Answer:
1. Most specific, activated by antibody bound to microorganisms - Classic complement pathway.
2. Nonspecific reaction of a host serum protein that binds a sugar, called mannan, in microbial cell walls - Lectin pathway.
3. Begins when complement proteins bind to normal cell wall and surface components of microbes - Alternative complement pathway.
Explanation:
The complement system is a protein cascade that is of key importance for the innate immune system to promote inflammation and thus counter an occurring infection.
The complement system can be activated in three different ways, by three different pathways.
When an unknown pathogen enters the body by breaking the first line of defense that is given by the epithelium, the first pathway to be activated is the alternative complement pathway because one of its proteins, C3b can bind to the surface of any cell and activate the cascade when the proper signal to do so is there (our cells have specific substances that C3b can recognize as non-harmful, and therefore it prevents the cascade to be activated in the absence of pathogens).
When the pathogen causing the infection has previously encountered the immune system, it is more likely that there are already antibodies for this specific pathogen in the infected tissues, thanks to the memory cells that are produced during the adaptative immune response. These antibodies will bind to the C1-complex and trigger the classical pathway. The antibodies will opsonize the pathogen.
The third pathway that can be activated is the lectin pathway. For this one to happen, there has to be a production of mannose-binding lectin by the liver that will occur between 24 to 48 hours of the beginning of the infection. This lectin will bind to the mannose residues on the surface of the pathogen and opsonize it.
When activated, the complement system induces the recruitment of phagocytes such as neutrophils and macrophages (inflammation) to phagocyte the opsonized microorganism, and will also rupture the membrane wall.
Explain the role of PERISTALSIS during your food’s time in the esophagus as it travels to the stomach.
Peristalsis helps in storing food, breaking down food down and mixing it with juices secreted by stomach lining. Peristalsis in stomach helps in partial digestion of food called chyme.
please help ill give brainliest :)) At the equator, the earth spins a distance of 26,120 miles every day. At what speed does the Earth spin in mph?
Answer:
1088 mph
Explanation:
26120/24 = 1088.333 ≈ 1088
Answer:
1088.333mph
Explanation:
26,120miles ÷ 24hours = 1088.333mph
Which major environmental factors can affect health?
genetics and obesity
poor water quality and obesity
poor air and water quality
genetics and poor air quality
!!!!???
HELPPPPPPPP
Answer:
Poor air and water quality.
Explanation:
Genetics are not environmental factors, and neither is obesity. However, poor air and water quality can lead directly to severe health impact.
What is the purpose of meiosis II and II ?
A) To convert one type of cell into another
B) To produce new body cells
C) To produce games, or sex cells
D) To make offspring
yh I think the answer is A
A new variety of rose is produced when a gardener crosses two different kinds of roses. The new rose has some traits of each of the other two kinds.This is an example of:
Answer: selective breeding
Explanation:
how do oomycetes feed
which statement regarding these methods of reproduction is correct?
Answer:
put the picture of the question
Explanation:
i cant help you if you dont
Answer this question please
Answer:
Any animal that is not a equine, tapir, or rhino.
Explanation:
There are 3 extant families of odd toed ungulates:
Equidae (horses, donkeys, zebras etc)Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses) Tapiridae (tapirs).If the animal isn't in one of those families, it isn't an odd toed ungulate.
How do hormonal contraceptives (usually) work? Check all that apply.
freating a barrier
so that the sperm
cell do not enter
the uterus
inhibiting the
sperms' ability to
"swim"
thicken the
cervical mucus
reducing the inner
lining of the
uterue; egg cell
cannot attach
preventing the
maturing of the
follicle cells in the
ovaries
Select all
that apply
SUBMIT -
Musio
12
W2021
BAHO LORUS
Answer:yes and no there is no context just yes
Explanation:
The food components gradually gets digested as food travels through the various components of alimentary canal. The digested food can pass into the blood vessels in the walls of the small intestine. The digestive system consists ofSingle choice.
(a) Digestive tract
(b) Digestive tract and liver
(c)Digestive tract and pancreas
(d) Digestive tract and the associated glands
pls answer
Answer:
(b) Digestive tract and liver
Explanation:
The digestive system consists of the digestive tract and liver. The digestive tract is made up of a large number of parts. These parts include the esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, etc. Food enters the mouth and travels down the digestive tract and out passing the rectum. The liver is where the blood passes through and it is responsible for many functions such as the metabolizing of fats and proteins, separating and storing vitamins and minerals, regulating different chemicals found in the blood, etc.
