Sharpe ratio = (18% - 6%) / 22% = 0.55 . Treynor ratio = (18% - 6%) / 0.8 = 15% . Rm = market return. R = 6% + 0.8(14% - 6%) = 12.4% . The alpha of the portfolio is 3.6%.
1.1.1 Sharpe ratio Sharpe Ratio is used to determine the amount of excess return per unit of risk generated by the portfolio. It is calculated by subtracting the risk-free rate from the portfolio's return and then dividing by its standard deviation.
Sharpe ratio = (R - Rf) / σ
Where, R = portfolio return, Rf = risk-free rate, and σ = standard deviation of the portfolio.
Sharpe ratio = (18% - 6%) / 22% = 0.55
The Sharpe ratio of the portfolio is 0.55.
1.1.2 Treynor Treynor ratio measures how much excess return is generated by a portfolio per unit of market risk taken by that portfolio. It is calculated by dividing the portfolio's excess return over the risk-free rate by its beta coefficient.
Treynor ratio = (R - Rf) / β
Where, R = portfolio return, Rf = risk-free rate, and β = beta coefficient of the portfolio.
Treynor ratio = (18% - 6%) / 0.8 = 15%
The Treynor ratio of the portfolio is 15%.
1.1.3 CAPMCAPM stands for Capital Asset Pricing Model, which is a model used to determine the expected return of an asset given its risk and the risk-free rate of return. The CAPM formula is as follows:
R = Rf + β (Rm - Rf)
Where, R = expected return
, Rf = risk-free rate, β = beta coefficient,
Rm = market return. R = 6% + 0.8(14% - 6%) = 12.4%
The expected return of the portfolio according to CAPM is 12.4%
1.1.4 AlphaAlpha measures the excess return of the portfolio relative to the expected return as predicted by CAPM. If the alpha is positive, it means that the portfolio has outperformed the expected return.
Alpha = R - [Rf + β (Rm - Rf)]
Where, R = portfolio return, Rf = risk-free rate, β = beta coefficient,
Rm = market return.
Alpha = 18% - [6% + 0.8(14% - 6%)] = 3.6%
The alpha of the portfolio is 3.6%.
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Can you please produce a business case for a new ablution project to be built at a school.
The new ablution to be built is meant for sanitation reasons because of students coming back to school after a long restriction from face to face classes because of covid. the new ablution would serve as a covid measure.
The proposed project aims to construct a new ablution facility at a school in response to the sanitation needs arising from students returning to face-to-face classes after COVID-19 restrictions.
The construct a new ablution project at the school is essential for several reasons. Firstly, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of maintaining good hygiene practices to prevent the spread of the virus. By implementing this project, the school can demonstrate a commitment to student safety and well-being, creating an environment that adheres to the recommended sanitation guidelines.
Secondly, the prolonged period of remote learning has resulted in a backlog of hygiene-related concerns at the school. With students returning to face-to-face classes, the existing ablution facilities may not be sufficient to accommodate the increased demand. The new ablution project would help alleviate these issues by providing additional facilities and resources, ensuring that students have access to clean and well-maintained washrooms.
Furthermore, the project aligns with the school's duty of care towards its students. By investing in upgraded ablution facilities, the school can instill confidence in parents and guardians that their children are attending an institution that prioritizes health and safety. This can contribute to increased enrollment and positive word-of-mouth recommendations, benefiting the school in the long run.
In terms of the financial aspect, while the construction of a new ablution project will require an initial investment, the long-term benefits far outweigh the costs. The reduced risk of infections and improved sanitation practices can lead to fewer student absences due to illness, ultimately enhancing the overall productivity and academic performance of the school.
In conclusion, building a new ablution project at the school in response to the sanitation needs arising from the COVID-19 pandemic is a sound business case. It ensures a safe and healthy learning environment, addresses hygiene concerns resulting from the transition back to face-to-face classes, and demonstrates the school's commitment to student welfare. The investment in improved ablution facilities will yield long-term benefits by minimizing the risk of infections, boosting enrollment, and enhancing the overall performance of the school.
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Which Of The Following Statements Will Be True, Assuming That The Per-Unit Variable Costs Decrease By $2, And All Other Variables Remain Constant? Sales Revenue Will Increase By $60,000 Variable Costs As A Percentage Of Sales Will Increase By 13.33 Percentage Points Net Operating Income Will Decrease By $60,000 Contribution Margin Ratio Will Increase
Which of the following statements will be true, assuming that the per-unit variable costs decrease by $2, and all other variables remain constant?
Sales revenue will increase by $60,000
Variable costs as a percentage of sales will increase by 13.33 percentage points
Net operating income will decrease by $60,000
Contribution margin ratio will increase by 13.33 percentage points
Assuming the per-unit variable costs decrease by $2 while keeping other variables constant, the following statements will be true:
1. Variable costs as a percentage of sales will decrease by 13.33 percentage points.
Variable costs as a percentage of sales will decrease by 13.33 percentage points: When the per-unit variable costs decrease, the variable costs as a percentage of sales will decrease. This is because the decrease in variable costs will result in a smaller proportion of costs relative to sales, leading to a lower percentage.
2. Net operating income will increase by $60,000.
Net operating income will increase by $60,000: As the per-unit variable costs decrease, the overall costs associated with producing goods or services will decrease. This reduction in costs will lead to an increase in net operating income, assuming all other factors remain constant.
3. The contribution margin ratio will increase.
The contribution margin ratio will increase: The contribution margin ratio is calculated by dividing the contribution margin (sales revenue minus variable costs) by the sales revenue. As the per-unit variable costs decrease, the contribution margin will increase, resulting in a higher contribution margin ratio.
It's important to note that while the first three statements are true based on the given scenario, the statement "Sales revenue will increase by $60,000" cannot be concluded solely from the information provided. The decrease in per-unit variable costs does not directly impact sales revenue.
