there are two main enumerations of common software errors: the top 25 list maintained by mitre and the top ten list for web applications.

Answers

Answer 1

Functionality issues and communication errors are the two main categories of common software flaws.

In software testing, what exactly is an error?

An error is a departure from accuracy or correctness, and a software bug is a flaw, failure, or fault in a computer program or system that leads to the generation of inaccurate or unexpected results or causes the system to act in ways that are not intended.

A communication mistake is what?

When a software program's functional icons must be loaded one by one onto the screen before it can be fully assembled into a user-accessible interface, communication errors are more likely to occur. Furthermore, all other software categories are susceptible to this. Misfunctioning icons in communications are another type of mistake.

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Related Questions

create a view called IBM_InvoiceData that will retrieve columns and rows from the Invoices table for the vendor named IBM.

Answers

Here is an example of a SQL query that can be used to create a view called IBM_InvoiceData that will retrieve columns and rows from the Invoices table for the vendor named IBM:

CREATE VIEW IBM_InvoiceData AS
SELECT * FROM Invoices
WHERE VendorName = 'IBM';

This query creates a view that selects all columns (*) from the Invoices table where the VendorName column is equal to 'IBM'. The view can then be used in subsequent queries to access the invoice data for the vendor named IBM without having to specify the vendor name in each query. For example, the following query can be used to retrieve the total amount of invoices for IBM:

SELECT SUM(InvoiceAmount) AS TotalInvoices FROM IBM_InvoiceData;

This query uses the IBM_InvoiceData view to select the sum of the InvoiceAmount column, and assigns the result to a column named TotalInvoices. The resulting query would return a single row with the total amount of invoices for IBM.

with my android phone synced to my crv, if using assistant drive mode, will the map play through cars screen

Answers

It depends on the specific make and model of your car and phone, as well as the settings and capabilities of the specific applications you are using.

Explanation in Detail:

In general, if you have an Android phone and you are using Assistant Drive mode, you may be able to use your car's display screen to view maps and navigation information. However, this will depend on whether your car's display screen is compatible with your phone and whether the navigation app you are using is compatible with your car's display screen.

For example, some newer models of cars have built-in Android Auto functionality, which allows you to use your car's display screen to access certain apps and features on your Android phone. If your car has this capability and you are using an Android Auto-compatible navigation app, you may be able to view maps and navigation information on your car's display screen.

Similarly, if you are using a navigation app that is compatible with Ap*ple CarPlay (such as Go*ogle Maps or Waze), you may be able to view maps and navigation information on your car's display screen if your car has Apple CarPlay functionality.

It is also worth noting that some cars have their own built-in navigation systems that can be used independently of your phone. In this case, you may not need to use your phone's navigation app at all.

To determine whether you can view maps and navigation information on your car's display screen, you will need to check the specific capabilities of your car and phone, as well as the settings and requirements of the navigation app you are using.

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what are two major concerns regarding iot devices? (select two.) answer short life span privacy accessibility hacking availability

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The security of IoT devices and the security of the network are the two main issues. Serious data breaches may result from an unsecure IoT device. It's crucial to manage security for IoT connections and secure IoT devices.

What is an example of IoT devices?

A few examples of IoT goods are smart phones, smart refrigerators, smart watches, smart fire alarms, smart door locks, smart bicycles, medical sensors, fitness trackers, smart security systems, etc.

Give five examples of what the Internet of Things is.

The Internet of Things, or IoT, is the name given to the rapidly expanding network of interconnected items that can exchange data in real time thanks to integrated sensors. Appliances like refrigerators, vehicles, lights, and thermostats can all be connected to the Internet of Things.

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match each ad fs authentication factor on the left with the appropriate description on the right. each authentication factor may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

Answers

1. A secret string of characters- password 2. A biometric authentication using fingerprint scanning, 3. A smart card, a tangible token 4. Multi-Factor Authentication - Authentication needs to be verified by many factors.

Describe biometrics.

