Answer: continue to operate even though she is taking an economic loss.
Explanation:
Since at Zoe's optimal level of production in the short run, the price is more than the average total cost and P > AVC, then she should continue to operate even though she is taking an economic loss.
This is because even though she's making loss as the price is less than the average total cost, since the price is greater than the average variable cost, then she should continue in operation. Assuming P < AVC, then the company should shutdown in this case as only th fixed cost is incurred.
Zoe's Dog Biscuits, inc, has net cash flows from operating activities for the last year of $226 million. The income statement shows that net income in $150 million and depreciation expense is $85 million. During the year, the change in inventory on the balance sheet was an increase of $14 million, change in accrued wages and taxes was an increase of $15 million and change in accounts payable was an increase of $10 million. At the beginning of the year the balance of accounts receivable was $45 million. What was the end of year balance for accounts receivable?
A. $20 million
B. $25 million
C. $45 million
D. $65 million
Answer:
D. $65 million
Explanation:
The computation of the end of year balance for accounts receivable is shown below:
Cash flows from operating activities $226
net income $150
Add: depreciation $85
Less: increase in inventory -$14
Add: increase in wages and taxes $15
Add: increase in account payable $10
Total $246
Change in account receivable -$20
Opening account receivable $45
Ending account receivable $65
The government has adopted an emissions tax if it: Group of answer choices specifies the type of catalytic converter that must be used to reduce automobile emissions. pays automobile drivers 10 cents for each 10% reduction in automobile emissions. charges automobile drivers 10 cents for each unit of automobile emissions. transfers the ownership of city air to a private firm that charges automobile drivers a profit-maximizing price, based in part on the pollution capacity of the atmosphere.
Answer:
charges automobile drivers 10 cents for each unit of automobile emissions.
Explanation:
Pollution can be defined as the physical degradation or contamination of the environment through an emission of harmful, poisonous and toxic chemical substances.
Taxation can be defined as the involuntary or compulsory fees levied on individuals or business entities by the government to generate revenues used for funding public institutions and activities.
An emission tax can be defined as tax levied on manufacturers or road users such as drivers for the amount of pollution dispersed into the environment.
Hence, the government has adopted an emissions tax if it charges automobile drivers 10 cents for each unit of automobile emissions.
During the Great Depression, a. the pineapple industry finally became highly profitable as world demand for fruits rose. b. Latin America developed a mature regional economy, which exported large quantities of manufactured goods and imported most of its foodstuffs and raw materials. c. revolutions occurred all over Latin America. d. Latin American economies boomed, in contrast to those of the United States and Europe. e. domestic instability led to the creation of dictatorships.
Answer:
e. domestic instability led to the creation of dictatorships.
Explanation:
The Great Depression was a period of severe economic meltdown or downturn (crisis) of the industrialized world and it started from the United States of America, typically lasting for about ten years (1929-139).
Basically, the Great Depression started in America on the 4th of September, 1929 as a result of a major fall in the prices of stocks and consequently, leading to a stock market crash on the 29th of October, 1929.
Hence, the negative effects of the Great Depression includes a decline in investments, tax revenues, market price, personal income level, consumer spending, profits and a general rise in unemployment rate.
During the Great Depression, domestic instability led to the creation of dictatorships and autocratic leaderships (government) across many countries.
Generally, dictatorship is characterized by a single leader (dictator) having absolute power and as such he or she makes all the rules, policies and decisions without consulting or taking suggestions from anyone else.
An advantage of tradable emissions permits is that: Group of answer choices they provide incentives for firms to develop technologies that are less polluting. the value that future generations place on pollution damages can be determined. nondegradable pollutants can be more easily controlled than degradable pollutants. pollution costs are easier to measure than emissions taxes.
Answer:
they provide incentives for firms to develop technologies that are less polluting.
Explanation:
Pollution can be defined as the physical degradation or contamination of the environment through an emission of harmful, poisonous and toxic chemical substances.
Offset trading refers to a type of trading system that is typically designed for the realization of more efficient pollution control.
This ultimately implies that, it can be described as a program that allows new firms to pay existing firms to reduce their emissions below a standard.
Free market in tradable pollution permits simply means giving manufacturing companies and individuals the legal right to pollution of the environment. For example, XYZ company is purchasing the permit of 500 units of carbon dioxide (CO2) pollution annually, this simply means it is permitted to pollute the environment by 500 units of CO2 annually.