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In an organization with an inert culture, a (blank) style of leadership is most likely used to motivate and control behavior of employees.
Group of answer choices
transformational
directive
participative
adaptive
supportive
In an organization with an inert culture, a directive style of leadership is most likely used to motivate and control the behavior of employees.
A directive style of leadership is characterized by leaders who provide specific instructions to their employees on what they should do and how they should do it. In such a style of leadership, the leader has a high degree of control over the decision-making process and is often the one who makes the final decision.In an organization with an inert culture:An inert culture is a culture that resists change and innovation. Organizations with inert cultures may be more resistant to new ideas and may have a more rigid way of doing things. In such cultures, a directive style of leadership is most likely used to motivate and control the behavior of employees.Directive leaders are often seen as authoritarian or controlling, but in an organization with an inert culture, this style of leadership may be necessary to get things done. A directive leader may be more effective in such a culture because they are able to provide clear instructions and guidance to employees who may be resistant to change or innovation.
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In 2016, Maddi Ltd had 8,200 units of sales. All of the manufacturing costs were variable and totalled $70,000 during the year. As well as producing the units, Maddi Ltd also had a shop in which it sold their units. The costs associated with the shop were $94,000 of variable and $86,400 of fixed. Total sales were $262,400. The break even in revenue (expressed in dollars) in 2016 was: a. $117,856 O d. $7,200 e. Unable to be calculated with the provided information. Ob. $3,683 c. $230,400
To calculate the break-even point, we need to determine the total costs and the contribution margin.
Total costs include both the manufacturing costs and the shop costs:
Variable Manufacturing costs: $70,000 (variable)+$94,000 (variable)
[tex]$70000+$94000\\=$164000[/tex]
Sales per Unit = $262400/8200 units
= $32
Variable Cost per unit
[tex]$164000/8200 \\= $20\\[/tex]
Fixed cost= $86,400
The contribution margin is calculated by subtracting the total costs from the total sales:
Contribution margin = sales - Variable cost
[tex]Contribution margin = $32 - $20 \\ = $12[/tex]
Now, we can calculate the break-even point by dividing the fixed costs by the contribution margin:
Break-even point = Fixed costs / Contribution margin
Break-even point = $86400 / $12 ≈ $7200
Since the break-even point represents the revenue needed to cover all costs, the break-even in revenue is approximately $7200.
Therefore, the correct option d. Unable to be calculated with the provided information.
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230 PARTM The Core of Macroeconomic Theory AS (Long run) AS (Short run Price level, AD By using aggregate supply and demand curves and other useful graphs, illustrate the following: a. Those pushing the Fed to act were right, and prices start to rise more rapidly in 2000. The Fed acts belatedly to slow money growth (contract the money supply), driv ing up interest rates and pushing the economy back to potential GDP b. The worldwide glut gets worse, and the result is a falling price level (deflation) in the United States despite expand ing aggregate demand. 5.4 Using AS and AD curves to illustrate, describe the effects of the following events on the price level and on equilib rium GDP in the long run assuming that input prices fully adjust to output prices after some lag: a. An increase occurs in the money supply above potential GDP b. GDP is above potential GDP, and a decrease in govern- ment spending and in the money supply occurs c. Starting with the economy at potential GDP, a war in the Middle East pushes up energy prices temporarily. The Fed expands the money supply to accommodate the inflation.
In the long run, the AS curve will shift back to its initial position, decreasing the price level while returning output to its initial level.
a. Those pushing the Fed to act were right, and prices start to rise more rapidly in 2000. The Fed acts belatedly to slow money growth (contract the money supply), driving up interest rates and pushing the economy back to potential GDP:AS in the short run will have a positive slope due to the existence of nominal wage rigidity, while AS in the long run will be vertical since output prices will increase to adjust to any changes in input prices.
AD will shift to the right, increasing the price level and equilibrium output in the short term, as well as long-term output. If the Fed slows down money growth, the AD curve shifts back to its original position, the economy will return to its potential GDP in the short term, and the price level will remain the same.
Since output prices will fully adjust to input prices, output will return to its original level in the long run. b. The worldwide glut gets worse, and the result is a falling price level (deflation) in the United States despite expanding aggregate demand :When there is an increase in the money supply above potential GDP, the AD curve shifts rightward, raising both equilibrium output and the price level in the short run.
Since prices will rise to adjust to any increases in input prices, the AS curve will shift up in the long run, raising the price level and reducing output to the initial level .c. Starting with the economy at potential GDP, a war in the Middle East pushes up energy prices temporarily.
The Fed expands the money supply to accommodate the inflation: If GDP is above potential GDP and government spending and the money supply are decreased, the AD curve will shift leftward, decreasing both equilibrium output and the price level in the short term. Output prices will drop, leading the AS curve to shift down in the long run, reducing the price level and returning output to its original level.
In the short term, an increase in energy prices raises the AS curve, increasing the price level and reducing equilibrium output. The AD curve will shift rightward if the Fed increases the money supply to adjust for inflation, resulting in a temporary increase in both equilibrium output and the price level in the short run.
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The ratio of cash to monthly cash expenses is computed as _____.
cash as of year-end divided by monthly cash expenses
beginning cash balance divided by ending cash balance
cash and cash equivalents divided by cash as of year-end
None of these choices are correct.
financial data for a company is provided below: cash, end of year, $500,000 estimation of yearly cash expenses from negative cash flows from operations on statement of cash flows, $(155,000) cash, beginning of year, $400,000 accounts receivable, $10,000 inventory, $20,000 net income for the year how many months will the company be able to continue without positive cash flows or additional financing (round to nearest whole month)?
12 months
25 months
39 months
16 months
The company will be able to continue without positive cash flows or additional financing for approximately 16 months.
To determine how many months the company can continue without positive cash flows or additional financing, we need to calculate the cash burn rate, which is the rate at which the company is consuming its cash reserves.