Biometrics are measurements of the body and computations of human traits. In computer science, access control and identity is achieved by biometric security, also known as real authentication. It is also used to locate individuals in groups that are being monitored. The distinct, quantifiable traits that are used to identify and classify people are called biometric identifiers. Biological traits connected to a person's physical attributes, such as body form, are frequently characterized as biometric identifiers. Examples include fingerprinting, veins in the palms, face recognition, DNA, handprints, hand geometry, iris identification, retina, and odor/scent.

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Different approaches towards congestion control. Use the pulldown menu to match a congestion control approach to how the sender detects congestion- The sender infers segment loss from the absence of an ACK from A. end-end the receiver. B. network-assisted C. delay-based - Bits are set at a congested router in a sender-to-receiver datagram, and bits are in the returned to the sender in a receiver- to sender ACK, to indicate congestion to the sender. - The sender measures RTTs and uses the current RTT measurement to infer the level of congestion.

Answers

In order to make better use of a shared network infrastructure and prevent congestive collapse, a process called congestion management regulates the entry of data packets into the network. At the TCP layer, congestive-avoidance algorithms (CAA) are used as a preventative measure against network collapse.

How do TCP flow and congestion control differ from one another?

The communication between a sender and a receiver is managed by flow control, an end-to-end technique. Data link layer and transport layer flow control are both present. A network employs congestion management to manage traffic on the network.

What issues does congestion cause?

Individuals, organizations, and the economy as a whole are all impacted by congestion in terms of additional costs and time as well as stress.

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in this lab, your task is to discover whether arp poisoning is taking place as follows: use wireshark to capture packets on the enp2s0 interface for five seconds. analyze the wireshark packets to determine whether arp poisoning is taking place. use the 192.168.0.2 ip address to help make your determination. answer the questions.

Answers

Open Wireshark and choose enp2so from the Capture menu. To start the capture, select Blue fin. Choose the red box to stop after 5 seconds. Enter arp to display those packets in the Apply a display filter box. Look for lines in the Info column that contain the IP 192.168.0.2.

What is meant by which of the following when an attacker sends phony packets to link their MAC address?

An attack known as ARP spoofing involves a malicious actor sending forged ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) packets across a local area network.

To find duplicate IP address traffic, which of the following wireshark filters is used?

For Wireshark to only show duplicate IP information frames, use the arp. duplicate-address-frame filter.

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with the workshop type summary query design view, group the records by workshop type, count the lastname field values, and run the query

Answers

the design view query The query results are shown in a datasheet by Access.

In Access, how can I sort a last name query?

Click on the "Sort" row of the field in the QBE grid by which you want to order the results of a query in Access' query design view. Then choose "Ascending" or "Descending" order using the drop-down that appears.

How can you find a record in a database table by looking for particular information there?

Click the field you wish to search in after opening the table or form. Click Find or press CTRL+F in the Find group on the Home tab. The Find tab is selected, and the Find and Replace dialog box displays.

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Suppose that move is a member function of the class vehicleType. Which of the following statements declare move to be a pure virtual function.
(i) virtual void move(double a, double b) const = 0;
(ii) virtual void move(double a, double b) 0 = const;
A) Only (ii) B) Only (i) C) Both (i) and (ii) D) None of these.

Answers

Let's assume that move is a function of the vehicleType class. virtual void move(double a, double b) const = 0.

What accomplishes a class method?

A class method is a method that is tied to the class itself, not to its objects. Because the class parameter refers to the class rather than the object instance, they have access to the class's state. It can alter a class state so that it would affect every instance of the class.

What are the features and functions of a class?

It is used to describe and comprehend objects in more detail than just their label through the usage of feature, function, and class.

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which of the following statements is true of firewalls? answer unselected they are placed all over the internet. unselected they are frequently used to prevent unauthorized internet users from accessing private networks connected to the internet. unselected they completely prevent network penetration by outsiders and therefore should be viewed as the sole element required for the overall security plan. unselected they are implemented in hardware but not software.

