which statement about audience analysis for routine messages is true?

In the open ocean, surface currents are most affected by wind, which creates large-scale circulatory patterns known as gyres. Winds tend to cause water movement at the surface of the ocean. The effect of wind on the surface of the ocean is known as the Ekman Effect.

Currents are caused by the interaction between several variables, including temperature, pressure, wind, and salinity. Surface currents, however, are primarily driven by the wind. The surface currents are driven by the major wind belts, which occur at latitudes where the trade winds and prevailing westerlies converge. These major wind belts, known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the Subtropical High-Pressure Belt (STHPB), and the Polar Easterlies, each drive the ocean's surface currents.

The ITCZ is a low-pressure region that surrounds the equator. Here, the trade winds from the Northern and Southern hemispheres converge, causing air to rise, cool, and condense into clouds and rain. The STHPB is a high-pressure zone at around 30° N and 30° S. The air at this high-pressure zone descends, warming and drying as it does so. The polar easterlies, which occur around the poles, are the result of the cold air sinking at the poles, where it then flows towards the equator.

Surface currents in the open ocean are mostly affected by wind, which is responsible for creating large-scale circulatory patterns known as gyres. The Ekman Effect is the result of wind on the surface of the ocean, which causes water movement. The Coriolis effect causes water movement to the right of the wind direction in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. The flow at the bottom of the ocean, known as deep-sea currents, is influenced by changes in temperature and salt content, which alter water density.

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The primary distinction between the primary and secondary mortgage market lies in the participants and the nature of the transactions involved.

The primary mortgage market refers to the initial stage of the mortgage lending process, where borrowers obtain mortgage loans directly from lenders. In this market, borrowers apply for loans, lenders evaluate their creditworthiness, and loan terms are negotiated. The primary market involves direct interactions between borrowers and lenders, and the funds provided by lenders are used to finance the purchase of real estate.

On the other hand, the secondary mortgage market involves the buying and selling of existing mortgage loans. In this market, lenders and investors trade mortgage-backed securities (MBS) or whole mortgage loans. The secondary market provides liquidity to lenders by allowing them to sell loans and replenish their funds for further lending. These transactions typically occur between financial institutions, such as banks, mortgage companies, and investors.

Another distinction is the nature of risk involved. In the primary market, lenders assume the risk associated with originating and funding mortgage loans. They bear the responsibility for evaluating borrowers' creditworthiness, underwriting the loans, and ensuring compliance with regulations. In the secondary market, the risk shifts to the investors who purchase mortgage-backed securities or whole loans. These investors bear the risk of default or prepayment on the underlying mortgages.

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Johann Gutenberg is credited with developing a printing system using movable metal type.

Movable type printing is the method of printing by which text and images are transferred onto paper or another medium using individual metal blocks with a letter or character on each of them.What is the printing press?A printing press is a machine used to transfer text and images to paper or another medium using ink. In the fifteenth century, Johannes Gutenberg developed the first printing press, which used movable type blocks to print letters and images. It is considered one of the most important inventions in human history because it aided in the dissemination of knowledge and literature by making books more widely available.In addition to books, the printing press was utilized to produce other printed materials like pamphlets, posters, and newspapers. It revolutionized the process of producing printed material and had a significant impact on the development of education, religion, and politics throughout the world.

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According to research, the leading problem among police officers is marital problems.

Law enforcement professionals often face significant challenges in their personal lives, and marital problems are commonly reported among police officers. The nature of their work, including long and irregular hours, exposure to stress and trauma, and the strain it puts on relationships, can contribute to marital difficulties. The demanding nature of the job, combined with the need for officers to prioritize their duty and maintain a work-life balance, can create significant stressors within their marriages or partnerships. Addressing and supporting the mental and emotional well-being of police officers, including providing resources for relationship and marital counseling, can be crucial in maintaining their overall health and effectiveness in their roles as law enforcement professionals.

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The partial-report procedure involves the participant recalling only a portion of the information presented while compared to the whole-report technique.

Partial-report procedure is a technique for examining the visual sensory memory capacity of individuals. This technique of examining memory capacity was developed by George Sperling, a psychologist. In the partial-report procedure, the researcher projects a matrix of letters, typically 12-16, and then quickly removes them, leaving only a blank field behind. The researcher sounds a tone immediately after the letters are removed. The tone informs the participant which of the three rows of letters they should report. The procedure makes use of the immediate memory, also known as iconic memory, that holds visual input for a brief time.Similarly, the whole-report technique is a technique for measuring the capacity of short-term memory, where the participant is asked to recall as many stimuli as possible out of a set of presented stimuli.What is the difference between partial-report and whole-report procedures?The whole-report technique involves the participant recalling the entire list of items presented to them. This is done to assess their memory capacity, which is a component of short-term memory. On the other hand, in the partial-report procedure, the participant is asked to recall only a portion of the information presented.The whole-report procedure and the partial-report procedure differ in that the former assesses the capacity of short-term memory, whereas the latter assesses sensory memory capacity.