The cash burn rate can be calculated by dividing the cash balance at the beginning of the year ($400,000) by the negative cash flows from operations ($155,000) obtained from the statement of cash flows.
Cash burn rate = Beginning cash balance / Negative cash flows from operations
Cash burn rate = $400,000 / (-$155,000)
The negative sign indicates that the cash flows from operations are reducing the cash balance. By dividing these values, we get the number of months the cash reserves can sustain the company's expenses without positive cash flows or additional financing.
Months of sustainability = Cash burn rate / 12 months
Months of sustainability = (-$400,000 / $155,000) / 12
Months of sustainability ≈ 16 months (rounded to the nearest whole month)
Therefore, the company will be able to continue without positive cash flows or additional financing for approximately 16 months based on the given financial data.
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Why is the identification of favorable and unfavorable variances so important to a company? How can the identification of the variances help management control costs? Please explain.
As you are considering the flexible budgeting topic of the week, it is important for you to look at this analysis as a significant contribution to the management of the company. Knowing what the bottom line profit or loss is important. But what is more important is to understand how your actual results varied in terms of units sold versus how the actual cost of each unit differed from the budget.
Please do watch the video available in this week’s resources – you can turn the sound off and read the script on the right side if you need to. The lecturer has an excellent example that will help you.
Do you have an example that you can share? Sometimes that’s the best way to answer the question.
Identification of favorable and unfavorable variances is important to a company because it enables the management to control costs and allocate resources efficiently.
The favorable variance occurs when actual revenue or cost is higher than the budgeted revenue or cost, while an unfavorable variance occurs when the actual revenue or cost is lower than the budgeted revenue or cost.
Identifying favorable and unfavorable variances is helpful to management in controlling costs because it provides insight into areas where resources are being used inefficiently. When the management can identify where the variances are coming from, they can take corrective action to reduce costs, improve efficiency, and allocate resources in areas that generate the highest returns.
The identification of variances can help in improving cost control and profitability. For instance, if the company has a favorable variance, the management can find ways of replicating the process that led to the positive outcome. However, if the company has an unfavorable variance, it indicates that there is an issue that needs to be addressed.
To summarize, the identification of favorable and unfavorable variances helps the management to control costs by enabling them to identify inefficiencies in the company’s operations and allocate resources efficiently. In this way, the company can improve profitability and maintain its competitiveness in the market.
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In a description of a fraud scheme at Sharefore Inc., an analyst writes: "The next quarter, analyst expectations are higher, but sales have not picked up. The firm provides additional incentives to its sales force, uses overtime to boost shipments but now has additional expenses to contend with (incentives and overtime), so it does not fully accrue all its consulting expenses. Third quarter rolls around and sales still haven't improved enough, but the analysts keep increasing targets. Because this time, operating tactics are not sufficient, management pressures the CFO to meet analyst forecast numbers. The CFO becomes aggressive in the interpretation of installment sales and expense accruals. As expectations keep rising, so does the firm's stock price."
What form or forms of financial statement fraud is this? Where would we expect to see the impact of this form of fraud in Sharefore Inc.’s financial statements?
The form of financial statement fraud that Sharefore Inc. committed was manipulation of installment sales and expense accruals. The impact of this form of fraud would be seen in the company's income statement and balance sheet. The company was under pressure to meet analyst expectations even though sales were not picking up, and management became aggressive in the interpretation of installment sales and expense accruals.
The form of financial statement fraud that Sharefore Inc. committed was manipulation of installment sales and expense accruals. This is evident in the analyst's statement that management became aggressive in the interpretation of installment sales and expense accruals to meet analyst forecast numbers because operating tactics were not sufficient. This means that the company inflated its sales revenue and understated its expenses to improve its financial performance and meet analyst expectations.There are several ways that the manipulation of installment sales and expense accruals can be carried out.
In the case of Sharefore Inc., the company may have recorded sales that were not actually made, or it may have booked revenue for future sales. Additionally, the company may have delayed recording expenses or understated the amount of expenses it had incurred. By doing so, the company made it appear as though it was more profitable than it actually was, which caused its stock price to rise.Over time, the impact of this form of fraud would be seen in Sharefore Inc.'s financial statements. The company's income statement would show inflated revenue, which would lead to a higher net income. This would also affect the company's profitability ratios, such as gross profit margin and operating profit margin, making them appear more favorable. The balance sheet would also be impacted because accounts receivable and inventory would be overstated while accounts payable and accrued expenses would be understated. This would affect liquidity ratios such as the current ratio and quick ratio, making them appear stronger than they actually were.In conclusion, manipulation of installment sales and expense accruals is a form of financial statement fraud that can be used by companies to improve their financial performance. The impact of this form of fraud would be seen in Sharefore Inc.'s income statement and balance sheet, where revenue and expenses would be overstated and understated, respectively. This would make the company appear more profitable and liquid than it actually was, which would lead to a rise in its stock price.
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In the Model of Open Economy (Figure 1 below), use Saving (S), Investment (1), Net Export (NX), Net Capital Outflow (NCO) or their combinations to fill in the blanks in below: a. Demand of Loanable Funds is b. Supply of Loanable Funds is c. Demand of Domestic Currency is d. Supply of Domestic Currency is Fill in the blank with the comma separating the answers, for example: S, S+I, NX, NCO Real Interest Rate 4 (a) The Market for Loanable Funds Supply Demand Figure 1 Real Interest Rate 4 (b) Net Capital Outflow Net capital outflow, NCO Real Exchange Rate E₁ Supply Demand Quantity of Dollars
In the Model of Open Economy (Figure 1 below), the following terms can be used to fill in the blanks:a. Demand of Loanable Funds is S + NCOb. Supply of Loanable Funds is S + I + NXc.