Answers

Answer:

They are used to prevent unauthorized internet users accessing private networks.

Explanation:

Which of the following activities is least likely to result in a segmentation fault?

Question 19 options:

Removing an element from the middle of a linked list without fixing the pointers afterwards


Growing the stack too large, such as with an unbounded recursive function


Trying to write into protected space, such as modifying the code segment of the program


Accessing a memory address outside its boundaries

Answers

From the following activities, the one that is least likely to result in a segmentation fault is: "Removing an element from the middle of a linked list without fixing the pointers afterwards" (Option A)

What is a segmentation fault?

A segmentation fault or accessibility violation is a fault, or failure condition, reported by memory-protected hardware that alerts an operating system that software has attempted to access a restricted portion of memory. This is a type of generic protection fault on ordinary x86 machines.

Check whether your compiler or library can be made to check limits on I at least in debug mode, to remedy a segmentation error. Buffer overruns that write trash over excellent pointers can trigger segmentation faults. These actions will significantly minimize the chance of segmentation faults and other memory issues.

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you have configured two routers (londona and londonb) for ospf routing. serial0/0 on londona is connected to serial0/1 on londonb. the partial configu

Answers

The supplied statement claims that the network statements' wildcard mask values are wrong.

What use does a router serve?

One or more carton networks or subnetworks can be connected using a router. By sending data packets to thier intended IP addresses, it manages traffic between different networks and allows several devices to share an Internet connection.

Is purchasing my own router preferable?

The most recent WiFi routers and isps make it simple to achieve the speeds that connection stability you want without struggling to accommodate every device. Long-term savings still apply even if you wind up updating your bought modem every 3 to 5 years.

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The complete question is-

You have configured two routers, LondonA and LondonB for OSPF routing. Serial0/0 on LondonA is connected to Serial0/1 on LondonB. The partial configuration of each router is shown below:

hostname LondonA

!

interface Serial0/0

ip address 172.17.1.78 255.255.255.252

encapsulation frame-relay

!

interface Serial0/1

ip address 172.17.1.161 255.255.255.248

encapsulation frame-relay

!

router ospf 300

network 172.17.1.76 0.0.0.3 area 100

network 172.17.1.160 0.0.0.7 area 100

!--additional output omitted

hostname LondonB

!

interface Serial0/0

ip address 172.17.1.17 255.255.255.248

encapsulation frame-relay

!

interface Serial0/1

ip address 172.17.1.77 255.255.255.252

encapsulation frame-relay

!

router ospf 200

network 172.17.1.16 0.0.0.7 area 100

network 172.17.1.76 0.0.0.3 area 100

!--additional output omitted

Discuss which of the following systems allow module designers to enforce the need-to-know principle. a. The MULTICS ring-protection scheme b. Hydra’s capabilities c. JVM's stack-inspection scheme

Answers

Many contemporary systems have fewer rings than the original Multics system, which had eight.

What is meant by MULTICS ring-protection scheme?

A layered supervisor may be present in each process's virtual memory thanks to the ring protection scheme. In Multics, ring O is where the lowest-level supervisor procedures, such as those that implement access control, I/O, memory multiplexing, and processor multiplexing, are executed.

Many contemporary systems have fewer rings than the original Multics system, which had eight. Through the use of a unique machine register, the hardware constantly remains aware of the current ring of the active instruction thread.

Your company is protected by three different rings, and in order to be successful, each ring must be addressed. Let's go over the three rings and how to fasten them.

Therefore, the correct answer is option a. The MULTICS ring-protection scheme.

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A technician assist Joe, an employee in the sales department who needs access to the client database, by granting him administrator privileges. Later, Joe discovers he has access to the salaries in the payroll database.Which of the following security practices was violated?

Answers

The following security procedures were broken in accordance with the assertion made above on the principle of least privilege.

Giving an example, what is a database?

