The ribosome is the cellular structure that is responsible for helping to form the covalent bond between amino acids during the polymerization of a polypeptide/protein.
A ribosome is a cell structure that functions in the synthesis of protein. Ribosomes can be found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including animal cells, plant cells, and bacterial cells. Ribosomes are often associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, a network of membranes in the cell. They are made up of two subunits, one small and one large.
Each ribosome subunit contains a variety of ribosomal proteins and a specific type of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which are ribosomal components. The ribosome's primary function is to connect amino acids together to form a protein chain, which is then folded into a particular shape, depending on the protein.
During protein synthesis, amino acids are supplied to the ribosome and connected by peptide bonds. This method of protein synthesis is known as translation, and it occurs on the ribosome.
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arrange the steps that would be used in a laboratory to engineer a bacterium that could express the human gene coding for insulin1.Transform the vector into an E. coli bacterium.2.Generate cDNA of the insulin gene using reverse transcriptase.3. Insert the insulin cDNA into a bacterial vector near a promoter site.4. Isolate the mRNA of the insulin gene.
The steps that would be used in a laboratory to engineer a bacterium that could express the human gene coding for insulin are:
1. Generate cDNA of the insulin gene using reverse transcriptase.
2. Insert the insulin cDNA into a bacterial vector near a promoter site.
3. Transform the vector into an E. coli bacterium.
4. Isolate the mRNA of the insulin gene.
The method for genetically engineering a bacterium to express the human gene coding for insulin
Generation of insulin gene CDNA.
The first step in genetically engineering a bacterium to express the human gene coding for insulin is to generate a cDNA of the insulin gene using reverse transcriptase.
Insulin cDNA InsertionThe next step involves inserting the insulin cDNA into a bacterial vector near a promoter site. This is necessary to ensure that the bacterium can produce the insulin gene.
Transformation of Bacterial VectorThe third step involves transforming the vector into an E. coli bacterium. This process involves the use of special enzymes to insert the DNA into the bacterial cell.
Isolation of mRNAFinally, the last step involves isolating the mRNA of the insulin gene. This process is necessary to ensure that the gene is properly expressed and that the bacterium can produce insulin in significant amounts.
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an individual is running in a race. what effects would be due to the sympathetic nervous system? select all that apply. multiple select question. constriction of blood vessels to tissues not involved in running. increased secretion of insulin constriction of pupils increased gastric secretions dilation of respiratory passages increased heart rate decreased urine production
An individual is running in a race, the effects that would be due to the sympathetic nervous system are: constriction of blood vessels to tissues not involved in running, increased secretion of insulin, constriction of pupils, increased gastric secretions, dilation of respiratory passages, increased heart rate, and decreased urine production. The correct option is all of the above.
The sympathetic nervous system plays a role in the response of an individual running in a race. The sympathetic nervous system can cause a variety of effects in the body, including constriction of blood vessels to tissues not involved in running, increased secretion of insulin, constriction of pupils, increased gastric secretions, dilation of respiratory passages, increased heart rate, and decreased urine production.
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the body's "fight-or-flight" response, which is an automatic response to a perceived or real threat. In the case of a race, this response prepares the body to perform at its highest level. When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, the body releases stress hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine.
These hormones act on the body to cause vasoconstriction, or narrowing of blood vessels and increased secretion of insulin, which helps the body to use glucose as fuel. The sympathetic nervous system also causes constriction of the pupils, which improves visual focus and can help the individual to concentrate on the race.
It increases gastric secretions to aid digestion and causes dilation of the respiratory passages to allow for increased oxygen intake. The increased heart rate increases the amount of blood pumped through the body to ensure that the muscles have enough oxygen and fuel for the duration of the race.
Finally, the decreased urine production helps to conserve water for the duration of the race. In summary, the sympathetic nervous system is responsible for a variety of responses in the body when an individual is running in a race.