Demand of Domestic Currency is NX + NCOd. Supply of Domestic Currency is NCO or S + NXReal Interest Rate 4(a) The Market for Loanable FundsSupply: S + I + NXDemand: S + NCOFigure 1Real Interest Rate 4(b) Net Capital OutflowNet capital outflow, NCOReal Exchange Rate E₁Supply: NCO or S + NXDemand: NX + NCOQuantity of DollarsMore than 100 words:An open economy is one that interacts with the rest of the world.
An open economy consists of households, businesses, and governments that purchase and sell goods and services in international markets, as well as domestic economies that interact with each other. Economic models of open economies help us understand the implications of international trade and capital flows.
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illustrate with example first mile and last mile
distribution?
First mile and last mile distribution refer to the initial and final stages of delivering goods from the manufacturer to the end-user or customer. It is essential for the seamless movement of goods in the supply chain. Here are some examples of first mile and last mile distribution: First Mile Distribution
Example: Suppose a company manufactures products in a factory, and these products are packed and loaded into a truck. The truck is the first step of the distribution process that moves the products from the factory to the warehouse or distribution center.
Last Mile Distribution Example:When the products are ready to be delivered to the customer, the delivery truck comes into play. The driver picks up the packaged product and moves it to the customer's doorstep. For example, a courier service that delivers goods from an online retailer's warehouse to the customer's location is an example of last-mile distribution.
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Lane Industries is considering three independent projects, each of which requires a $1.6 million investment. The estimated internal rate of return (IRR) and cost of capital for these projects are presented here:
Project H (high risk): Cost of capital = 12% IRR = 14%
Project M (medium risk): Cost of capital = 11% IRR = 9%
Project L (low risk): Cost of capital = 7% IRR = 8%
Note that the projects' costs of capital vary because the projects have different levels of risk. The company's optimal capital structure calls for 40% debt and 60% common equity, and it expects to have net income of $3,500,000. If Lane establishes its dividends from the residual dividend model, what will be its payout ratio? Round your answer to 2 decimal places.
_____________%
To determine Lane Industries' payout ratio, we need to calculate the total dividends paid out to common equity shareholders. The payout ratio is defined as the ratio of dividends to net income. Here's how we can calculate it:
Net Income = $3,500,000
Since the company follows the residual dividend model, it first covers its financing needs and then distributes the remaining funds as dividends. Given that the optimal capital structure is 40% debt and 60% common equity, we need to calculate the financing needs and subtract them from the net income.
Financing Needs = Total Investment - Equity Portion
= $1,600,000 - (0.60 * $1,600,000)
= $1,600,000 - $960,000
= $640,000
After covering the financing needs, the remaining funds are available for dividends:
Available Dividends = Net Income - Financing Needs
= $3,500,000 - $640,000
= $2,860,000
Now we can calculate the payout ratio:
Payout Ratio = Dividends / Net Income
= Available Dividends / Net Income
= $2,860,000 / $3,500,000
= 0.8171 (rounded to four decimal places)
Therefore, the payout ratio is 81.71%.
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The financial information of Z, Inc. is as follows:
EBIT/share: $5
EPS: $3
Growth rate: 15%
Stock Price per share: $48
The industry averages of price-EBIT ratio, PE ratio and PEG ratio are 10, 15, and 1.2 respectively.
What is the implied stock price of Z, Inc. using the PE ratio?
What is the implied stock price of Z, Inc. using the PEG ratio?
What is the implied stock price of Z, Inc. using the price-EBIT ratio?
Which ratio indicates that Z is overvalued?
To calculate the implied stock price of Z, Inc. using the PE ratio, we can multiply the EPS by the PE ratio. Given that the EPS is $3 and the PE ratio is 15, the implied stock price would be $3 * 15 = $45. To calculate the implied stock price of Z, Inc. using the PEG ratio, we multiply the EPS by the PEG ratio.
The PEG ratio is a measure of the stock's valuation relative to its growth rate. Given a growth rate of 15% and a PEG ratio of 1.2, the implied stock price would be $3 * 1.2 = $3.60. To calculate the implied stock price of Z, Inc. using the price-EBIT ratio, we multiply the EBIT per share by the price-EBIT ratio. The EBIT per share is $5 and the price-EBIT ratio is 10. Therefore, the implied stock price would be $5 * 10 = $50. Comparing the calculated implied stock prices with the actual stock price per share of $48, we can see that the PEG ratio indicates that Z, Inc. is overvalued. The implied stock price using the PEG ratio of $3.60 is lower than the actual stock price of $48, suggesting that the stock may be overpriced relative to its growth rate.
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Karan Goes Home- Due at the end of class on June 7, 2022
Karan, has returned to India after living and working overseas for many years. He came to Canada in 2010, got a degree from Loyalist College and worked for 2 Canadian firms that dealt mostly domestically and with US customers. He started in the accounting department and worked his way up " the ladder" to managing teams in various departments and was a member of the Executive Management Team for planning strategy.
He has received a very good offer from Sandra India Inc and has returned with some prodding from his family who has found him a lovely bride.
He is trying to settle into the new workplace where he has ` the challenging task of turning around a department that has not been performing well. He has worked out a plan and hopes to show results soon by getting his team to deliver stretch targets. A "stretch target" is one that the organization cannot achieve simply by working a little harder or a little smarter. To achieve a stretch target, people have to invent new strategies, new incentives—entirely new ways of achieving their purpose. Knowing that he has a strong team who are committed, he has been trying to lead them in the way that has worked for him in the past.
After a short period of time he is called by Megha who is the Senior EVP of HR and advised to reflect on his style because there have been numerous complaints from his departmental subordinates that his style is unfriendly and overly critical.
He is truly shocked and shaken to hear this. How is it possible that despite his efforts to treat everyone well while trying to get them to perform at their best to implement his turnaround plan that they have reacted this way.
QUESTION
Give your conclusion on the best possible solution?
Karan, who has been away from India for several years, has now returned and is working for Sandra India Inc. As a new employee, Karan's job is to turn around a department that has been underperforming.