Additionally, a free market in tradable pollution permits has some sort of benefits as companies can resell their unused permits or devise a cheaper means of reducing pollution. It also compensate companies that significantly reduces its pollution of the environment.
Hence, an advantage of tradable emissions permits is that they provide incentives for firms to develop technologies that are less polluting because it would reduce the amount they would have to pay for pollution.
Joe has an idea for a new mobile restaurant business. He wants to convert an antique bus into a sit-down restaurant with a service window allowing him to serve people within the bus and walk-ups who want to get their food and take it home. Joe takes his idea and looks at the people, the offerings, the customers, the value proposition, and his distinctive competencies. Joe is performing a(n) ______
A. business model canvas
B. RBI screen
C. classic feasibility study
D. pilot test
Answer:
C. classic feasibility study
Explanation:
A feasibility study is the study that shows the analysis made for considered the relevant factors for a project. It included the economic, technological, legal in order to ascertain the completion of the project in a successful manner
So as per the given situation, the option c is correct
And, the same is to be considered
how are stocks be calculated? what Is stock exchange?
Answer:
Stocks are a check on a certain holding in a public limited company. Different rights may accompany the stocks, but most often it gives its owner the right to attend and participate in elections at the company's annual general meeting, receive dividends from the company and sell the stock or holding to a third party. Stocks are issued at a certain nominal value, often $1 per share. If the stocks are listed on public stock exchanges, they are often referred to as "listed stocks", but when listing, an official price is created for stocks in the company and this makes it easier for stock owners to trade in the stocks. The company's multiplied by the price on the stock exchange is called the company's market value.
Roger Company sold machinery for a total price of $20,000 to be paid in four equal installments, plus interest. The first payment was made in the current year. The original cost of the machinery was $12,000 and $8,000 of depreciation had been taken on it. Ignoring interest income, what amount of income must Roger Company recognize in the current year under the installment method for this sale
Answer:
$8,000 ordinary income and $2,000 capital gain.
Explanation:
Calculation to determine what amount must Roger recognize in the current year
Since total gain is $16,000 calculated using this formula
Total gain=Selling price-Basis
Total gain=$20,000-$4,000
Total gain=16,000
Which means that he must recognize the complete $8,000 . Hence, the revised gain of $8,000 will be the ORDINARY INCOME in the current year which is calculated as:
Ordinary Income=Selling price-Adjusted basis
Ordinary Income=$20,000-$12,000
Ordinary Income=$8,000
Lastly is to determine The gross profit percentage of which will be applied to each using this formula
Gross profit percentage=Gross profit ÷Contract price
Gross profit percentage=$8,000 ÷ $20,000
Gross profit percentage=40%
Hence, the CAPITAL GAIN for the current year will be:
Capital gain = [($20,000 ÷ 4) × 40%]
Capital gain=$2,000
Therefore the amount that Roger must recognize in the current year is $8,000 ordinary income and $2,000 capital gain.
what is the final step in marketing a product?
Answer:
Positioning: The final step is to position your product in a way that will appeal to the needs of your target audience and encourage them to buy your product.
5
Select the correct text in the passage.
What is the opportunity cost in this scenario?
Mikael has saved $4,000 for his trip to Brazil. He has calculated that his total transportation expenses will be $1,000. The hotel will cost him
another $1,500. He will spend about $500 on food. He plans on spending the remaining $1,000 for sightseeing and buying souvenirs.
While booking his plane ticket, he realizes that the price has gone up. His total transportation expenses will go up by $200. He realizes that he
cannot cancel his hotel reservation. He also doesn't want to go cheap on food. Finally, he decides to give up visiting the popular Ouro Preto
during his stay in Brazil.
Reset
Next
Answer: sightseeing
Explanation:
Opportunity costs represent to the potential benefits that an economic entity misses out on when another alternative is chosen over another.
In this case, due to the increase in the price of the plane ticket, Mikael decides to give up visiting the popular Ouro Preto during his stay in Brazil even though it was earlier planned. Therefore, it can be infered that sightseeing is the opportunity cost as that is what he forgoes in order to choose a different alternative.
