

2. after inputting all the cash flows, press the NPV button, input the value for I, press enter and the arrow facing a downward direction.  

3. Press compute  

The common stock of Eddie's Engines, Inc. sells for $45.68 a share. The stock is expected to pay $4.10 per share next year. Eddie's has established a pattern of increasing their dividends by 6.2 percent annually and expects to continue doing so. What is the market rate of return on this stock?
a. 15.18 percent
b. 7.26 percent
c. 8.98 percent
d. 17.67 percent
e. 11.14 percent

Answers

Answer:

no entiendo la verdad es que yo hablo español y no entiendo ajaj espero te ayude

Explanation:

15.18

K. Decker, S. Rosen, and E. Toso are forming a partnership. Decker is transferring $50,000 of personal cash to the partnership. Rosen owns land worth $15,000 and a small building worth $80,000, which she transfers to the partnership. Toso transfers to the partnership cash of $9,000, accounts receivable of $32,000 and equipment worth $39,000. The partnership expects to collect $29,000 of the accounts receivable.
Account Titles and Explanation: Debit Credit
(To record invstment of Decker)
(To record investment of Rosen)
(To record investment of Toso.)
What amount would be reported as total owners?

Answers

Answer:

the total owners amount should be $222,000

Explanation:

The computation of the amount that should be reported as the total owners is given below:

= K decker + rosen + tosa

= $50,000 + $80,000 + $15,000 + $9,000 + $32,000 + $39,000 - ($32,000 - $29,000)

= $50,000 + $95,000 + $77,000

= $222,000

Hence, the total owners amount should be $222,000

A company has already incurred $7,200 of costs in producing 6,000 units of Product XY. Product XY can be sold as is for $31 per unit. Instead, the company could incur further processing costs of $10 per unit and sell the resulting product for $35 per unit. Should the company sell Product XY as is or process it further

Answers

Answer: Sell as is or lose $36,000

Explanation:

If the company sells as is, they could sell at a price of $31 per unit.

If they process further and sell at $35, they would incur a cost of $10 per unit which leaves them with profit of:

= 35 - 10

= $25

This is lower than the selling price if they sell as is and will therefore give a loss of:

= (31 - 25) * 6,000 units

=- $36,000

Company should sell as is so as not to lose $36,000

The following transactions occurred during July:
1. Received $900 cash for services provided to a customer during July.
2. Received $2,200 cash investment from Barbara Hanson, the owner of the business.
3. Received $750 from a customer in partial payment of his account receivable which arose from sales in June.
4. Provided services to a customer on credit, $375.
5. Borrowed $6,000 from the bank by signing a promissory note.
6. Received $1,250 cash from a customer for services to be rendered next year.
What was the amount of revenue for July?

Answers

Answer:

$1,275

Explanation:

Calculation to determine the amount of revenue for July

Using this formula

Revenue=Cash received for services provided+Services provided customer on credit

Let plug in the formula

Revenue=$900 + $375

Revenue = $1,275

Therefore the amount of revenue for July is $1,275

Explain what unearned revenues are by choosing the correct statement below. Multiple choice question. Unearned revenues refer to income reported on the income statement. Unearned revenues refer to cash received in advance of providing a service or product. Unearned revenues refer to amounts owed to the company that have not yet been billed. Unearned revenues refer to customer payments which have not yet been received.

Answers

Answer:

Unearned revenues refer to cash received in advance of providing a service or product.

Explanation:

The unearned revenue is the amount i.e. collected in advance prior a service or the product is to be delivered. The same is to be shown as the liability on the balance sheet

So it is the cash received in advance before providing the service or product

Therefore the above statement represent an answer

Gutierrez Company is constructing a building. Construction began in 2014 and the building was completed on December 31, 2014. Gutierrez made payments to the construction company of $2,500,000 on 7/1/14, $5,500,000 on 9/1/14, and $5,000,000 on 12/31/14. What is the amount of weighted average accumulated expenditures

Answers

Answer:

$3,083,333.33

Explanation:

Weighted average accumulated expenditures = ($2,500,000*6/12) + ($5,500,000*4/12)

Weighted average accumulated expenditures = $1,250,000 + $1,833,333.33

Weighted average accumulated expenditures = $3,083,333.33

So, the amount of weighted average accumulated expenditures is $3,083,333.33.

Bonita Industries uses flexible budgets. At normal capacity of 21000 units, budgeted manufacturing overhead is $168000 variable and $360000 fixed. If Bonita had actual overhead costs of $546000 for 26000 units produced, what is the difference between actual and budgeted costs

Answers

Answer:

$22,000 Favorable

Explanation:

The computation of the difference between actual and budgeted cost is given below:

Budgeted Variable Manufacturing Overhead Per Unit is

= $168,000 ÷ 21,000 units

= $8

The Fixed Overhead = $360,000

Now

For 26,000 Units, total Overhead Should be:

Variable = 26,000 × 8 = $208,000

Fixed = $360,000

Total = $568,000

And,  

Actual Overhead Cost = $546,000

So,  

Difference between Actual and Budgeted Cost is

= $568,000 - $546,000

= $22,000 Favorable

A project is expected to generate annual revenues of $132,100, with variable costs of $80,200, and fixed costs of $20,700. The annual depreciation is $4,750 and the tax rate is 35 percent. What is the annual operating cash flow

Answers

Answer:

$21,943

Explanation:

Calculation to determine the annual operating cash flow

Using this formula

Operating Cash Flow =(Annual Revenue-Variable costs - Fixed costs)×(1-Tax rate)+( Annual depreciation×Tax rate )

Let plug in the formula

Operating Cash Flow =[ ($132,100 - $80,200 - $20,700) x (1 - 0.35)]+ ($4,750 x 0.35)

Operating Cash Flow =

Operating Cash Flow =($31,200×0.65)+$1,663

Operating Cash Flow =$20,280+$1,663

Operating Cash Flow =$21,943

Therefore the annual operating cash flow is $21,943

When the selling division in an internal transfer has unsatisfied demand from outside customers for the product that is being transferred, then the lowest acceptable transfer price as far as the selling division is concerned is:

Answers

Answer: c. the market price charged to outside customers

Explanation:

When a division is able to sell its products to customers outside the company for a certain price but instead has to transfer these to another division in the company, the minimum transfer price will have to be the selling price to the customers outside so that the division would not make losses.