Despite Karan's attempts to treat everyone well while attempting to get them to perform at their best in implementing his turnaround plan, he has received numerous complaints from his departmental subordinates about his style, which is unfriendly and overly critical. Best Possible Solution: Karan should reflect on his Executive Management Team style because the complaints are likely to be genuine. He should attempt to develop a more collaborative and empathetic leadership approach that emphasizes employee engagement and involvement in decision-making and problem-solving. Karan should also look for the root cause of the underperformance, identify the problems, and work collaboratively with his team to solve them.
Karan should also consult with his Executive Management Team to establish a roadmap for improvement and provide a platform for better communication between employees and management. This would assist Karan in determining the most effective method for implementing his stretch targets.
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11. (2.5 points) What type of unemployment (cyclical, frictional, or structural) applies to each of the following? a. A pocket watch repairer who loses their job because there are no more pocket watch
The type of unemployment that applies to a pocket watch repairer who loses their job because there are no more pocket watch is structural unemployment.
There are three main types of unemployment namely frictional, structural and cyclical. Frictional unemployment happens when a person is in between jobs or transitioning from one job to another. This type of unemployment is normally short-term in nature.Structural unemployment happens when there is a mismatch between the skills that workers have and the skills that employers are looking for.
This type of unemployment tends to be long-term as it is due to changes in the economy or in technology.Cyclical unemployment occurs when there is a decline in the demand for goods and services leading to a reduction in production which in turn leads to job losses. This type of unemployment is normally short-term in nature. In the given situation, a pocket watch repairer lost their job because there are no more pocket watch. This indicates that the type of unemployment that applies in this situation is structural unemployment. Structural unemployment arises when a particular type of job or an entire industry has disappeared, making it hard for workers to find new jobs. This type of unemployment is long-term in nature.
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Explain the working of AHP by considering at least one
qualitative and one quantitative criteria while considering a
real-life scenario. Assume hypothetical values for Eigen value
computations.
The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a decision-making technique that helps individuals or groups evaluate and prioritize alternatives based on multiple criteria.
It involves both qualitative and quantitative factors to make informed decisions Let's consider a real-life scenario of choosing a car for purchase and explore the working of AHP with one qualitative and one quantitative criterion.
Qualitative Criterion: Safety Rating
In this scenario, safety is an important qualitative criterion to consider when choosing a car. We can assign three car models, A, B, and C, with corresponding safety ratings as follows:
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Which of the following is not a key role of an investment banker?a)Market-makerb)Underwriterc)Acting as a transfer agentd)Agent in private placement
Out of the given options, is that acting as a transfer agent is not a key role of an investment banker is the correct option.
Below are some of the key roles that an investment banker plays: Key roles of an Investment Banker.
1.Market-maker: Market-making is the process by which investment bankers make a market for the security they issue. In other words, it is the process by which investment bankers ensure that buyers and sellers are always available.
2. Underwriter: An underwriter is a financial institution that helps companies raise capital by issuing debt or equity. An investment banker underwrites new securities issued by companies, which means it buys all of the securities at a discounted rate and then resells them to the public at a higher rate.
3. Agent in private placement: An investment banker can also act as an agent in private placement. Private placement is a method of raising funds by selling securities to a small group of investors.
4. Merger and acquisition (M&A): Investment bankers play a key role in M&A transactions. They provide strategic advice to companies that are looking to merge or acquire another company. They also help companies raise capital to fund the transaction.
5. Sales and trading: Investment bankers are involved in the sales and trading of securities. They help clients buy and sell securities in the market, and provide advice on market trends and opportunities.
6. Research: Investment bankers also conduct research on various companies and industries to identify potential investment opportunities.
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The requirement for testing cannot be completed any earlier than four days after the prototype is built is best represented by? Start-to-start with lag Finish-to-start with lag Finish-to-Finish with lag Start-to-Start with lag
The Finish-to-Start with lag is the best representation of the condition that testing cannot be finished earlier than four days after the prototype is constructed.
Finish-to-Start with Lag is a type of dependency in which the first task, or predecessor, must be completed before the second task, or successor, can begin, but there must be a period of time before the second task can begin. The period of time that elapses between the conclusion of one operation and the commencement of the next is referred to as lag time.
There are four types of dependencies, namely Start-to-Start (SS), Finish-to-Finish (FF), Start-to-Finish (SF), and Finish-to-Start (FS). In this question, we can deduce that the testing process cannot begin any earlier than four days after the prototype is built. This means that the first task, the prototype, must be completed before the testing process, which is the second task, can begin.
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XPO Corporation has a minimum tax credit of $55,900 from 2017. XPO's 2018 tax liability before any MTC carryover is $32,000. What is XPO's minimum tax credit carryover to 2019, if any? Multiple Choice O $55,900. $23,900. $11,950. $0.
The correct answer is $32,000.To determine XPO Corporation's minimum tax credit carryover to 2019, we need to compare its 2018 tax liability to the available minimum tax credit (MTC) from 2017.
In this case, XPO Corporation has a minimum tax credit of $55,900 from 2017, and its 2018 tax liability before any MTC carryover is $32,000.
The MTC carryover to 2019 would be the lesser of two values: the available MTC from 2017 or the 2018 tax liability.
Comparing the two values:
Available MTC from 2017: $55,900
2018 tax liability: $32,000
Since the 2018 tax liability is lower than the available MTC from 2017, the MTC carryover to 2019 would be $32,000.
Therefore, the correct answer is $32,000.
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Brian deposited $9000 into a savings account for which interest is compounded monthly at a rate of 2.36%. How much interest will he earn after 11 years?
