Explanation:
Road safety in low-income countries (LICs) remains a major concern. Given the expected increase in traffic exposure due to the relatively rapid motorisation of transport in LICs, it is imperative to better understand the underlying mechanisms of road safety. This in turn will allow for planning cost-effective road safety improvement programs in a timely manner. With the general aim of improving road safety in LICs, this paper discusses the state of knowledge and proposes a number of future research directions developed from literature reviews and expert elicitation. Our study takes a holistic approach based on the Safe Systems framework and the framework for the UN Decade of Action for Road Safety. We focused mostly on examining the problem from traffic engineering and safety policy standpoints, but also touched upon other sectors, including public health and social sciences. We identified ten focus areas relating to (i) under-reporting; (ii) global best practices; (iii) vulnerable groups; (iv) disabilities; (v) road crash costing; (vi) vehicle safety; (vii) proactive approaches; (viii) data challenges; (ix) social/behavioural aspects; and (x) capacity building. Based on our findings, future research ought to focus on improvement of data systems, understanding the impact of and addressing non-fatal injuries, improving estimates on the economic burden, implementation research to scale up programs and transfer learnings, as well as capacity development. Our recommendations, which relate to both empirical and methodological frontiers, would lead to noteworthy improvements in the way road safety data collection and research is conducted in the context of LICs.
Keywords: road safety; low-income countries; under-reporting; best practices; vulnerable groups; injury severity; road crash costing; crash data; capacity building
1. Introduction
Road safety is a major global health issue since large proportions of unintentional injuries are caused by traffic-related crashes. According to the Global Health Observatory, 1.35 million fatalities occur on the world’s roads each year [1]. In general, although traffic-related injuries and fatalities have seen a decreasing trend during the past two decades, this reduction has not been as significant as expected [2]. This is despite several improvements in motor vehicle safety standards and features, road safety policies, and road design [2]. In fact, road transport still poses a substantial risk to human health in many regions around the world.
The problem is especially critical in low-income countries (LICs), due to several persisting shortcomings in road safety standards, vehicle safety and maintenance, and in the design and implementation of policies and safe transportation infrastructure. Figure 1 displays national wealth versus road death rate based on data provided by the WHO [1]. Research is thus needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms of road safety in LICs. This will help guide road safety policies and strategies, with the aim of reducing traffic-related injuries and fatalities. Note that we refer to LMICs to indicate low- and lower-middle income countries, while LICs refer specifically to low-income countries, as shown in Figure 1.
Sustainability 11 06249 g001 550Figure 1. Comparing road traffic death rates with national wealth [1].
There are global initiatives that have sought to address such issues, many of which are coordinated through the Global Plan for the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011–2020 [3], developed by the United Nations Road Safety Collaboration (UNRSC). Examples include the Global Road Safety Partnership (GRSP) [4], the World Bank’s Global Road Safety Facility [5], the Bloomberg Philanthropies Initiative for Global Road Safety [6], and the Road Safety in 10 Countries Project [7]. These global efforts have generally focused on the practical implementation of policies and standards to improve road safety in the developing world [8].
Given these developments in the field, and the fact that we are nearing the end of the UN Decade of Action for Road Safety [3], it is important to take stock of where we are, what the state of the field is, and determine what research will be important in the future to make further progress. In line with this approach, our study aims to take a holistic approach investigating different lines of research under the broad topic of road safety in LICs with the aim of (i) analysing and summarising the current state of knowledge; and (ii) proposing a number of future research directions. We have used the Safe Systems framework and the framework for the UN Decade of Action on Road Safety to identify the domains of focus for this work [9,10]. There is a focus on the understanding of road safety engineering issues while also reaching out to other sectors.
distinguished a security guard from police man
Explanation:
Police (law enforcement) man represent the government (local, county, state, or federal). Security officers represent private businesses and individuals. Police man enforce laws. Security officers enforce policies and respond to criminal activity on their assigned property. Security can detain individuals suspected of crimes on the private property where they work. In most jurisdictions, security officers have no more, and no less, authority to detain a person than a private citizen .
Police powers are limited only by law and jurisdiction. Security officer powers are limited to specific private property, which may or may not be open to the public. Security officers have no more authority than a private citizen on public property, even if that public property is immediately adjacent to the private property to which the security officer is assigned.
If you were an older adult, what could you expect to happen to aspects of your social relations such as relationships with adult children and friendship?
Please say fast it's urgent i will mark brainliest to the first person who will answer it
Choose the correct answer
a) ............ means the unison of body and soul.
i) Yoga ii) Meditation
b) According to international law, a country ................. attack or seize another nation
i) cannot ii) can
c) ............ means a determined concentration of mind.
i) Meditation ii) Yoga
d) The current age runs on the theme of ..........
i) Organization ii) Isolation
Please answer fast
Answer:
(A)-1
(B)-11
(C)-11
(D)-1
Explanation:
i think that is the sure answer
write unite of pressure
Answer:
Pascal (Pa) is the unit of pressure.