A collection is a planned gathering of data. They enable the manipulation and storage of data electronically. Data administration is made simple by databases. Let's use a database as an example. A database is used to hold information on people, their mobile numbers, or other contact information in an online telephone directory.

What purposes serve databases?

Any set of data or information that has been properly structured for quick searching and retrieval by a machine is referred to as a database, often known as an electronic database. Databases are designed to make it easy to save, retrieve, edit, and delete data while carrying out various data-processing tasks.

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v. Geographical locatio c) Describe the structure of an instruction in relation to computer organization. d) Uniprocessor systems and multiprocesor systems have different features and capabilities. (5marks) (6marks) Compare the two in the following aspects: i. Ease of programming ii. The need for synchronization iii. Performance evaluation iv. Run time system she​

Answers

The computer processor can understand a series of instructions called an instruction. The code is often written in machine language or 1s and 0s. It has tasks or instructions that regulate the flow of bits and bytes inside the CPU.

How does a computer's structure operate?

Every component of a computer is set up in a communication-friendly manner. Let's go into further detail about each element. An input device is a piece of computer hardware that manages input reception from external systems.

What functional units are there in the organization and architecture of computers?

Another crucial functional component of the computer organization and architecture is the memory unit. The operating system controls the computer memory, which is a limited resource ( OS ).

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In the optimistic approach, during the phase, a transaction scans the database, executes the needed computations, and makes the updates to a private copy of the database values.
a. read b. validation
c. write d. shared

Answers

The correct answer for this problem is a. read

Why does it uses read phase?

In the optimistic approach to concurrency control in database systems, during the read phase, a transaction scans the database and reads the values it needs in order to execute the necessary computations.

This is often referred to as the "read" phase.

If the values have been modified by another transaction, the current transaction may need to abort and retry the process from the beginning. This ensures that transactions are able to execute without conflicting with one another and helps to maintain the integrity of the database.

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design a 32 bit counter that adds 4 at each clock edge the counter has reset and clock inputs upon reset the counter output is all 0

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The counter is a digital sequencer, here a 4-bit counter. This simply means that you can count from 0 to 15 or vice versa depending on the counting direction (up/down).

The counter value (“count”) is evaluated on each positive (rising) edge of the clock cycle (“clk”).

If the "reset" input is logic high, the counter is set to zero.

If the "load" signal is logic high, the counter is loaded with the "data" input. Otherwise, count up or count down. If the "up_down" signal is logic high, the counter counts up, otherwise it counts down.

What are counters and their types

A counter is a sequential circuit. A well-known counter is a digital circuit used for counting pulses. Counters are the widest use of flip-flops. There are two types of counters. Asynchronous or ripple counter.

What are counters used for?

Counters are used not only to count, but also to measure frequency and time. increase memory address

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Two .o files have been linked together with the command line ld -o p main.o weight_sum.o. Consider the following statements:
(i) There are no more undefined symbols.
(ii) The file must be dynamically linked
(iii) The file is a relocatable object file.
(iv) The file is an executable object file.
(v) There might be one undefined symbol.
(vi) The .bss section consumes no file space.
Which of these statements are correct?
Select one:
a. Only (i) and (iv) are correct (this is not correct)
b. Only (i), (iv) and (vi) are correct (updating on my own -- this is the correct answer)
c. Only (ii) is correct
d. Only (i) and (iii) are correct
e. Only (ii) and (v) are correct
f. None of the above is correct

Answers

Only (i), (iv) and (vi) are correct, since all files are given and are connected with executables.

What is executable files?

An executable file is a file that can be used by a computer to carry out different tasks or operations. An executable file, in contrast to a data file, has been compiled and cannot be read. .BAT,.COM,.EXE, and.BIN are examples of common executable files on an IBM compatible computer.

The.DMG and.APP files can be executed on Apple Mac computers running macOS. Other executable files might also exist, depending on the operating system and its configuration.