These responses include constriction of blood vessels to tissues not involved in running, increased secretion of insulin, constriction of pupils, increased gastric secretions, dilation of respiratory passages, increased heart rate, and decreased urine production. These responses are designed to help the individual to perform at their highest level during the race.
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Summarize how the fossil cetacean ancestors changed over time. Give at least one example of a specific trait and how it changed
The cetacean ancestors, which were land-dwelling mammals, changed over time through a series of evolutionary adaptations that eventually led to their transformation into aquatic animals such as whales, dolphins, and porpoises.
One of the key changes involved the evolution of their limbs, which gradually transformed into flippers for efficient swimming. Over time, their nostrils moved from the front of their snouts to the top of their heads, forming blowholes, allowing them to breathe while swimming. Another change was the development of a streamlined body shape, reducing drag and making swimming more efficient. One specific trait that changed was their teeth. The earliest cetacean ancestors had teeth similar to their land mammal ancestors, but over time, their teeth became more specialized for hunting and capturing prey underwater, with some species losing teeth entirely and developing baleen instead.
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which enzyme seals okazaki fragments together during dna replication?
Nevertheless, DNA ligases are involved mainly in any step that calls for sealing the phosphodiester bonds from of the DNA backbone. They are well recognised for their function in uniting adjacent Okazaki fragments just at lagging strand of a replication fork.
Okazaki fragments are produced on the lagging strand as a result of this discontinuous synthesis. When DNA polymerase I detects a "nick" or break inside the phosphate backbone, it takes out each RNA primer and inserts DNA into the empty spaces. The phosphate backbone is subsequently covalently joined by DNA ligase. Even as helix unwinds, DNA synthesis just on lagging strand restarts numerous times, resulting in numerous brief pieces known as "Okazaki fragments." The Okazaki pieces are joined into the a single DNA molecule by the enzyme DNA ligase.
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when a stimulus is applied to a receptor in the skin, an action potential is propagated along a neuron to the brain, where another signal is sent back to the muscle for a response. which of the following best describes what occurs when the action potential reaches a chemical synapse at the end of an axon
When a stimulus is applied to a receptor in the skin, an action potential is propagated along a neuron to the brain, where another signal is sent back to the muscle for a response. When the action potential reaches a chemical synapse at the end of an axon, neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft, which then binds to receptor proteins on the postsynaptic membrane.
When the action potential arrives at the end of the presynaptic neuron, it induces the opening of voltage-gated calcium ion channels. This allows calcium ions to enter the presynaptic neuron, causing synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters to fuse with the presynaptic membrane.
The neurotransmitters are then released into the synaptic cleft, where they bind to specific receptor proteins on the postsynaptic membrane. This leads to the opening of ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane, causing depolarization and the generation of a new action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. This action potential is then propagated along the postsynaptic neuron, leading to the transmission of the nerve impulse through the nervous system. Therefore, neurotransmitters play an important role in the transfer of information between neurons at chemical synapses.
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the connective tissue layer that surrounds an entire muscle is called ______.
The connective tissue layer that surrounds an entire muscle is called the epimysium.
The epimysium is a layer of dense connective tissue made up of rough collagen fibres embedded in a proteoglycan matrix. The muscle's whole circumference and volume are determined by the epimysium. Several muscle types with varied forms and functions have distinct arrangements of collagen fibres in the epimysium.
Together with connective, epithelial, and neurological tissues, muscle is one of the main forms of bodily tissue. Since it may shorten and contract, muscle tissue is unique in that it enables movement in the structures to which it is attached.
Muscles come in three varieties. Smooth muscle is present in many human organs, including those that are involved in digestion, circulation, urination, and reproduction. Skeletal muscle is the kind that is found linked to the bones, cardiac muscle is found in the heart, and smooth muscle is present in many organs of the body. A single muscle cell makes into a muscle fibre.
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cell body with a single process that divides into two branches and functions as an axon ; only the receptor ends of the peripheral (distal) process function as dendrites is called?