A 10 N force and a 15 N force are acting on a box in opposite directions what edition force must be added to produce equilibrium
Answer:
5N of force acting the same way as the 10N of force to make it 15N of force
Explanation:
g when hydrogen is present and the citric acid cycle is active, the ph of the mitochondrial matrix is
Answer:
The pH remains constant
Explanation:
The pH value of Mitochondrial matrix = 7.8 while the pH of the intermembrane space of the mitochondria = 7.0–7.4
The presence of the hydrogen atoms makes the mitochondrial matrix acidic and hence reduced the pH value but the pH of inner and outer matrix is maintained equal to each other thus as the H+ ion increases, the base concentration increases thereby pushing H+ to the inter membrane space and hence producing ATP.
The NMDA receptor is a __ receptor that when it binds its neurotransmitter allows ___ entry into the cell, which can promote changes at the synapse that aid in learning and memory but can cause postsynaptic cell death if the receptor is activated for a prolonged time period.
Answer:
The NMDA receptor is a ionotropic receptor that when it binds its neurotransmitter allows calcium entry into the cell, which can promote changes at the synapse that aid in learning and memory but can cause postsynaptic cell death if the receptor is activated for a prolonged time period.
Explanation:
NMDA receptors is an ionotropic glutamate receptor, which has functions in neuroplasticity, but also in excitotoxicity. The receptors are activated by a power differential, when Magnesium ions (Mg2 +) come into contact. This step allows the sodium (Na +), calcium (Ca2 +) ions (these in less quantity) and potassium (K +) ions to flow. The flow of calcium ions, specifically, is essential to enhance the processes of synaptic plasticity or brain plasticity. NMDA receptors play an important role in the development of pain, particularly neuropathic pain.
Write each label into the appropriate category to designate whether the given item describes elements of gray or white matter of spinal cord.
Contains myelinated axons
Posterior column
Located to the periphery of the spinal cord
Gracile fasciculus
Anterior spinocerebellar tract
Medial vestibulospinal tract
Marked by low myelination White matter
Functions to integrate arriving electrical signals
Contains somas, synapses, and dendrites
Tectospinal tract
Functions to transmit electrical signals rapidly over long distances
Lateral horn
Ventral horn
Gray matter White matter
Answer:
- Contains myelinated axons: White matter
- Posterior column: White matter
- Located to the periphery of the spinal cord: White matter
- Gracile fasciculus: White matter
- Anterior spinocerebellar tract: White matter
- Medial vestibulospinal tract: White matter
- Marked by low myelination: Gray matter
- Functions to integrate arriving electrical signals: Gray matter
- Contains somas, synapses, and dendrites: Gray matter
- Tectospinal tract: White matter
- Functions to transmit electrical signals rapidly over long distances: White matter
- Lateral horn: Gray matter
- Ventral horn: Gray matter
Explanation:
Both the brain and the spinal cord contain white matter and gray matter. White matter is the tissue responsible for information transmission (i.e., axons); whereas gray matter is mostly involved in information processing (i.e., neuron bodies). White matter is composed of myelinated axons which extend out from the neuron bodies and glial cells, and this tissue connects different areas of the cerebral cortex (i.e., the outer layer of the brain). Moreover, gray matter is composed of neuronal cell bodies or 'soma' that contain the neuron’s nucleus and unmyelinated axons. Gray matter also has glial cells and capillary blood vessels; whereas white matter also has oligodendrocytes that produce myelin and astrocytes. The color of the white matter is caused by the myelin that surrounds the axons; while the color of the gray matter is due to the capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies. In the cerebrum and cerebellum, white matter is observed in deep areas coated by gray matter; whereas, in the spinal cord, the white matter surrounds the central gray matter. White matter is involved in normal motor and sensory function, this tissue is responsible for learning and coordinating communication between different brain regions. Moreover, grey matter is involved in muscle control and sensory function (e.g., hearing, vision, memory, emotions, speech, decision making, etc).
help..........................
Answer:
d
Explanation:
Structure X was made
a. 1 point
b. in the nucleus
c. by a ribosome
d. of anticodons
e. all of the above
Choose the statement about renewable and nonrenewable energy sources that is NOT true.
a. Renewable energy creates little or no waste and has few negative environmental impacts.
b. There has been little to no recent growth in renewable energy use due to a lack of environmental concerns with the use of fossil fuels.
c. Most nonrenewable energy sources can be renewed, but it takes thousands to millions of years for them to form.
d. New technologies promise future increases in the use of renewable energy sources.