You can run our download.exe file on your computer as an example test executable. Congratulations! You've successfully downloaded an executable programme file from the Computer Hope website, says the executable file that displays this message.

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a multithreaded web server wishes to keep track of the number of requests it services (known as hits). consider the two following strategies to prevent a race condition on the variable hits. the first strategy is to use a basic mutex lock when updating hits:

Answers

Atomic operations leverage processor is used to keep track of the number of requests it services.

Atomic integer would be more efficient because since the time duration of the lock being held is so short, just the time to increment hits.In a mutex lock if the lock wasn't available, it would incur heavy cost in context switching to sleeping and then to waking back up when it is available shortly thereafter.With atomic integer, it would just busy wait, using CPU cycles but for a much shorter time than the context switch time with a mutex lock.There should be an acquire before the line "if (number_of_processes....)"" So that the number isn't corrupted after calling the if statement if another process is released.There should be release after the line "++number_of_processes" and an acquire and release surrounding the line "—number_of_processes;" so that only one modification of the count of processes can happen at once.

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when examining the permissions on a file in linux, how many bits are used to display this information

Answers

These permissions are represented by the characters "rwxrwxrwx," which are defined by nine bits in the i-node information. The world is described by the final three characters, the group by the middle three, and the user by the first three.

In Linux, how can I check a file's permissions?

Make advantage of the ls tool and the -la arguments to see the permissions for all files in a directory. Add additional parameters as desired; see List the files in a directory in Unix for assistance. If an object is listed in the output sample above, the first character on each line specifies whether it is a file or a directory.

What are Linux's three permissions?

The following permission types are employed: r - Read w - Write x - Execute.

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Answer:When examining the permissions on a file in Linux, how many bits are used to display this information?

Explanation:These permissions are represented by the characters "rwxrwxrwx," which are defined by nine bits in the i-node information. The world is described by the final three characters, the group by the middle three, and the user by the first three.

In Linux, how can I check a file's permissions?

Make advantage of the ls tool and the -la arguments to see the permissions for all files in a directory. Add additional parameters as desired; see List the files in a directory in Unix for assistance. If an object is listed in the output sample above, the first character on each line specifies whether it is a file or a directory.

What are Linux's three permissions?

The following permission types are employed: r - Read w - Write x - Execute.

___________ is when network managers deal with network breakdowns and immediate problems, instead of performing tasks according to a well laid out plan.
a. Panicking
b. Multiplexing
c. Multitasking
d. Firefighting
e. Fireflying

Answers

Instead of carrying out activities in accordance with a well-thought-out strategy, network administrators engage in "firefighting," where they address urgent issues and network outages.

What exactly does "network" mean?

A number of computers connected together to share data (such printers and CDs), online cloud, or enable electronic conversations make up a network. A network's connections to its computers can be made through cables, phone lines, radio frequencies, spacecraft, or infrared laser beams.

Why is a network crucial?

Simply simply, networking entails establishing relationships with other business people. Always consider the benefits to both sides when networking. A important good, higher exposure, a larger support network, enhanced company growth, and far more meaningful relationships are a few benefits of networking.

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in new plant designs, fieldbusses are progressively being replaced by ethernet, making cyber attacks against field equipment even easier. g

Answers

Device networks are being supplanted by Ethernet, despite being valued and recognized as reliable, tested, and deterministic. Ethernet will continue to descend into ever-simpler gadgets.

The Fieldbus Foundation also recognizes the benefits of using high-speed Ethernet in industrial applications, which is why Foundation HSE is built around this technology. Device, subsystem, and enterprise integration are the intended uses of Foundation HSE, which operates at 100 Mbit/s.

Real-time Ethernet: a potential fieldbus replacement?

Real-time Ethernet-based fieldbuses have been built since the turn of the millennium. These might eventually take the place of conventional fieldbuses.

In industrial networking, what is fieldbus?

Fieldbus. A series of real-time distributed control industrial computer network protocols known as Fieldbus is specified under IEC 61158.