Wally is trying to determine how many salespeople he needs to satisfy the demand for waterslides. Wally's Waterslide World has 6000 customers with a call frequency of 5 times per year. The average length of a sales call is 90 minutes and each salesperson has 20 hours a week, 45 weeks a year available to make these calls. How many salespeople does Wally need to adequately sell waterslides
Answer:
50
Explanation:
Calculation to determine How many Number of Salespeople does Wally need to adequately sell waterslides
Using this formula
Number of Salespeople=(Number of customers*Calls necessary*Hours per call)/Average selling time available per year
Let plug in the formula
Number of Salespeople= (6000* 5 * 1.5 hours per call) / 900 hours
Number of Salespeople= 45,000 / 900
Number of Salespeople=50
Therefore Number of Salespeople that Wally need to adequately sell waterslides is ,50
A company purchased two identical items. Item 101 purchased in October cost $100. Item 102 purchased in November cost $110. The business uses the Last-in, first-out (LIFO) cost flow method. If item 101 is sold to a customer, the amount assigned to cost of goods sold is ______.
Answer:
$110
Explanation:
LIFO means last in first out. It means that its the last purchased inventory that is the first to be sold.
If the LIFO method is used, the cost of goods sold would be the cost of purchasing inventory 102 which was the inventory that was purchased last.
The cost of inventory 102 is 110
Charley spends all of his income on soft drinks and pizza. Suppose he is currently buying these products in amounts such that his marginal benefit from an additional soft drink is and his marginal benefit from an additional slice of pizza is . If the price of a soft drink is and the price of a slice of pizza is , is Charley maximizing his total benefits? A. No, he should increase his consumption of both goods. B. No, he should shift consumption toward and away from to maximize total benefits. C. Yes, there is no other consumption choice that will make his total benefits greater. D. No, he should shift consumption toward and away from to maximize total benefits.'
Answer:
The correct option is B. No, he should shift consumption toward soft drinks and away from pizza to maximize total benefits.
Explanation:
Note: This question is not complete because some important figures and points are missing in it. These figures and points are therefore provided to complete the question before answering it as follows:
Charley spends all of his income on soft drinks and pizza. Suppose he is currently buying these products in amounts such that his marginal benefit from an additional soft drink is $100 and his marginal benefit from an additional slice of pizza is $110. If the price of a soft drink is $2 and the price of a slice of pizza is $3, is Charley maximizing his total benefits?
A. No, he should increase his consumption of both goods.
B. No, he should shift consumption toward soft drinks and away from pizza to maximize total benefits.
C. Yes, there is no other consumption choice that will make his total benefits greater.
D. No, he should shift consumption toward pizza and away from soft drinks to maximize total benefits.'
The explanation of the answer is now provided as follows:
Under utility maximization theory, the condition for the utility or benefit maximization for two goods is as follows:
MBs / Ps = MBp / Pp ……………………………. (1)
Where:
MBs = Marginal benefit from an additional soft drink = $100
MBp = Marginal benefit from an additional slice of pizza =$110
Ps = Price of a soft drink = $2
Pp = Price of a slice of pizza = $3
Subtitling the relevant values, we have:
MBs / Ps = Marginal utility per dollar spent on soft drinks = $100 / $2 = 50
MBp / Pp = Marginal utility per dollar spent on soft pizza = $110 / $3 = 36.67
This implies that 50 = MBs / Ps > MBp / Pp = 36.67
The decision rule is that the limited money income should be spent by a consumer on the good which gives the higher marginal utility per dollar in order to maximize marginal benefit.
Since 50 = MBs / Ps > MBp / Pp = 36.67 above, this implies that Charley is NOT maximizing his total benefits. To maximize his total benefits, Charley should consume more of soft drinks and less of pizza until the condition is consistent with equation (1).
Therefore, the correct option is B. No, he should shift consumption toward soft drinks and away from pizza to maximize total benefits.
Concern for the environment among consumers causes consumers to substitute away from traditional autos to electric-powered autos.
Equilibrium quantity: Increases / Decreases
Equilibrium price: Increases / Decreases
Answer:
the equilibrium price and quantity of traditional autos decreases
the equilibrium price and quantity of electric cars increases
Explanation:
Due to the decrease in demand for traditional autos, there would be a leftward shift of the demand curve for traditional autos. As a result, equilibrium price and quantity would fall.
Due to the increase in demand for electric-powered autos, there would be a rightward shift of the demand curve for traditional autos. As a result, equilibrium price and quantity would increase.