Cell body with a single process that divides into two branches and functions as an axon only the receptor ends of the peripheral process function as dendrites is called as biphasic neuron.
The receptor ends of the supplemental( distal) process function as dendrites, while the proximal process functions as an axon. Biphasic neurons are set up in the supplemental nervous system and are involved in the transmission of impulses from the sensitive receptors to the central nervous system.
The main function of biphasic neurons is to bear electrical signals from one neuron to another. Biphasic neurons have an important part in controlling muscle movement, regulating hormonal concealment, and transmitting sensitive information from the body to the brain.
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This superficial muscle covers a large part of the posterior thorax. A. Rhomboids B. Pectoralis major. C. Trapezius D. Rectus abdominis.
The superficial muscle that covers a large part of the posterior thorax is the Trapezius muscle (Option C). The Trapezius muscle is a large, triangular-shaped muscle that extends over the upper back and posterior neck.
It is responsible for movement and stabilization of the shoulder blade and neck, and it is commonly involved in neck and shoulder pain. The Rhomboids (Option A) are deep muscles located between the shoulder blades and are responsible for retracting or squeezing the shoulder blades together.
The Pectoralis major (Option B) is a large muscle located in the chest that is responsible for movement of the arm and shoulder joint.
The Rectus abdominis (Option D) is a paired muscle located in the abdomen that is responsible for flexing the trunk and compressing the abdominal contents.
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The ____________________ perform photosynthesis, have chlorophyll, and produce oxygen as a by-product.a. cyanobacteria
b. archaebacteria
c. proteobacteria
d. ribosomes
Cyanobacteria are a type of bacteria that perform photosynthesis, have chlorophyll, and produce oxygen as a by-product.
Photosynthesis is the process of conversion of light energy into chemical energy in the presence of chlorophyll that can be used by the organism. Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in cyanobacteria that absorbs light energy and helps power the photosynthetic process. Cyanobacteria are prokaryotes that are capable of performing oxygenic photosynthesis, meaning they use light and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and glucose where oxygen is a by-product of photosynthesis and is produced when the cyanobacteria convert light energy into chemical energy. Cyanobacteria are also known as blue-green algae and can be found in aquatic environments around the world.
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The _____ lobes are involved with hearing, language comprehension, memory and some emotional control. A. frontal. B. occipital. C. posterior. D. temporal.
The temporal lobes are involved with hearing, language comprehension, memory and some emotional control. So, option D is correct.
The brain's temporal lobes are parts that are situated above and behind the ears on the sides of the head. Several crucial processes are carried out by the temporal lobes, including:
Auditory processing: Processing of auditory information is done by the primary auditory cortex, which is a part of the temporal lobes.
Language comprehension: The left temporal lobe, in particular, is essential for interpreting both spoken and written language.
Memory: Both short-term and long-term memory are stored in and retrieved by the temporal lobes.
Emotional processing: The recognition of facial expressions and the interpretation of emotional tone of voice are two examples of how the temporal lobes are engaged in the processing of emotions.
A variety of neurological problems, including hearing loss, language disorders, memory loss, and adjustments in emotional control, can be brought on by damage to the temporal lobes.