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one drawback to the sequential search is that it cannot be used with an array that contains string elements. T/F

Answers

The sequential search has the limitation that it cannot be utilized with arrays containing string elements.Thus, it is false.

What sequential search, an array contains string elements?

Searching linearly over an array of strings for the supplied string is an easy fix. Performing a modified binary search is a better solution.

Get the list of arrays. Get each element of the Array List object using the for-each loop. Make sure the array list's elements all contain the necessary string. Print the elements if applicable.

We compare the given string with the middle string, just like in a standard binary search. If the middle string is empty, we linearly search on both sides for the nearest non-empty string x.

Therefore, it is false that one drawback to the sequential search is that it cannot be used with an array that contains string elements.

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Is it possible for an organization to rely too heavily on mobile devices and not enough on traditional computer systems?

Answers

No, it possible for an organization to rely too heavily on mobile devices and not enough on traditional computer systems because vulnerabilities do exist in mobile devices and as such you need both.

How does using a mobile device benefit a company?

They  are known to often give employees more flexibility, improve workflows, boost communications, and support user productivity and efficiency. Businesses benefit from the use of mobile devices because they can make choices more quickly thanks to speedier and more collaborative interactions.

Therefore, When we rely too much on our phones, it can have negative effects on our relationships with friends and family as well as companies. This is especially true if we are not paying attention to the real world around us and are instead preoccupied with our phones.

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Rewards systems that reinforce the core values of the organization and contribute to organizational cohesiveness are the least effective type. T/F

Answers

False: The least successful form of rewards systems are those that promote organizational cohesion and reaffirm the essential values of the organization.

How does reinforcement work?

Reinforcement is a technique used in behavioral psychology to strengthen an individual's future behavior if that behavior is preceded by a certain form an important. This strengthening effect may be quantified as increased behavior (e.g., drawing a lever more frequently), increased length (example - pushing a lever for an prolonged period of time), increased magnitude (e.g., pulling a lever more firmly), or reduced latency (example - pulling a lever more quickly than following the antecedent stimulus). Self-awareness, self-reflection, and self-regulation are the three key principles of the soul paradigm of human nature. Historically, incentives have correlated with self-regulation.

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To select adjacent worksheet tabs, click the first tab, press down and hold down this key, and then click the last tab.Shift

Answers

To select the adjacent worksheet tabs, click the first tab, press down and hold down the shift key and then click the last tab.

What is Microsoft Word?

Microsoft Word is a word processor that may be used to create papers, letters, reports, and other types of writing of a professional calibre. It includes sophisticated capabilities that give you the best formatting and editing options for your files and projects.

What are examples of MS Word?

Application software that enables you to create, edit, and save any documents is an example of Microsoft Word. It was first developed by software engineers Richard Brodie and Charles Simoyi in 1983 and is now owned by Microsoft.

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which of the following statements are true? local variables do not have default values. data fields have default values. a variable of a primitive type holds a value of the primitive type. all of the above

Answers

True local variables do not all have default values. Data fields come with default options. A primitive type's value is stored in a variable of that type.

Exist default values for data fields?

Data fields come with default options. - No default values exist for local variables. A value of a primitive type is stored in a primitive type variable.

Which of the above techniques can be used to set up many variables with the same value at the beginning?

By using = back-to-back, you can give many variables the same value. This is helpful, for instance, when setting numerous variables to the same value at the beginning. After assigning a value, it is also possible to assign a different value.

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which of the following would be considered an input device? cpu cpu microsoft word microsoft word keyboard keyboard printer

Answers

A keyboard is regarded as an input device. Examples of input devices include scanners, mice, joysticks, and digital cameras.

Which of the following statements—that an output device provides information to the computer and an input device receives it—is true?

A computer's output device transmits information to an input device, and the other way around. The computer provides information to an input device, which receives it, and the other way around. Both assertions are false.

What kind of hardware is used in computers?