Which formula would you use to solve this problem?
o I=Prt
o A-P
o A=P(1+r/n)^nt
The formula that would be used to solve this problem is A = P(1 + r/n)^nt.The amount of interest Brian will earn after 11 years is $2,596.50
The cost associated with borrowing money is expressed in terms of interest. While the interest rate used to compute interest is often reported as an annual percentage rate(s), interest expense or revenue is frequently expressed as a dollar figure.where A is the amount after n years including interest, P is the principal amount, r is the annual interest rate, n is the number of times that interest is compounded per year, and t is the number of years. Brian deposited $9000 into a savings account for which interest is compounded monthly at a rate of 2.36%. To find the interest he will earn after 11 years, we will substitute the values given into the formula: A = P(1 + r/n)^ntA = 9000(1 + 0.0236/12)^(12 x 11)A = 9000(1 + 0.001967)^132A = 9000(1.001967)^132A = 9000 x 1.2885A = $11,596.50Therefore, the amount of interest Brian will earn after 11 years is $11,596.50 - $9,000 = $2,596.50. The answer is $2,596.50.
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Units-of-activity Depreciation A truck acquired at a cost of $460,000 has an estimated residual value of $25,500, has an estimated useful life of 55,000 miles, and was driven 3,900 miles during the year. Determine the following. If required, round your answer for the depreciation rate to two decimal places. (a) The depreciable cost (b) The depreciation rate $ per mile (c) The units-of-activity depreciation for the year $
The depreciable cost is $434,500, the depreciation rate $ per mile is $7.90 per mile and the units-of-activity depreciation for the year is $30,810.
(a) The depreciable cost: $434,500
Depreciable cost = Cost - Estimated residual value
= $460,000 - $25,500
= $434,500
(b) The depreciation rate $ per mile: $7.90 per mile
:Depreciation rate = Depreciable cost / Total estimated miles
= $434,500 / 55,000 miles
= $7.90 per mile
(c) The units-of-activity depreciation for the year: $30,810
Units-of-activity depreciation = Depreciation rate × Miles driven during the year
= $7.90 × 3,900 miles= $30,810
Therefore, the depreciable cost is $434,500, the depreciation rate $ per mile is $7.90 per mile and the units-of-activity depreciation for the year is $30,810.
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Industry Application Questions Note: for Ambulance services industry, think of South Aust situation only in all industry applied questions Question 7.1: Explain how your industry compares against each of the important conditions that define a monopoly market structure. Is your industry a monopoly industry? Question 7.2: Is it possible for a firm in a monopoly industry to make an economic profit or an economic loss in the long run? Explain, using a diagram. Consider the cases of a private monopoly and a regulated monopoly.
Answer 7.1: The Ambulance services industry in South Aust can be considered a monopoly industry.
Answer 7.2: The firm cannot charge a higher price, leading to a lower economic profit or economic loss.
Explanation:
Answer 7.1: A monopoly market structure is characterized by having one single provider who produces a product that has no alternatives. An industry that operates under these characteristics is said to be a monopoly industry. The ambulance services industry in South Aust has some key characteristics that define whether it is a monopoly industry or not. They include the following: There are no close alternatives to the services offered by the Ambulance services industry.
The industry controls the price at which the services are offered. The government establishes the price for the industry. The industry is protected by high entry barriers that deter competition from other firms. The government has limited the entry of new firms into the market. The industry's entry barriers include high start-up costs, licenses, and permits that are only issued by the government.
Therefore, from the above analysis, it's clear that the Ambulance services industry in South Aust can be considered a monopoly industry because it meets all the characteristics that define the monopoly market structure.
Answer 7.2: Yes, it is possible for a firm in a monopoly industry to make an economic profit or an economic loss in the long run. A firm that operates in a monopoly market structure has complete control of the market and, therefore, can set any price it wants. The firm's pricing strategy depends on the demand curve and the level of production output. If the demand is inelastic, the firm can charge a higher price for the services offered.
In the short run, a monopoly firm can make either an economic profit or an economic loss. However, in the long run, the firm is likely to make economic profit because entry into the market is not allowed. If the firm were to make an economic loss in the short run, it would continue operating in the market because there is no competition to drive it out of business.
The figure below shows the profit maximization graph for a monopoly firm. As seen from the graph, the profit-maximizing level of output is at point P, where
MR=MC.
The firm will make an economic profit of ABP. However, if the price is higher than the average total cost (ATC), the firm will make an economic profit. Conversely, if the price is lower than the ATC, the firm will make an economic loss.
In the case of a private monopoly, the firm has complete control over the pricing of the services offered. Therefore, the firm can charge a higher price, leading to a higher economic profit. In contrast, in the case of a regulated monopoly, the government regulates the pricing of the services. Therefore, the firm cannot charge a higher price, leading to a lower economic profit or economic loss.
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What are the characteristics of a monopolistically competitive market? 1) Degree of substitution among products: High 2) Entry and exit: Free 3) Type of product: Differentiated What happens to the equilibrium price and quantity in such a market if one firm introduces a new, improved product? If a firm introduces a new, improved product, then O A. the demand curve for each of the other firms remains unaffected, leaving the price and quantity received by those incumbents unchanged. OB. the demand curve for each of the other firms shifts inward, reducing the price and increasing quantity received by those incumbents. O C. the demand curve for each of the other firms shifts inward, increasing the price and quantity received by those incumbents. OD. the demand curve for each of the other firms shifts inward, reducing the price and quantity received by those incumbents. O E. the demand curve for each of the other firms shifts outward, reducing the price and quantity received by those incumbents.
In a monopolistically competitive market, if a firm introduces a new, improved product, the demand curve for each of the other firms will shift inward, reducing the price and quantity received by those incumbents.
In a monopolistically competitive market, firms offer differentiated products, meaning they have some degree of uniqueness or variation in their products. Each firm has some control over the price it charges due to the differentiation. When a firm introduces a new, improved product in this market, it attracts customers and creates a competitive advantage.
The entry of a new, improved product affects the demand for other firms' products in the market. Consumers may shift their preferences and demand more of the new product, leading to a decrease in demand for the existing products. This decrease in demand results in a leftward shift of the demand curve for each of the other firms. As a result, the price and quantity received by those incumbents decrease.