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Classify each description as associated with either positive or negative selection. TCR must recognize MHC T-lymphocyte survival dependent on not recognizing self-antigen T-lymphocyte survival dependent on ability to bind MHC Thymic epithelial cells present MHC to T-lymphocytes TCR must not bind self- antigen Cells develop self-tolerance Dendritic cells present MHC with self-antigen to T-lymphocytes Positive Selection Negative Selection TCR must recognize MHC TCR must not bind self- antigen Thymic epithelial cells present MHC to T-lymphocytes Dendritic cells present MHC with self-antigen to T-lymphocytes T-lymphocyte survival dependent on ability to bind MHC T-lymphocyte survival dependent on not recognizing self-antigen Cells develop self-tolerance
Positive Selection:
TCR must recognize MHCThymic epithelial cells present MHC to T-lymphocytesT-lymphocyte survival dependent on ability to bind MHCNegative Selection:
TCR must not bind self- antigenDendritic cells present MHC with self-antigen to T-lymphocytesT-lymphocyte survival dependent on not recognizing self-antigenCells develop self-toleranceWhat should you know about TCR must recognize MHC?T-cell receptor (TCR) must recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in order to initiate an immune response. MHC molecules are found on the surface of cells and they bind to and present foreign peptides to T-cells, which are then activated to recognize and eliminate the foreign substance. MHC molecules come in two types, MHC class I and MHC class II, which present antigens to CD8+ T-cells and CD4+ T-cells, respectively. The specificity of TCR for MHC molecules is essential for the proper functioning of the immune system, as it enables T-cells to recognize and respond to a wide range of foreign pathogens while ignoring healthy cells.
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Identify the incorrect statement regarding the vitreous body. View Available Hint(s) Hint 1. The vitreous body fills the posterior segment. O Supports the posterior surface of the lens O Holds the retina against the choroid O Consists of a thin, watery fluid O Transmits light Submit Previous Answers Request Answer X Incorrect; Try Again; 5 attempts remaining
The incorrect statement regarding the vitreous body is that it consists of a thin, watery fluid. In fact, the vitreous body is a clear, gelatinous substance that fills the posterior segment of the eye.
It supports the posterior surface of the lens and holds the retina against the choroid, providing the eye with its shape and helping to maintain its structural integrity. It is not a thin, watery fluid and instead has a gel-like consistency due to the presence of collagen fibers and hyaluronic acid. While the vitreous body is not involved in transmitting light, it does play an important role in the optical properties of the eye.
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true or false natural selection can cause changes within species, but it cannot explain modifications that lead to new species.
Natural selection can cause changes within species, but it cannot explain modifications that lead to new species. So the statement is true.
Natural selection is the biological process that enables living beings to adapt to their surroundings over time. It is responsible for determining which characteristics are passed down from one generation to the next, making offspring more likely to survive and reproduce in the current environment. There are four basic steps to the process of natural selection:
Variation: Some of these characteristics are inherited from parents, while others are acquired through life, such as scars or tattoos.Inheritance: The offspring inherit a mixture of traits from their parents, which can result in new variations over time.The struggle for survival: In nature, there is more competition for resources than there are resources. Selection: When only the strongest and most adaptable offspring survive, the best traits are passed down from one generation to the next.Learn more about natural selection: https://brainly.com/question/23929271
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Which of the following molecules best describes the primary form in which plants stockpile extra sugar produced by photosynthesis?a. oxygen, ATP, and NADPH
b. Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic.
c. H2O→ NADPH → Calvin cycle
d. starch
Answer: Starch
Explanation:
At which stage is meiosis 1 do the pairs of homologous chromosomes come together?
Answer:
The pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs during the first stage of meiosis, known as prophase I. Specifically, during the early stages of prophase I, the homologous chromosomes find each other and come together to form a tetrad, which consists of two pairs of sister chromatids (four chromatids in total). This pairing is also known as synapsis and it allows for the exchange of genetic material between the homologous chromosomes through a process called crossing over.
Question.
What is an adaptation?
Responses:
1: A change that helps a species survive.
2: A change that makes a species become extinct.
3: A change that prevents a species from surviving.
4: A change that makes a species prettier to look at.
the correct answer is A. It is the change that helps a species survive.
for animals to survive they have to adapt to their environments and sometimes they have to make changes as their environments change constantly around them so the answer would be 1: A change that helps a species survive. sorry if it doesn't make sense i try my best to explain
What part of the cell contains the code for proteins?
The code for proteins is contained within the DNA molecule and is transcribed into mRNA and translated into a protein sequence by the ribosomes.