Please check the attached images for graphical illustrations
Which employer benefit option requires the employee to refuse to participate in the plan?
Opt-in program
Opt-out program
Contribution matching
Individual Retirement Account
Answer:
Opt-out program
Explanation:
A health insurance optout programe is an arrangement for financial incentive for same employees who offer employment to the declined group health covers. Such are den to reduce the benefits of cost by paying less for the inventive they would for their share of the benefits.Answer:
B
Explanation:
took test
If Delia decides to purchase a home that is listed by XYZ Realty, which of the following is TRUE? a. The sale would be completed according to the rules for Intermediary without Appointments b. Broker Bradley can choose to have Intermediary with Appointments and work as the listing agent in the transaction. c. Broker Bradley can choose to have Intermediary with Appointments and work as the selling agent in the transaction. d. Broker Bradley can appoint Ryan to work as both the listing agent and the selling agent and give advice to both parties as long as they are OK with it.
Answer: The sale would be completed according to the rules for Intermediary without Appointments
Explanation:
Intermediary without appointments takes place when an agent sells his or her own listing but in this scenario, the agent cannot negotiate or give advice to either party.
If Delia decides to purchase a home that is listed by XYZ Realty, then this sale would be completed according to the rules for intermediary without appointments. In such case, the agent can't give an opinion or negotiate on either parties behalf.
A potential client is shopping around for a competitive rate and a 15-day lead time to close. The brokerage you work for offers highly competitive rates, has an average lead to close time of 30 days, and a fast lead to close time of 21 days. Understanding these figures, you tell the client you can meet their demands and secure their business. This action is:
Answer:
Legal but unethical
Explanation:
It is unethical to overpromise just to secure a loan. If you cannot meet the demand of the client, do not tell the borrower you can.
There are several Standards and Ethics Committee established a Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility . This was set up to aid the ethical framework that every company that is a member and their employees must follow. They usually sign a copy of the Code of Ethics & Professional Responsibility when joining or renewing membership.
The Standards and Ethics Committee has different advisory views to help clarify some parts of the Code of Ethics.
G free ltd intends reducing the number of suppliers they use by 50% analyse how reducing the number of suppliers could imporve g-free lts future operational performance
Answer:
It has to buy gluten free raw material to retains its customers because customers are willing to pay premium price for this feature. If there will be few supplier at G-Free Ltd will be able to focus on maintaining better and long term relationship with them.
Explanation:
G-Free Ltd has intended to reduce number of suppliers to improve its operational performance. It can grow its business and save cost from buying in bulk from a few suppliers. There will be less risk for procurement of raw material with gluten because there only few suppliers who will be providing raw material.
In strategic management, both the short-term and long-term perspectives need to be considered because a. the creative tension between the two forces managers to develop more successful strategy. b. shareholders only care about long-term returns c. shareholder value is only measured by short-term returns. d. long-term vision precludes the analysis of present operating needs.
Answer:
a. the creative tension between the two forces managers to develop more successful strategy.
Explanation:
It is correct to say that short-term and long-term strategies must be designed individually as the creative tension between the two forces managers to develop more successful strategies.
It is essential that in strategic planning the short-term and long-term action plans are well specified, so that the strategic development understands the organizational whole and the strategies are aligned, since the short-term actions will consequently impact those of long term.
In considering the issue of distribution intensity (i.e., how many intermediaries a manufacturer will go through to distribute its goods to end-user consumers), Taza Chocolate __________. a.Uses intensive distribution exclusively. b.Uses selective distribution exclusively. c.Balances intensive distribution with selective distribution. d.Uses neither intensive distribution nor selective distribution.
Answer:
c.Balances intensive distribution with selective distribution.
Explanation:
In the case when there is an issue of a distribution intensity means no of intermediaries at which the manufactured would go through the distribution of goods for the end consumers so here the company used the intensive distribution that should be balance with the selective distribution
So as per the given situation, the option c is correct
Give a Brief history from subsistence economy to money economy.
Please Help ASAP. Please
Answer:
Explantation to the following question is as follows;
Explanation:
A subsistence economy frequently engages in artisans fisheries, labor-intensive agriculture, and animal grazing. Handmade, basic tools and traditional procedures are used in each of these undertakings. The absence of excess is another feature of subsistence economies.