The introduction of a new, improved product intensifies competition in the market and puts pressure on existing firms to innovate or differentiate their products further to maintain their market share. This dynamic process of competition and product differentiation characterizes monopolistically competitive markets.
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Beginning retained earnings total $400.000. Dividends for the period were $75,000 and the company recorded 5130,000 of net income. The beginning and ending total assets 1900.000 and 1975.000, respectively. What is the ending balance in retained earnings (do not put a sign in front of your answer An
The ending balance in retained earnings is $455,000. This represents an increase from the beginning retained earnings of $400,000. The company generated a net income of $130,000 ($205,000 - $75,000 dividends), which added to the beginning retained earnings, resulting in the ending balance of $455,000.
Retained earnings is a measure of the cumulative net income or loss of a company that is retained and reinvested in the business rather than distributed as dividends to shareholders. In this case, the beginning retained earnings were $400,000. The company recorded a net income of $130,000, which means the business generated more revenue than expenses during the period. Dividends of $75,000 were paid out to shareholders. To calculate the ending balance in retained earnings, we add the net income ($130,000) to the beginning retained earnings ($400,000), resulting in $530,000. Finally, we subtract the dividends paid out ($75,000) to get the ending balance of $455,000. This represents the amount of retained earnings that will be carried forward into future periods.
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(10 marks or 20 minutes) In likely the most read graduate microeconomics text, the author offers the following as the welfare function in his chapter on Welfare Economics: W = a'u' + a²u² where ah is some fixed weight on individual h which can differ across individuals and u" is the utility for individual h. It is called the weighted sum of utilities welfare function. a) 5 marks (10 minutes) Is it necessarily consistent with our 7 principles? If so, explain fully. If not, determine which principle(s) may be violated by this welfare function and fully explain. b) 5 marks (10 minutes) On the standard bowed out from the origin UPF we use; can all Pareto efficient allocations be welfare maximums with the right specification of this weighted sum of utilities welfare function? Explain fully.
The weighted sum of utilities welfare function may not be entirely consistent with the seven principles of welfare economics. Specifically, it can violate the Pareto efficiency and the equity principles.
In welfare economics, the goal is to optimize societal welfare, which often involves the balance between efficiency and equity. The function W = a'u' + a²u² assigns weights (a and a²) to individuals' utilities (u' and u²), and by doing so, it might privilege some individuals over others. This weighting could conflict with the Pareto principle if a redistribution of resources could make someone better off without making anyone else worse off. Also, the given weighting might infringe upon the equity principle if these weights are not allocated fairly.
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Consider the following scenario: Eden Dairy, a major Australian dairy company manufactures and sells standardised breakfast yoghurts to countries all over the world. To appeal to local needs, minor changes in attributes such as sweetness and flavour are made. The main products and labels, on the other hand, are standardised. Eden Dairy first entered the Chinese market a few years ago and has been very happy with the results. In China, the company's revenues are still increasing at a rate of about 50% per year. Eden Dairy began operations in India by manufacturing and selling its goods, based on its marketing success in China and other Asian countries and market reforms that were taking place in India.
The initial response to the product was extremely positive in India, and the company was considering rapidly increasing its production capacity within a year. After a year, however, sales slowed and began to decline. The product was aimed at the upper-middle class in India, especially families with two working spouses.
According to extensive customer research, the target market experimented with flavoured breakfast yoghurt as an alternative meal (i.e. breakfast) for a short time before returning to the conventional Indian breakfast. Non-Indian snack items and the restaurant market, according to the CEOs of some other food companies in India, are the areas in which MNCs can hope for success. Attempting to replace a complete meal with a non-Indian food has a lower chance of success.
You're a senior executive in Eden Dairy's foreign division, with experience in product management in a variety of countries. The CEO intends to despatch you on a fact-finding mission to India to address these unique questions.
Question
In your response, what would your answers be to the following questions below:
A) Was it a mistake to enter the Indian market with a standardised product? (3 marks)
B) If so, was it an issue with the product or with the way it was presented? (3 marks)
C) Given the benefits of exploiting global brand equity and product awareness, as well as the drawbacks of varying local preferences, what would be your strategy be for entering new markets?
A product that is uniform and consistent in its specs, features, and quality is referred to as being standardized product. It can be mass produced and distributed widely since it is consistently produced in big quantities.
A) It was a mistake to enter the Indian market with a standardised product. As per extensive customer research, the target market experimented with flavoured breakfast yoghurt as an alternative meal (i.e. breakfast) for a short time before returning to the conventional Indian breakfast. A standardised product may have not considered the local preferences, hence sales slowing down and declining.
B)The problem may not be the product, but how it was presented. The target market that the company aimed for was the upper-middle class in India, especially families with two working spouses. Extensive customer research indicated that these people may have experimented with flavoured breakfast yoghurt as an alternative meal (i.e. breakfast) for a short time before returning to the conventional Indian breakfast. The company may have failed to present the product in a way that suited local needs.
C) A company must strike a balance between global brand equity and local preferences in order to successfully enter new markets. While keeping a core brand identity, it must also adapt to local needs. Adapting to local needs may be important to ensure sales and profits in new markets.
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The Chinese manufacturer of home appliances (e.g. refrigerators), Haier Group, was near bankruptcy when Mr Zhang Ruimin was appointed plant director in 1984, the fourth one that year. It is Zhang Ruimin who has led the company to grow to the world’s fourth largest home appliance manufacturer. In 2008 Haier Group reported sales of over US$17.8 billion.