Answer:
b. There has been little to no recent growth in renewable energy use due to a lack of environmental concerns with the use of fossil fuels.
Explanation:
Fossil fuels have had tremendous negative impacts on the environment and humans as well. For that reason, the use of renewable sources of energy, such as hydropower and biomass, have become increasingly popular over the last few decades.
Within our lives, or possibly within many, many lifetimes, the sources of non-renewable energy will run out or cease to exist. The three main fossil fuels that are used as non-renewable energy sources are coal, oil, and natural gas. Carbon is the main element in fossil fuels. Thus, option B is correct.
What best define about nonrenewable energy sources?Fossil fuels have had a terrible impact on both the environment and people. Because of this, the usage of renewable energy sources, such as biomass and hydropower, has risen in popularity over the past few decades.
A natural resource is classified as non-renewable (also known as finite) if it cannot be easily replenished by natural processes at a rate fast enough to keep up with use. Carbon-based fossil fuels are one illustration. The original biological substance can change into a fuel like gas or oil thanks to heat and pressure.
Therefore, There has been little to no recent growth in renewable energy use due to a lack of environmental concerns with the use of fossil fuels.
Learn more about nonrenewable energy here:
https://brainly.com/question/1695784
#SPJ5
Which kind of evidence is used by scientists to understand the intermediate states between an ancestral form and that of its
descendants?
A) causation
B) correlation
C) natural selection
D) transitional fossils
The intermediate states between an ancestral form and that of its
descendants are transitional fossils.
What is a transitional fossil?
Transitional fossils are remains of an organism that came in between a known version of a species and the current species.
Transitional fossils would be proof of evolution because they would show medium forms of a species and they altered and accumulated adaptations at a slow pace.
Thus, option "D" transitional fossils are correct.
To learn more about transitional fossils click here:
https://brainly.com/question/7156308
When a bat is hibernating, how fast does its heart pump?
Answer:
20 beats per minute
Explanation:
Answer:20 beats
Explanation:bat's heart rate slows to only 20 heartbeats per minute.
Provide an argument in favor of the importance for farmers or animal production specialists to understand animal
physiology
Answer:
Its important to understand animal physiology if farmers and animal production specialists wish to meet projected demand for animal products.
Explanation:
They must streamline production and advance capacity to prevent, detect, diagnose, and treat animal diseases. The health and quality of livestock is influenced by genetics, care, nutrition, and environment. The quality of animal products is also affected by production methods and marketing practices.
Information found in link below:
https://nifa.usda.gov/topic/animal-production
Plz do 3,2❤️ Plzzzzz urgent
Answer:
2)A Dutch father-son team named Hans and Zacharias Janssen invented the first so-called compound microscope in the late 16th century when they discovered that, if they put a lens at the top and bottom of a tube and looked through it, objects on the other end became magnified.
3)While observing cork through his microscope, Hooke saw tiny boxlike cavities, which he illustrated and described as cells. He had discovered plant cells! Hooke's discovery led to the understanding of cells as the smallest units of life—the foundation of cell theory.
Construct an explanation to predict the type of symbiotic relationship that exists between the hippo and oxpecker birds?
Identifying Star Systems:
Which type of star system is pictured?
✔ open cluster
Answer:
hope it helps
Explanation:
geqgrqgtsnydms v FyhgvCgxvnhh nghllkk wa
Answer:
open cluster
Explanation:
Just try it.
You'll see.
can someone help me please
Answer:
sorry I can't your picture is blurry ☹️
During a(n) _____________________, the sun can produce excessive radiation to heat the lower atmosphere and Earth's surface.
Group of answer choices
could it be a solar flare?
EASY POINTS!!! HELP ME WITH THIS HOMEWORK PLEASE!!! FIRST TO ANSWER GETS BRAINLEST!!!
1. Which of the following applies to a viral infection?
A.Viral infections Viruses can be treated with antibiotics.
B.Viruses can only replicate with in a cell or living tissue
C.Viruses are larger than bacteria.
D.Viruses are made of cells.
2. Fill in the blank
_____inject DNA or RNA into the nucleus of a cell to reproduce.
It is often argued that viruses are not living. Why?
A. Viruses reproduce.
B. Viruses are not made of cells.
C. Viruses contain genetic material.
D. Viruses are made of RNA or DNA.
3. Viruses are not living because
A. They are made of cells
B. They cannot synthesize DNA or RNA
C. They cannot reproduce on their own
D. They do not contain a cell membrane
4. Viruses are different from bacteria in that
A. they can remain dormant on non-living surfaces
B. they can be found just about anywhere
C. they can infect just about every form of life
5. Which of the following?
Viral infections _____.