Computer hardware refers to the actual physical components of a computer, such as the chassis, CPU, RAM, monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, and speakers.

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Which of the following applications would be a viable reason to use write-only memory in a computer?

Question 20 options:

Using a linked list that can remove elements from the head as well as the tail


Acquiring user input from the keyboard


Preparing geometric shapes for use on a graphics card


None of the above

Answers

Note that of the following applications the one that would be a viable reason to use write-only memory in a computer is: "None of the above" (Option D)

What is write-only memory?

Write-only memory, the inverse of read-only memory, started as a joking allusion to a memory device that could be recorded to but not read, as there appeared to be no practical purpose for a memory circuit that could not be retrieved.

ROM stores the instructions required for communication among various hardware components. As previously stated, it is required for the storage and functioning of the BIOS, but it may also be used for basic data management, to store software for basic utility tasks, and to read and write to embedded systems.

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to assign a value to a global variable in a function, the global variable must be first declared in the function. T/F

Answers

False. Value can to assigned to a global variable in the function even if we dont declare it before.

How assigning the value of global variable is possible?

Any variable that has to be used inside the function but is declared outside the function is referred to as a global variable. When you need to declare a global variable inside of a function, you use the word global. Normal variables only have a scope that extends to the function's conclusion when they are declared inside.

Utilize the global keyword when declaring the variable if you wish to use it outside of the function as well.

In JavaScript, there are two scopes: local and global. When a variable is assigned directly without being declared, it becomes a global property of the window object.

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Virtual memory layout [20] You have a 64-bit machine and you bought 8GB of physical memory. Pages are 256KB. For all calculations, you must show your work to receive full credit. (a) [1] How many virtual pages do you have per process? (b) [1] How many bits are needed for the Virtual Page Number (VPN)? (Hint: use part (a)) (c) [1] How many physical pages do you have? (d) [1] How many bits are needed for the Physical Page Number (PPN)? (Hint: use part (c)) (e) [1] How big in bytes does a page table entry (PTE) need to be to hold a single PPN plus a valid bit? (f) [1] How big would a flat page table be for a single process, assuming PTEs are the size computed in part (e)? (g) [10] Why does the answer above suggest that a "flat page table" isn't going to work for a 64-bit system like this? Research the concept of a multi-level page table, and briefly define it here. Why could such a data structure be much smaller than a flat page table? (h) [4] Does a TLB miss always lead to a page fault? Why or why not?

Answers

We have 2^48 pages per person. The number of physical pages is 2^16.. 48 bits of VPN are mapped to 16 bits of PPN. The PTE size is 2B. The page table size is 2^49 B.

What are the steps to calculate pages per person, physical pages, VPN ,PTE size and the table size?

We know that;

Virtual Address = 64bits

Virtual Address Space = 2^Virtual Address = 2^64B

Physical Address Space = 4GB  = 4 X 2^30 B = 2^32 B

Physical Address = log_2(Physical Address Space )  = log_2(2^32)

                             = 32 * log_2(2) = 32 bits.

Page size = 64KB =2^16 B

a) No of Virtual Pages = Virutal Address Space/PageSize

                                      =  2^64B / 2^16 B = 2^48

b) NoOfPhysicalPages = PhysicalAddressSpace/PageSize

                                      =  2^32 B / 2^16 B = 2^16

c) VPN (in Bits) = log_2(NoOfVirtual Pages)   = log_2(2^48) = 48

    PPN(inBits)=log_2(NoOfPhysicalPages)=  log_2(2^16) = 16

Thus 48 bits of VPN are mapped to 16 bits of PPN.

d) PTE( Page Table Entry) holds the Physical Page Number of given Virtual Page along with many information about the page.

PTEsize = PPN(inBits) = 16 bits = 2B

e) Flat page table is single level page table. A page table contains the Physical Page number for a given page number. It helps in the translation of Vitual Address to Physical Address.

PageTableSize = NoOfVirtualPages*PTEsize = 2^{48}*2B = 2^49

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