Zhang Ruimin had an internationalization mindset for the initial stage of Haier’s development. In 1984, soon after having joined the plant, he introduced technology and equipment from Liebherr, a German company, to produce several popular refrigerator brands in China. At the same time he actively expanded cooperation with Liebherr by manufacturing refrigerators based on its standards which were then sold to Liebherr, as a way of entering the German market. In 1986 the value of Haier’s exports reached US$3 million for the first time. Zhang Ruimin later commented on this strategy: ‘Exporting to earn foreign exchange was necessary at that time’. When Haier invested in a plant in the United States, Zhang Ruimin thought it gained location advantage by setting up plants overseas to avoid tariffs and reduce transportation costs. Internalization advantage had been attained through controlling services and marketing/distribution, and ownership advantage had been achieved by developing design and R&D capabilities through utilizing high-quality local human resources.
Q.. Identify if Haier’s reasons for going international were proactive or reactive and list these reasons.
Marking Scheme: Identifying the right reason = 2 marks; mentioning atleast 4 reasons in the category with examples is 2 marks each = 8 marks
Haier's reasons for going international were proactive and the reasons for it are given below; Reasons for Haier's proactive approach for going international: Market-Seeking Motives: The market-seeking motive is a driving force behind internationalization.
Haier's management team wanted to expand their business into new markets to increase sales, profits, and the company's overall size. Haier Group entered the German market by producing refrigerators based on Liebherr's standards, which it then sold to Liebherr.
In 1986, the value of Haier's exports surpassed $3 million for the first time. Furthermore, Haier's investment in a factory in the United States provided location benefits by establishing overseas factories to avoid tariffs and reduce transportation expenses. Resource-Seeking Motives: The resource-seeking motive is another driving force behind internationalization.
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3 An decrease in the separation rate will cause: The BC curve to shift left and the VC curve to pivot up. The BC curve to shift left and the VC curve to pivot down. The BC curve to shift right and the VC curve to pivot up. The BC curve to shift right and the VC curve to pivot down. QUESTION 4 Which of the following statements is false? Unions can have sufficient bargaining power to push wages above competitive market levels. Sticky wage theories cannot explain frictional unemployment. The search and matching model is an example of a sticky wage theory. None of the above statements are false.
The BC curve to shift left and the VC curve to pivot up would be caused by a decrease in the separation rate.Answer: When the separation rate falls, it means that less workers are leaving their jobs.
This will increase the unemployment rate. Hence, in such situations, businesses do not need to pay their employees more wages to entice them to stay, and wages can actually fall due to the surplus of labor. Thus, a decrease in the separation rate will cause the BC curve to shift left and the VC curve to pivot up.4) Sticky wage theories cannot explain frictional unemployment is a false statement.Answer: Sticky wage theories can explain frictional unemployment.
Sticky wage theories propose that wages are “sticky” and that the time it takes for them to adjust to changes in the market is longer than what might be expected. Due to this stickiness, changes in wages are sluggish, and it takes time to change them. This leads to unemployment.
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Company X and Company Y are very similar in every dimension. Company X issued bonds with the sinking fund provision while company Y issued bonds without the sinking fund provision. Which company's bond should offer lower yield?
O A. Company X
O B. Company Y
O C. Their yields should be the same
The correct answer is:O B. Company Y. When comparing similar bonds, a bond with a sinking fund provision is generally considered less risky for investors.
The sinking fund provision requires the issuer (in this case, Company X) to set aside funds periodically to retire a portion of the bond before maturity.
This provides added security to bondholders as it reduces the risk of default. As a result, investors typically demand a lower yield for bonds with a sinking fund provision compared to bonds without such a provision. Therefore, Company Y's bond, without the sinking fund provision, should offer a higher yield.
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A product whose EOQ is 40 experiences a decrease in holding cost from $16 per unit annually to $1. The revised EOQ is Osixteen times as large O four times as large O one-fourth as large O one-sixteen as large O can not be determined
The revised EOQ for a product whose original EOQ was 40 and holding cost decreased from $16 per unit annually to $1, will be sixteen times as large.
EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) is the optimal order size that a company should place to minimize the total cost of inventory. It is calculated using the formula: EOQ = sqrt((2DS)/H), where D represents annual demand, S represents ordering cost per order, and H represents holding cost per unit per annum.
Given that the holding cost per unit per annum has decreased from $16 to $1, we can assume that the value of H has decreased. As the value of H decreases, the value of the EOQ increases. This is because as holding cost decreases, it becomes more economical to order larger quantities.
Using the formula, we can calculate the revised EOQ as, EOQ = sqrt((2DS)/H), where H is the new holding cost of $1. Substituting the values, we get EOQ = sqrt((2*40*D)/1) = sqrt(80D).
Thus, the revised EOQ is proportional to the square root of annual demand. Since the annual demand is constant, the revised EOQ will be sixteen times as large as the original EOQ, i.e., 16 * EOQ = 16 * sqrt(80D). Therefore, the answer is "sixteen times as large."
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Q5. Suppose that an auto company owned entirely by German citizens opens a new factory in Johor. What sort of foreign investment would this represent? b. What would be the effect of this investment on Malaysia's GDP? Would the effect on Malaysia's GNP be larger or smaller?
Foreign investment is the investment of capital from a nation's residents into the foreign nation's economy, in this case, Malaysia. Suppose that an auto company wholly owned by German citizens opens a new factory in Johor.
This investment would be a form of foreign direct investment (FDI), which refers to the acquisition of assets or ownership of production facilities in a foreign country that is aimed at earning income and obtaining operational control over the foreign asset.
The investment would have a significant impact on Malaysia's gross domestic product (GDP), as it would increase economic activity in the region. Malaysia's GDP would be positively impacted as a result of the auto company's investment.
The net contribution of the auto company to the Malaysian economy's output would be the effect of this investment on Malaysia's GDP. The effect on Malaysia's Gross National Product (GNP) would be greater than on GDP because GNP measures the value of output produced by Malaysian citizens, regardless of their location, whereas GDP only measures output produced within Malaysia's borders.
Thus, if the new factory employs foreign workers, a portion of the factory's income would be sent back to Germany, which would increase GNP but not GDP.
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