The division that this good is transferred to will then reflect the cost of acquiring the goods as that selling price. This cost will be accounted for when the new division wants to sell their own goods that way this cost will be recuperated on a company level.

The financial reporting for private not-for-profit entities primarily focuses on: Multiple Choice basic information for the organization as a whole. standardization of the fund information that is reported. inherent differences of various not-for-profit entities that impact reporting presentations. distinctions between current fund and noncurrent fund presentations.

Answers

Answer: basic information for the organization as a whole.

Explanation:

Private Not-for-profit organization as the term implies, are not operating to make a profit therefore their financial statements will generally not include measures that are aimed at showing profit like profit making organizations.

They will instead focus on talking about the entire organization as whole and what it has done so far in the current period. This is what is required of them by U.S. GAAP.

Research on the increasing rate of teenage pregnancy with research methods

Answers

Answer:

Ghana constitute to record high rate of Ap.Recent national report shows that 11percent of adolescent age 15 to 19 had had a live birth of which 3 percent with first child and 14 percent has began childbearing

69.5% teenage people are pregnance
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Zoe walked 9 miles in 6 hours. What was her walking rate in miles per hour? Express your answer in simplest form. Given the reactants of the chemical reaction that will take place in Part D (construction of a lead concentration cell) prior to the assembly of the cell, determine the type of chemical reaction it is. Hint: Determine the products of the reaction. which climate does sparrow live hot or cold Consider the monopolistically competitive market structure, which has some features of a competitive market and some features of a monopoly.Complete the following table by indicating if each attribute characterizes a competitive market, a monopolistically competitive market, both, or neither. Check all that apply.AttributesCompetitive MarketMonopolistically Competitive MarketFew sellers Free entry Price is equal to marginal cost Price equals average total cost in the long run Consider Luis's decision to go to college. If he goes to college, he will spend $21,000 on tuition, $11,000 on room and board, and $1,800 on books. If he does not go to college, he will earn $16,000 working in a store and spend $7,200 on room and board. Luis's cost of going to college is In the given figure, identify a pair of perpendicular lines.A) I and pB) o and pC) m and nD) m and oill give brainliest Consider a galvanic (voltaic) cell that has the generic metals X and Y as electrodes. If X is more reactive than Y (that is, X more readily reacts to form a cation than Y does), classify the following descriptions by whether they apply to the X or Y electrode.i. anodeii. cathodeiii. electrons in the wire flow towardiv. electrons in the wire flow awayv. cations from salt bridge flow towardvi. anions from salt bridge flow towardvii. gains massviii. loses mass Writing a bill into a legal language is done by the A. Attorney-General's Department B. Registrar-General Department C. Judicial Council D. Council of State PLEASE NEED HELP ASAP!!! What statement is true about energy and matter in stars? Select the correct answers. A. Some matter is converted into energy within stars.B. Energy in stars causes the fusion of light elements.C. All energy is converted into matter in stars.D. Energy and matter are both conserved in stars.E. Only energy is conserved within stars.F. Only matter is conserved within stars. At what approximate temperature and pressure can all three phases of water exist simultaneously?0C, 760 mmHg0C, 5 mmHg80C, 380 mmHg100C, 760 mmHg The Chesapeake Bay holds about 18 trillion gallons of water. The bay covers 4,480 square miles or 2,867,200 acres. Each acre can hold 750,000 oysters. Each oyster can filter 50 gallons of water each day. Can there be enough oysters to filter the whole Chesapeake Bay in one day Write an inequality to describe the region.The solid cylinder that lies on or below the plane z = 1 and on or above the disk in the xy-plane with center the origin and radius 3 HELP PLEASE BRAIN FOR CORRRECT An ideal spring is hung vertically from the ceiling. When a 2.0-kg mass hangs at rest from it the spring is extended 6.0 cm from its relaxed length. A downward external force is now applied to the mass to extend the spring an additional 10 cm. While the spring is being extended by the force, the work done by the spring is: a. -3.6 J b. -3.3 F c. -3.4 times 10^-5 J d. 3.3 J e. 3.6 J Please don't make a noise. I (work). (correct tense) Which is the largest country in Kenya 3. Fill in the blanks with "a / an / the or (without articles)". (in a/an/ the hoc (khng cn mo t) vo ch trng). 1. There is _____ cat and _____ dog are playing in the yard. _____ cat is small and nice, _____ dog is a little bigger and nice, to 2. Hes got ____ expensive car. ____ car is very beautiful and modern. He likes ____ car ____ lot. 3. It took her _____ hour to wait for _____ children. 4. _____ earth goes around _____ sun. 5. Whats _____ matter with you? - Ive got headache. 6. Whats _____ time? - _____ time is money. 7. Whats _____ time? - Its _____ quarter past ten. 8. His brother is studying in _____ university in _____ United States of America. 9. In _____ end, they agreed to travel by _____ sea. 10. Yesterday I went to ____ school by ____ bus because my bike had been broken down. Which expression is equivalent to -80?O -4.5O-4.5O 4/5O 4.5 Last week, you spoke with 800 customers in 40 hours."Employee: "That is an average of __________ customers every 30 minutes." write your answer in simplest radical form