The code for proteins is contained within the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule, which is located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule made up of four nucleotide bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine), and the sequence of these bases encodes the instructions for building all of the proteins that a cell needs.
During the process of transcription, an RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecule is synthesized from a portion of the DNA sequence, using the nucleotide base uracil in place of thymine. This RNA molecule, called messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the code for a specific protein sequence from the nucleus to the ribosomes, which are located in the cytoplasm of the cell.
At the ribosome, the mRNA sequence is translated into a protein sequence by a process called translation, in which transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome, based on the sequence of the mRNA.
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What is the correct sequence for air to follow as it enters the body?
the green, photosynthetic pigment found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria is called
The green photosynthetic pigment found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria is called chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is an essential part of photosynthesis, a process used by plants to convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy from the sun, which is then used in the production of glucose, a sugar used by the plant for energy. Chlorophyll also helps protect plants from the damaging effects of ultraviolet light. Chlorophyll molecules are arranged into clusters, known as chloroplasts, within the cells of a plant. Different types of chlorophyll molecules absorb different types of light, allowing plants to use multiple light sources. The abundance of chlorophyll in plants is what gives them their characteristic green color.
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Which metabolic process is utilized by all energy yielding nutrients and leads to the release of numerous hydrogens which are then used for ATP synthesis
TCA cycle is a process utilized by all energy yielding nutrients and leads to the release of numerous hydrogens which are then used for ATP synthesis.
The second step of cellular respiration, the three-part process by which living cells break down organic fuel molecules in the presence of oxygen to collect the energy they need to grow and divide, is the tricarboxylic acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle and the citric acid cycle. Most plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria go through this metabolic process. Except for bacteria, the TCA cycle occurs in the matrix of intracellular structures known as mitochondria.
The body breaks down three energy yielding nutrients during digestion.
1. derived from carbs (glucose)
2. derived from fats (glycerol and fatty acids)
3. derived from proteins (amino acids)
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what part of the eye protects the pupil and redirects light?
The iris is the part of the eye that protects the pupil and redirects light. The
iris is a thin, circular structure located between the cornea and the lens, and it gives the eye its characteristic color. The opening in the center of the iris is the pupil, which regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
The iris contains smooth muscle fibers that contract or relax to adjust the size of the pupil in response to changes in light levels. The iris also helps to redirect light by changing the angle at which it enters the eye, ensuring that it falls on the retina in a way that allows for clear vision.
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quetta is closer to the equator than perm. which location has a colder air temperature and why?Quetta, because less energy is transferred from the sun directly to the air.Quetta, because less energy is transferred from the sun directly to the surface, and then from the surface to the air.Perm, because less energy is transferred from the sun directly to the air.Perm, because less energy is transferred from the sun directly to the surface, and then from the surface to the air.
The correct answer is d. Perm is likely to have a colder air temperature than Quetta, despite being farther from the equator.
This is because temperature is not only determined by latitude but also by a range of factors such as elevation, proximity to large bodies of water, prevailing winds, and atmospheric pressure systems. In the case of Perm, it is located in a region with a continental climate, which is characterized by cold winters and hot summers.
The sun's energy is transferred from the sun directly to the surface, and then from the surface to the air. As the distance from the equator increases, the angle of the sun's rays gets lower, which means that less energy is transferred to the air, and therefore, the air temperature is colder.
Quetta, on the other hand, is located in a semi-arid region with a desert climate, which is characterized by hot days and cool nights. Therefore, the temperature in both locations is influenced by a complex interplay of various factors, and simply comparing their latitude is not sufficient to determine which location has a colder air temperature.
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Probable Question would be:
quetta is closer to the equator than perm. which location has a colder air temperature and why?
a. Quetta, because less energy is transferred from the sun directly to the air.
b. Quetta, because less energy is transferred from the sun directly to the surface, and then from the surface to the air.
c. Perm, because less energy is transferred from the sun directly to the air.
d. Perm, because less energy is transferred from the sun directly to the surface, and then from the surface to the air.
