In most cases of multiple myeloma, the excess antibodies found in the blood all share an identical protein sequence (thus they have the same structure). Consider such a case where all of the antibodies are identical and think about the cell(s) of origin. How many different B cell clones gave rise to this immune cancer?

Answer: One single B cell clone gave rise to this immune cancer.

Explanation:

The body's cells divide and grow in a completely regulated manner, following an orderly cell cycle that indicates when a cell should die by apoptosis. With this regulation, it is controlled that there are no aging or mutated cells that grow and affect the organism. Cancer is a genetic disease caused by changes in these genes that control how our cells function. These changes, genetic mutations, can occur randomly in the body or can be inherited from parents. When a cell has its functions altered, they begin to grow out of control and in doing so, form masses called tumors that consume the body's resources and energy and crowd out normal cells, preventing them from fulfilling the biological functions necessary for life. Practically, any cell can become a cancer cell and migrate to other areas of the body.

Multiple myeloma is a type of plasma cell cancer. These cells are found in the bone marrow (tissue inside the bones) and are an important component of the immune system, which is made up of several types of cells that work together to fight pathogens and disease. Some cell types are B and T lymphocytes, and myeloid cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, etc. When B cells respond to an infection with the participation of T cells that present pathogen-derived antigens to them, they mature into plasma cells. Plasma cells produce antibodies that help the body attack and destroy pathogens as well as cancer cells. These antibodies are proteins that bind to antigens that are also proteins found on the surface of the pathogens or cells to be attacked and "mark" them for destruction by other types of immune cells, such as macrophages or neutrophils.

When the plasma cells become cancerous and grow out of control, this is called multiple myeloma, and the mutated plasma cells produce abnormal antibodies. The overgrowth of plasma cells in the bone marrow can crowd out normal blood cell-producing cells, causing low blood cell counts. This can cause anemia which is characterized by a shortage of red blood cells, and thrombocytopenia which means a low level of platelets in the blood causing increased bleeding and bruising. Another condition that can occur is leukopenia (a shortage of normal white blood cells), which can cause problems fighting infections.

Then, the abnormal antibodies produced by the cancerous plasma cells will have the same amino acid sequence and therefore the same structure. Remember that an antibody is a protein, and proteins are a polymer of amino acids. This amino acid sequence is determined by the genes since each gene consists of a sequence of nitrogenous bases and every three bases read by the ribosomal apparatus (the one that synthesizes proteins), an amino acid is synthesized. Therefore, if we consider that cancer originates from a single cell that suffered a mutation in its genes and began to divide in an uncontrolled manner, the daughter cells (which are genetically identical to the mother cell) derived from this mutated cell will have the same genes (in this case, altered because they divide and grow in an uncontrolled and deregulated manner). This tells us that a single mutated B cell gave rise to this cancer.

Climate change as well as other human-driven environmental changes continue to cause loss of biodiversity in the
coming decades in addition to high rates of species extinctions. Biodiversity is a term that can be used to describe
biological diversity at a variety of different scales, but for now let's consider species diversity. Each rectangle represents a
plant community containing individuals of various species indicated by color and the total number of individuals
corresponds to the productivity of the ecosystem. Based on trends illustrated by the images, what conclusions apply?
Choose ALL that are appropriate.
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A)
While species may fluctuate, biomass remains constant.
Scientific
Calc
B)
The green species increases in abundance during warm years,
C)
The productivity of the ecosystem decreases as the climate changes.
D)
Invasive species, represented by red, move in and displace native
species.
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maining
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E)
Decrease in one species is compensated for by an increase in another
species.
24)

b) The chemical equation below summarizes photosynthesis.
Energy (sunlight) + 6 H20 + 6 CO2 - C6H1206 + 6 02
Write a similar chemical equation for cellular respiration. Be sure to include a
description of the form of energy that results from cellular respiration. (3 points)
Pls help me

The structure that hotds two chromosomes together until they separate for cett divisionois




1.chromatid .

2.cytoplasm .

3.chromatin .

4.centromere

The difference between active transport and passive transport is that a. concentration gradients are involved in one and not in the other. b. glycolipids play a role in one and not in the other. c. one requires expenditure of energy by the cell and the other does not. d. ions are transported into and out of the cell by one process and not by the other.

Which of the following describes a parasite
1 a bear that kills and eats fish?
2 a worm that lives inside a bear.
3 a dish that is killed and eaten.
4 a bear that has worms in its gut

Anyone know this??? Help!!!
Devise an experiment to test the effect of pH on the activity of biological washing powder

Which species of gymnosperms has reddish cones and strap like leaves that tear up from the harsh desert conditions?

A. gnetum
B. welwitschia
C. ephedra

What is the process of
evaporation?

A. The process in which plants release vapor into
the atmosphere

B. Any process that returns water from the
atmosphere to the earth

C. The process in which liquid water turns to
water vapor

ATP is considered as nature dehydrating agent.what does it means?show with the help of examples

Describe ways that water pollution occurs. Describe how greenhouse gases contribute to climate change.

Traditionally, the classification of fungi has been based on the nature of sexual stages of the life cycle. For Penicillium, however, no sexual stages of the life cycle have been observed. Without evidence from sexual stages, speculate about other possible sources of evidence that scientists may use in classification.

Over a long period of time the process of deposition causes the formation of

In crude oil affect eggs and larvae of fish and increase mortality.
O a.
Hydrocarbon
O b.
PAH
O c.
liquid petroleum

HELP ASAP NEED HELPPPPP

What percent of immature T cell thymocytes are eliminated and destroyed by thymic selection to prevent autoimmune diseases?

which statement describes a process associated with meiosis

HELP ASAP PLEASE HELP FAST

3. Define the following terms A) Transparent B) Translucent c) Opaque​

plz give a correct answer for the question how do canine and molar differ​

Which of the following cycles does not involve living organisms?
a. carbon cycle
b. oxygen cycle
c. rock cycle
d. nitrogen cycle
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
PLS HELP ASAP

explain what perlemoen are?​

Which of the following does NOT relate to water?
A. Dehydration damages cells.
B. 70% of the human body.
C. Controls negative feedback mechanisms.
D. Contains and moves ions in and out of cells.

please helpppppppppp

Identify the variables in this hypothesis.


If Sam increases his exposure to excessive noise by listening to music through his headphones, then his ability to hear will decrease. This is because when sounds are too loud, they can damage sensitive structures in the inner ear and cause hearing loss.


The independent variable is

.


The dependent variable is

.

19. What percent of forest is found in Nepal at present? 1. 50% 2. 28% 3. 29% 4. 39%​

Which allows materials to enter and exit the nucleus?


pore

nucleolus

chromatin

cell wall

According to cell theory, all new cells...
A. must share DNA with existing cells.
B. must eat.
C. come from other cells.

Kevin's supervisor, Jill, has asked for an update on today's sales, Jill is pretty busy moving back and forth between different store locations. How can Kevin most effectively deliver an update to her ? a) Call with a quick update Ob ) Send a detailed text message c ) Book a one-hour meeting for tomorrow morning d) Send a detailed email

I need help! Pls help!!!

Jeremiah is an 10-year-old male who is short in stature. His parents have become concerned as Jeremiah is now wetting the bed, drinking a lot of water, and often appears tired/fatigued. The doctor orders several blood tests after Jeremiah's urine test was positive for glucose and ketones.1. What disease(s) should be ruled out in this patient?2. List the tests that are used to diagnose diabetes.3. List the symptoms of diabetes.

What does a botanist study