Money is an economic entity that serves as a universally accepted means of trade in a transactional economy. Money performs the function of lowering transaction costs, namely the twofold coincidence of desires.
Niat ny mau bikin dua akun tapi malah kesasar :(
Answer:
I'm lost and I don't understand your language
Identify the correct statement. Group of answer choices An increase in the price level in an economy will decrease the real GDP demanded along the aggregate demand curve. An increase in the price level in an economy will increase the real value of dollar-denominated assets. An increase in the price level in an economy will shift the aggregate demand curve rightward. An increase in the price level in an economy will shift the aggregate expenditure line upward. An increase in the price level in an economy will decrease the equilibrium level of output demanded.
Answer:
An increase in the price level in an economy will decrease the real GDP demanded along the aggregate demand curve.
Explanation:
In Economics, there are primarily two (2) factors which affect the availability and the price at which goods and services are sold or provided, these are demand and supply.
In order to understand both short-run economic fluctuations and how the economy move from short to long run, we need the aggregate supply and aggregate demand model.
Aggregate demand (AD) can be defined as the total quantity of output (final goods and services) that is demanded by consumers at all possible price levels in an economy at a particular time.
Generally, an increase in the price level in an economy will decrease the real GDP demanded along the aggregate demand curve.
Additionally, an economy's aggregate demand curve shifts rightward or leftward by more than changes in initial spending because of the multiplier effect. Also, an increase in stock prices that increases consumer wealth will most likely shift the aggregate demand curve to the right.
Lastly, a change in price level would not shift the aggregate demand curve (AD curve).
You pull credit on a husband and wife. It turns out their debt-to-income ratio is too high. You notice the majority of the debts belong to the husband. You also note that the wife has enough income to qualify on her own. You remove the husband from the loan, with permission from the borrower, submit the file, and receive approval. This action is:
Answer:
This action is legal and ethical (except for communal property sales)
Explanation:
Scenarios do occur where one borrower brings down the entire loan filed. if the other borrower can take on the loan burden, then there is a way.
Absolutely nothing wrong with finding a way to qualify your borrowers request for a loan as long as they are ok with it. Most of the money in the joint assets account belongs to the non-borrower. The lender requires two months of bank statements as therefore, documentation is needed by the lender that requires you to disclose and document deposits for the borrower and non-borrower.
This method cannot work in a communal property state
During weekly conference calls, Zeke, a sales manager for a national chain of clothing stores, and the other managers in his district explain to their district manager the reasons for different decisions; they also explain why certain costs and sales were higher or lower than they were the previous week. ________ is the explanation of their decisions and work results. Group of answer choices Accountability Touching A stepped decision A hierarchy of authority Power
Answer:
Accountability
Explanation:
From the question we are informed about instance, whereby During weekly conference calls, Zeke, a sales manager for a national chain of clothing stores, and the other managers in his district explain to their district manager the reasons for different decisions; they also explain why certain costs and sales were higher or lower than they were the previous week. In this case, Accountability is the explanation of their decisions and work results.
Accountability in domain of business can be regarded as a critical concept that enhances ethics of workers or managers. To be accountable can be regarded as standing by decisions as well as actions that is been made by a worker it manager as well as overall well-being of projects.
Franchising involves ______. Multiple choice question. professionally managed and centrally coordinated channels designed to achieve economies and maximize impact one firm's marketing channel being used to sell another firm's products a contractual arrangement between a parent company and another entity that is allowed to operate a business under an established name a channel member bypassing another member to sell or buy product directly
Answer:
a contractual arrangement between a parent company and another entity that is allowed to operate a business under an established name.
Explanation:
Franchise is a license consisting of a contractual arrangement between a parent company and another, that allows individuals or an organization access to its knowledge, processes, trademarks in order to provide a service.
One of the main advantages of a franchise is that, franchisers such as McDonald do not require additional capital and development expenses to have their businesses being situated in a foreign market or country, as they only required to issue licenses to franchisors who are interested in being part of their business by paying a fee.
Hence, franchise is a license that allows individuals or group of people knowledge, processes, trademarks to provide a service.