With properly selected cultivars and timely mowing, fertilization, and irrigation, which of the following diseases still have the potential to decimate a lawn on a site that receives ample sunlight? (multiple)
- brown patch
- powdery mildew
- red thread
- pythium blight
- slime mold
- fuzzy leaf
The diseases that still have the potential to decimate a lawn that receives ample sunlight are brown patch, powdery mildew, pythium blight, and slime mold.
Which diseases can decimate the lawn?Brown patch is a common summer lawn disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani. It usually appears as circular patches in the lawn. It can be prevented with proper fertilization, proper watering, and proper mowing. Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects many plants, including grasses. It appears as a white, powdery coating on the blades of grass.
Pythium blight is a common disease of grass that can cause significant damage to lawns. It is caused by a fungus that thrives in warm, wet conditions. It can be prevented by maintaining proper watering and mowing practices. Slime mold is a type of fungus that can cause a slimy, moldy substance to form on the surface of grass blades. It can be prevented by keeping the grass dry, avoiding over-fertilizing, and pruning trees and shrubs to allow for good air circulation.
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Think of a scenario where wolves are introduced to an island where elk live. This elk population has not been in contact with wolves for thousands of years. Which of the following is most plausible. a. The carrying capacity and "r" of the elk population will increase. b. There is an evolutionary arms race, where elk evolve defenses as wolves continue to evolve to overcome those defenses. c. The wolf population will not persist more than a year because the elks are not accustomed to reacting to wolf predators. d. Elk behavior will not change in any way. e. The survivorship of elk increases.
When wolves are introduced to an island where elk live, then "an evolutionary arms race will occur, where elk evolve defenses as wolves continue to evolve to overcome those defenses" because, wolves are natural predators. Thus, the correct option is B.
What is the plausible effect?Wolves are a natural predator of elk. The introduction of wolves to an island where elk have lived for thousands of years will result in an evolutionary arms race, in which elk evolve defenses to protect themselves from the new predators.
The carrying capacity and "r" of the elk population will not increase, and the wolf population will persist for more than a year because elks will adapt to the new threat, or the less fit elk individuals will be removed from the population, resulting in changes in the population structure. Elk behavior will also change in response to the new threat, and survivorship may increase for individuals that develop stronger defenses.
Therefore, the correct option is B.
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explain how you can avoid injury to bones and joints.
To avoid injury to bones and joints, it is important to practice good posture, maintain a healthy weight, and engage in regular physical activity to strengthen muscles and bones.
Warming up before exercise, using proper form and technique, and gradually increasing the intensity of physical activity can also help prevent injury. Wearing appropriate protective gear, such as helmets and pads, can be important for high-risk activities such as contact sports.
Additionally, avoiding repetitive movements and taking breaks during prolonged periods of physical activity can help reduce the risk of injury. Finally, it is important to listen to your body and seek medical attention if you experience pain, swelling, or other signs of injury.
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based on the data provided, explain how cellular processes must be altered in stomach cancer cells compared with normal stomach cells to result in the different levels of sirt3 expression observed. a mutation to the gene encoding a cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk ) in human stomach cells results in a cdk that is continually active in the cells. explain why the continually active cdk will most likely change the normal cells into cancer cells.
One way in which this alteration can occur is through a mutation in the gene encoding a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) in human stomach cells.
Mutation of the gene encoding a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) results in a CDK that is continuously active. This means that the cell cycle will no longer be able to stop at certain checkpoints, allowing cancer cells to divide without the usual growth control and differentiation, leading to increased expression of sirt3.
Continued activation of CDK in cells can also lead to the accumulation of DNA damage. This accumulation of damaged DNA can cause mutations in genes, which can ultimately lead to the development of cancer.
Cyclin-dependent kinases are enzymes that regulate the cell cycle and control its proper development.