Define how the colonies would use a charter
Answer: Please refer to:
A charter is a document that gives colonies the legal rights to exist. Charters can bestow certain rights on a town, city, university, or other institution. Colonial charters were approved when the king gave a grant of exclusive powers for the governance of land to proprietors or a settlement company.
Explanation:
Not sure but hope it helps.
two faactors why it is important for the youth to investugat and be knowledgeable about risky bahaviour
Explanation:
It will help them to choose the choices that are better and avoid the negative works thay may be dangerous. 2. It may also help them to avoid the works that may affect their lives or that may ruin their lives.
Which of the following is not a feature of the Constitution of 1789?
Question 2 options:
republicanism
divided powers
libertarianism
adaptability
Answer:
I think it's libertarianism
1. A forensic discipline studies something:
A. before it occurs
B. as it is occurring
c. after it occurred
D. that never occurred
Answer:
after it occurred..........
what are the problems of hydropower generation in nepal?
Answer:
Most of the hydropower plants in the Himalayan Rivers are affected by excessive rate of sedimentation which primarily decreases the capacity of reservoir and fundamentally causes erosion of causing reduction in efficiency and life of turbine the turbine components.
Explanation:
Examples of sociological imagination
In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court reversed an earlier decision by ruling that segregated public facilities were unequal and unfair in which well-known case? (5 points)
O Brown v. Board of Education
Miranda v. Arizona
Plessy v. Ferguson
C Roe v. Wade
All of the following are signs of an unhealthy relationship except
о
A. possessiveness
B. insincerity
O
C. support
о
D. competition
Answer:
Support
Explanation:
C (i dont know why the other one is 3.5 stars)
The following signs possessiveness, insincerity and competition are signs of unhealthy relationships except support. The correct option is c.
What are the signs of an unhealthy relationship?The signs of unhealthy relationships before they escalate are: Control: One person makes all the decisions and tells the other what to do, what to wear, or who to spend time with. They are jealous, and/or try to isolate the other person from their friends and family.
Dependence: One person feels that they “can’t live without” the other. Or they threaten to do something drastic if the relationship ends. Digital monitoring or “clocking”: One person uses social media sites to keep tabs on the other person. They constantly message or text the other person and demand quick responses. Dishonesty :One person lies to, steals from, or keeps information from the other.
Disrespect :One person makes fun of the other or talks about them behind their back.
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A gauge should not be exposed to pressure greater than ____ of its full-scale range for more than a few minutes.
Answer: "maximum dial reading"
Explanation: Different qauges have different limits the best way to find it is via its maximum dial reading
prepare a model of a codes
of conduct to be followed in a society
Answer: In practice:
A code of conduct can be an important part in establishing an inclusive culture, but it is not a comprehensive solution on its own. An ethical culture is created by the organization's leaders who manifest their ethics in their attitudes and behavior.[5] Studies of codes of conduct in the private sector show that their effective implementation must be part of a learning process that requires training, consistent enforcement, and continuous measurement/improvement.[6] Simply requiring members to read the code is not enough to ensure that they understand it and will remember its contents.[7] The proof of effectiveness is when employees/members feel comfortable enough to voice concerns and believe that the organization will respond with appropriate action.[8]
Accountants code of conduct
In its 2007 International Good Practice Guidance, "Defining and Developing an Effective Code of Conduct for Organizations", the International Federation of Accountants[9][better source needed] provided the following working definition: "Principles, values, standards, or rules of behaviour that guide the decisions, procedures, and systems of an organization in a way that (a) contributes to the welfare of its key stakeholders, and (b) respects the rights of all constituents affected by its operations."
We filter the present through the past because it's the past that will reveal who we are today and who we will become tomorrow.” -Vincent Valdez
What does this mean? Do you agree with it? Why or why not?
The statement made above by Vincent Valdez means that our decisions or actions in present times are shaped by our actions in the past times. And it is our past that defines us today. Hence, it is these same past actions of ours that will determine what we'll become tomorrow.
Yes, I agree with that statement.
The reason why I agreed is that our actions yesterday shaped our today. For example, because we attended elementary schools in our previous years, that is why we can get admission to the high school.
Also, our actions today would determine what we will become in the future, because our present will later become past in the future. For example, our attendance and performance in high school presently will influence where we will end up to after high school, including the type of college we will attend, and the course to study.
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Question 20
Apts
Which European country imports approximately 90% of the food its people eat?
France
Ukraine
Germany
Russia
(20 points)
Explanation:
Ukraine ....... ........
...........
Which of these is an essential feature of political activity?
A. It is difficult.
B. It is idealistic.
C. It is individualistic.
D. It is purposeful.
Answer:
D. It is purposeful.
Explanation:
I hope I helped !