In conclusion, franchising involves a contractual arrangement between a parent company and another entity that is allowed to operate a business under an established name
Agent Smith showed a buyer a listing. The laws in the state require the agent to do an agency disclosure before showing a listing and showing a house to a prospective purchaser creates an agency relationship. If Agent Smith did not use an agency disclosure, and there is no written buyer agency agreement, but Agent Smith showed the listing anyway, what term would best describe the agency relationship
Answer:
Implied agency
Explanation:
Agency
This is simply known as a form of
relationship between two parties in that the principal hires another person to represent him or her.
An agency relationship can be created with 2 types of agreements between the parties. They are
1. Express agency
2. Implied agency
Express agency
This is simply known as a formal contractural agreement. It can be in an oral or written format.
Implied agency
This is often regarded as an implied agreement. It is an agency which is created through the actions of the parties, instead of an express agreement. It is also called Ostensible agency.
Listing Agreement
This is simply defined as written employment contract which gives right to the broker to find a buyer or a tenant for the owner's property.
A credit sale of $2,500 to a customer would result in:A debit to the Accounts Receivable account in the general ledger and a debit to the customer's account in the accounts receivable ledger. A debit to the Accounts Receivable account in the general ledger and a credit to the customer's account in the accounts receivable ledger. A credit to the Accounts Receivable account in the general ledger and a credit to the customer's account in the accounts receivable ledger. A credit to the Accounts Receivable account in the general ledger and a debit to the customer's account in the accounts receivable ledger.
Answer:A debit to the Accounts Receivable account in the general ledger and a debit to the customer's account in the accounts receivable ledger.
Explanation:
In Recording a Credit Sale in the general Ledger, the following should be made
Account Debit Credit
Accounts receivable $2,500
Sales revenue $2,500
In Recording a Credit Sale in the accounts receivable ledger, the following should be made
Account Debit Credit
Cash(Customer's account) $2,500
Accounts receivable $2,500
Therefore, A credit sale of $2,500 to a customer would result in A debit to the Accounts Receivable account in the general ledger and a debit to the customer's account in the accounts receivable ledger
A consumer will be most likely to buy a product when Select one: a. The perceived value of the product far exceeds its price charged b. The perceived value of the product far exceeds its cost of production c. The value of product is perceived to be equivalent to the price d. The cost to produce the product is equivalent to its price
Answer:
a. The perceived value of the product far exceeds its price charged.
Explanation:
a. The perceived value of the product far exceeds its price charged.
Option "a" is correct because the consumer buys the commodity when the perceived value is more than the price. The perceived value can be determined by subtracting the perceived cost to the customer from the expected price. Therefore, when the consumer perceived value is more than the price then the consumer is most likely to buy the commodity.
New Jersey-based Integra LifeSciences elected not to use personality tests to screen job applicants for achieving employee/company fit as the company was in a transition phase. It, however, was open to using personality tests in the future when the company would have gained some stability. In this case, which of the following, if true, would support this tentative decision of using personality tests?
a. Personality tests make applicants provide socially desirable responses.
b. Personality tests can categorize people and make them seem inflexible for adaptation to new changes taking place in an organization
c. Personality tests only work best when they are conducted in real settings or in believable circumstances
d. Personality tests usually result in biased outcomes Chart to Work to remaining)
Answer:
b. Personality tests can categorize people and make them seem inflexible for adaptation to new changes taking place in an organization
Explanation:
A personality test can be defined as a means of assessing and defining peoples personalities. Such tests involves using certain techniques to measure the different traits and patterns that people show at different situations that may arise.
in this question, based on the fact that this organization is in a transitional stage, it is best that they do not use a personality test. A personality test would only put the workers in categories, that is it would only settle them for just a particular role. putting them in categories is just like telling them that they can only fit into one role in the organization. so there would be no flexibility.
Using direct-labor hours or another volume based cost driver to assign overhead ______. Multiple select question. may result in overcharging customers for products may result in selling products at a loss ignores other significant causes of overhead can badly distort labor and material costs
Answer:
may result in overcharging customers for products may result in selling products at a loss ignores other significant causes of overheadExplanation:
If the volume based measure leads to overheads being higher than they should be, customers may be overcharged because the overestimated overhead would be added to the cost of the product.
On the other hand, the volume based measure might lead to overheads being underestimated. When this happens, the business might make a loss because their costs are higher than their revenue and they did not know.
Using these volume based measures also assumes that only volume could impart overheads when in fact there are other significant causes such as machinery costs.