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what is produced in plant cells if the cell has run out of oxygen reserves
It reserves alcohol + co2. If a plant cell has run out of oxygen reserves, it will undergo anaerobic respiration, also known as fermentation.
During anaerobic respiration, the cell will produce energy in the absence of oxygen by breaking down glucose through a series of chemical reactions. The end products of anaerobic respiration in plant cells are usually different from those in animal cells.
In plant cells, the most common end products of anaerobic respiration are ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide. This process is known as alcoholic fermentation. Some plant cells, such as those in the roots of some plants, can also produce other organic acids such as lactic acid or acetic acid during anaerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen, so it produces less energy per molecule of glucose. However, it allows the cell to continue producing some energy even in the absence of oxygen, which can be important in certain conditions such as flooding or low-oxygen environments.
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for the following question, please provide the unconditioned stimulus (us), unconditioned response (ur), conditioned stimulus (cs), and conditioned response (cr) in the space below: federico was attacked by a growling labrador retriever when he was only 4 years old, which caused him to become very nervous and sweaty. he now fears all dogs and he gets very nervous and sweats whenever he hears a dog growl.
When Federico was attacked by a growling labrador retriever, the responses are:- Unconditioned stimulus (US): Growling labrador retriever; Unconditioned response (UR): Fear; Conditioned stimulus (CS): Any dog growling; Conditioned response (CR): Fear and sweating.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US): The growling of the labrador retriever is the unconditioned stimulus (US). This is because it caused a natural and automatic reaction in Federico, who became very nervous and sweaty after the dog growled at him.
Unconditioned Response (UR): Federico's natural and automatic response of becoming very nervous and sweaty after the growling of the labrador retriever is the unconditioned response (UR). This reaction occurred automatically without any conditioning.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): The conditioned stimulus (CS) is the sound of any dog growling. This is because, after the event, Federico has learned to associate the sound of a dog growling with fear, nervousness, and sweating, even when it's not the same labrador retriever that attacked him.
Conditioned Response (CR): The conditioned response (CR) is Federico's fear, nervousness, and sweating that occurs whenever he hears any dog growling. This reaction is not natural or automatic but learned through association with the dog's growling that attacked him when he was four years old.
Therefore, the unconditioned stimulus (US), and the unconditioned response (UR) are the growling of the labrador retriever and fear because of it, respectively, and the conditioned stimulus (CS), and conditioned response (CR) is any dog and fear caused because of any random dog.
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Fill in the blanks blank a. _______secrete hormones into the bloodstream, whereas_________ secrete substances into ducts and onto the skin or the lumen of a hollow organ. b. ________Goblet cells and mammary glands are both exocrine glands--how are they similar and how are they different?
(a) Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream, whereas exocrine glands secrete substances into ducts and onto the skin or the lumen of a hollow organ.
(b). Goblet cells and mammary glands differ in the type of substance they secrete and the location where they secrete it.
What is endocrine gland?An endocrine gland is a type of gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to target cells or organs and have a variety of functions in the body, including regulating growth and development, metabolism, and reproduction.
Examples of endocrine glands in the human body include;
the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, and pancreas.Goblet cells secrete mucus onto the surface of epithelial tissues, while mammary glands secrete milk into ducts that lead to the nipples.
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maintenance of posture and production of heat are functions of ______ muscle.a) Skeletal muscle b) Smooth muscle c) Cardiac muscle d) Adipose tissu
Skeletal muscle is responsible for the production of heat and the maintenance of posture.
Is it the muscles that control posture?Muscle contraction helps maintain posture, such as sitting and standing. The skeletal muscles are constantly fine-tuning their positions to keep the body still. Numerous muscles' tendons extend over joints, assisting in joint stability.
What roles do they play in body posture and heat production?Movement, posture, joint stability, and heat production are the four functions that are performed by muscle contraction. Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle are the three types of muscle. Endomysium surrounds each muscle fiber. Perimysium covers the bundles of fibers as they are collected.
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