13 Discuss THREE consequences of the social problem on the communi (ax 14 Describe how the following concepts could help to light social challenges social and exonmental responsi Ubuntu 1.5 Evaluate the extent to which the Government has contributed to social grants school lees • health care housing
Answer:
Social determinants” refer to broader social factors, such as income inequality or social exclusion, that lead to or influence health and development outcomes. In Section 4 of this chapter, for instance, a development worker in Mexico tells of realizing that one of the major causes of malnutrition in the area where he was working was not that there simply wasn’t enough food. Sharecropping farmers were able to grow enough to feed their families, but had to borrow seed from the landowner to plant their crops. The terms of the loan were that, for every liter of maize borrowed at planting time, three liters had to be repaid from the harvest. With this high interest rate, peasants went deeper and deeper into debt, and had to use more of their crop each year to pay the landowner. Without power, group solidarity, and influence, the farmers were unable to create conditions that assured the health and well-being of their families.
When an object travels at a constant speed with zero acceleration it is known as ______ motion
When an object travels at a constant speed with zero acceleration then it is known as uniform motion
what do you think about the cause of personality disorders?
Answer:
Personality disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of these genetic and environmental influences. Your genes may make you vulnerable to developing a personality disorder, and a life situation may trigger the actual development.
According to Karl Marx, the most important social changes are
a. religious.
b. familial.
c. cultural.
d. economic
Answer:
He stated that the most important social changes are economic changes.
Materialists believe that we are only physical beings subject to laws of causation and without freedom of choice. Which of the following propositions is not consistent with that premise?a. When we die, we perish entirely since there is no part of us that could survive.b. Love, truth, goodness and beauty are ideal realities that, unlike matter which simply is, express value, stipulating what ought to be. Such ideas are not possible in a purely material universe.c. All processes are physical ones, hence thought itself is the physical process of nerve synapse firings.d. In physical beings the only reality is change, hence, we came about by a lengthy process of evolution.
Answer:
b
Explanation:shakesphere was my great greeat great great great great great granpa
Option B : Love, truth, goodness and beauty are ideal realities that, unlike matter which simply is, express value, stipulating what ought to be. Such ideas are not possible in a purely material universe.
Who are materialists?A materialist is a person who considers material possessions and physical comfort as more important than spiritual values. An example of someone materialistic is a friend who is focused on only wearing designer clothing.
What is a materialistic belief?Materialism is the idea that everything is either made only of matter or is ultimately dependent upon matter for its existence and nature. Highly materialistic people believe that owning and buying things are necessary means to achieve important life goals, such as happiness, success and desirability. However, in their quest to own more, they often sideline other important goals.
Thus, the proposition which is not consistent with that premise is Love, truth, goodness and beauty are ideal realities that, unlike matter which simply is, express value, stipulating what ought to be. Such ideas are not possible in a purely material universe.
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Even in centralized systems, informal sanctions are still powerful mechanisms for influencing people.
a. True
b. False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
The answer is based on my understanding, though I'm not entirely sure it's right. I hope it's right! :)
How did the Great Awakening change white colonists thinking about their political rights?
Explanation:
The Great Awakening was a religious revival that impacted the English colonies in America during the 1730s and 1740s. The movement came at a time when the idea of secular rationalism was being emphasized, and passion for religion had grown stale. Christian leaders often traveled from town to town, preaching about the gospel, emphasizing salvation from sins and promoting enthusiasm for Christianity. The result was a renewed dedication toward religion. Many historians believe the Great Awakening had athe Great Awakening had a lasting impact on various Christian denominations and American culture at large.
Some mammals are tigers, and some mammals are elephants. It follows from this that some tigers are elephants.
a. True
b. False
The statement "Some mammals are tigers, and some mammals are elephants" is false as it does not imply that some tigers are elephants.
While it is true that tigers and elephants are both mammals, being in the same category does not mean that they overlap or intersect with each other. Tigers and elephants are two distinct species within the category of mammals.
For example, if we say that some fruits are apples and some fruits are oranges, it does not mean that there are fruits that are both apples and oranges at the same time. Similarly, in the case of tigers and elephants, the fact that they are both mammals does not imply that there are creatures that are both tigers and elephants.
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Where does water that flows west from the Great Divide eventually go? (1 point)
A. the Great Lakes
B. the Pacific Ocean
C. the Gulf of Mexico
D. the Atlantic Ocean
Answer:
B the Pacific ocean
Explanation:
precipitation on the west side drains and flows toward the Pacific ocean
What was an advantage of investing in a venture through a joint-stock company?
Answer:
The advantage of investing in a venture through a joint stock company is that you have less loss to bear. There are other members to bear the loss too. As well as you can hear numerous point of view about the way to take company to the top. As well as if you invest in a joint-stock company it is more likely that you don't have to work but can earn profit if the company is doing well.
Erikson believed that the ego is?
Answer:
Erikson believed that the ego is not simply a mediator, and it is not solely controlled or shaped by biological factors. Social and cultural environments have a huge impact on the formation of personality.
Should the Constitution be made more democratic, and if so, how?
A car moves with a speed of 40 km/h for 30 minutes. Calculate the distance covered by the car.