A. can be treated with antibiotics
B. often can't be treated
C. can be prevented with immunization
D. can be contracted only from direct contact with someone infected
6. Edward Jenner discovered a vaccination against ______ by infecting a boy with _____.
A. measles; smallpox
B. cowpox; smallpox
C. polio; cowpox
D. smallpox; cowpox
7. How does the flu vaccination work?
A. The flu vaccine works by making you sick with the flu so that you won’t get the flu later.
B. The flu vaccine is a dose of antibodies that fight the flu virus.
C. The flu vaccine is injected under the skin in an inactive form and the immune system responds with antibodies to the flu protecting you from future exposure to the flu.
D. The flu vaccine is injected under the skin and the endocrine system responds by sending hormones to fight the virus.
8. Artificially stimulating antibodies to a disease is a(an)_____.
A. immunization
B. vaccination
C. variolation
D. virus
9. At what ages do health official recommend following an immunization schedule?
A. over 65 years
B. 8-18 years
C. birth - 18 years
D.birth - 75 years
Which of the following:
10. A virus is
A. A free living cell
B. Always parasitic
C. Contains DNA or RNA
D. Cannot reproduce on their own
Answer:
1. B.Viruses can only replicate with in a cell or living tissue
2. B. Viruses are not made of cells.
3. C. They cannot reproduce on their own
4. C. they can infect just about every form of life
5. B. often can't be treated
6. D. smallpox; cowpox
7. C. The flu vaccine is injected under the skin in an inactive form and the immune system responds with antibodies to the flu protecting you from future exposure to the flu.
8. A. immunization
9. C. birth - 18 years
10. B. Always parasitic
Hope this helps
Answer:
1. B.Viruses can only replicate with in a cell or living tissue
2. B. Viruses are not made of cells.
3. C. They cannot reproduce on their own
4. C. they can infect just about every form of life
5. B. often can't be treated
6. D. smallpox; cowpox
7. C. The flu vaccine is injected under the skin in an inactive form and the immune system responds with antibodies to the flu protecting you from future exposure to the flu.
8. A. immunization
9. C. birth - 18 years
10. B. Always parasitic
Hope this helps
Explanation:
Eubacteria and archaebacteria differ in the process of protein synthesis. What is the difference?
A.) phenylalanine is added as the first amino acid during protein synthesis
B.) Methionine is added as the first amino acid during protein synthesis
C.) Formyl-methionine is added as the first amino acid during protein synthesis
D.) Glutamic acid is added as the first amino acid during protein synthesis
Answer:
A
Explanation:
The main difference between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria is? Hint: Archaebacteria are called ancient bacteria whereas eubacteria are called true bacteria. Unlike eubacteria, archaebacteria can survive in extreme conditions
For Labrador retrievers, black fur is dominant to yellow. a) Explain how two black dogs can have different genotypes. b) Could a black dog have the same genotype as a yellow dog
Answer:
Please find the answers explained below
Explanation:
A) This question involves a Gene coding for fur color in Labrador retrievers (a dog). The allele for black fur (B) is dominant over the alllele for yellow fur (b). Based on the law of dominance by Gregor Mendel, the dominant allele will always mask the phenotypic expression of the recessive allele in a heterozygous state. The two fur colors have different alleles, however, when they come together to form a heterozygote, the black fur is still expressed. Naturally, a black furred Labrador retriever should have the genotype; BB but since the black fur is a dominant trait, another heterozygous genotype will arise as Bb.
B) No, the black dog cannot have the same genotype as yellow dog. This is because the black dog must always have at least one dominant allele (B) in order to be black while the yellow dog, due to the recessiveness of the yellow allele can only have the genotype; bb. Hence, a black dog can either be Bb or BB but a yellow dog can only be bb.
Why is human height a polygenic trait?
Because the alleles for human height are codominant.
Because there are several alleles for the gene that controls human height.
Because the gene that controls human height is pleiotropic.
Because many genes control human height.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
The answer is D
BRAINILIEST PLEASEAnswer:
Yes, the answer is D
Explanation:
28. Which of the following is the greatest contributor to greenhouse gases in the United States?
production of electricity
transportation
industrial pollution
residential pollution
Answer:
industrial pollution, because their are many kinds of heavy industries.
Answer:
transportation
Explanation:
About 27% of fossil fuel emissions in the United States comes from transportation