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The longest word in the dictionary is "pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis," and it is pronounced as "noo-muh-noh-ul-truh-my-kro-skop-ik-sil-i-ko-vol-kay-noh-koh-nee-oh-sis."

"Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis" is a technical word coined to describe a lung disease caused by the inhalation of very fine silica dust found in volcanoes. The pronunciation of this word can be broken down into its constituent parts to make it easier to understand.

Here's a breakdown of the pronunciation:

- "Pneumo-" is pronounced as "noo-moh," similar to the word "pneumonia."

- "Ultra-" is pronounced as "uhl-truh."

- "Microscopic" is pronounced as "my-kro-skop-ik."

- "Silico-" is pronounced as "sil-i-ko."

- "Volcano-" is pronounced as "vol-kay-noh."

- "Coniosis" is pronounced as "koh-nee-oh-sis."

When combined, the pronunciation becomes "noo-muh-noh-ul-truh-my-kro-skop-ik-sil-i-ko-vol-kay-noh-koh-nee-oh-sis." It is important to note that the word is extremely long and rarely used in everyday language. Its pronunciation may vary slightly among individuals, but the breakdown provided here represents the general consensus.

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Intelligence tests are most likely to be considered culturally biased in terms of their content validity. Content validity refers to the extent to which the test measures the relevant aspects of the cognitive domain it intends to test.

Intelligence tests are used to measure cognitive abilities, with the aim of determining the level of intelligence of an individual. Despite their widespread use, intelligence tests have been widely criticized for their cultural biases. The cultural content of intelligence tests makes them culturally biased. For instance, most IQ tests in the United States focus on verbal abilities that reflect Western culture's values of logic, reasoning, and problem-solving. This is problematic, as culture influences how knowledge is defined, learned, and applied, and how thinking is conceptualized.

Intelligence tests were initially developed by white, middle-class, Western individuals, with the intention of measuring innate intellectual ability and were founded on the concepts of these societies, values, and beliefs. Consequently, these tests can be culturally biased towards dominant cultures, thus, yielding culturally biased test results that have devastating effects on the well-being of individuals. Tests that are culturally biased may lead to incorrect labeling and inadequate services that cause harm to individuals who receive them.

It can be concluded that intelligence tests are most likely to be considered culturally biased in terms of their content validity. Culture influences how knowledge is defined, learned, and applied, and how thinking is conceptualized. Consequently, intelligence tests that are founded on the concepts of Western societies, values, and beliefs may be culturally biased towards dominant cultures, leading to incorrect labeling and inadequate services that cause harm to individuals who receive them.

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A NORC stands for Naturally Occurring Retirement Community. It is a type of community where a large percentage of the residents are older adults, usually age 60 or older.

Based on the given options, the community in Arizona where many 65+ people have relocated to due to the nice weather and multiple facilities that cater to their needs would best fit the definition of a NORC.In NORCs, the seniors are aging in place and continue to live in their homes for as long as possible. The community of older adults provides support and services to one another and relies on informal support, which is essential to their well-being. A NORC may or may not be a planned retirement community, but it emerges naturally over time. Hence, the correct option is (C) a community in Arizona where many 65+ people have relocated to due to the nice weather and multiple facilities that cater to their needs.

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Darwin's work and Galton's work and comparative research were the most influential works in the development of functionalism.

Functionalism is a theoretical perspective in sociology that tries to understand social phenomena by looking at them from a functional point of view. Functionalism in psychology, on the other hand, refers to a theoretical framework that tries to explain the working of the human mind and behavior based on the role they play in helping individuals adapt to their environment.Darwin's work and Galton's work and comparative research were the most influential works in the development of functionalism. These three works collectively were able to provide an adequate answer to the question of how and why people behave in particular ways, including the way they adapt to their environment. Darwin's work, especially his theory of evolution, demonstrated that species that are better adapted to their environment have a better chance of survival and reproduction. This idea was picked up by psychologists who began to think about the human mind and behavior in terms of how they helped individuals adapt to their environment.Galton, a cousin of Darwin, picked up on the idea of evolution and began to study the inherited nature of human traits. He believed that intelligence and other psychological traits were inherited and that by studying them, one could understand how they had evolved over time. Comparative research was another important factor in the development of functionalism. This type of research compared different animal species to try and understand how they adapted to their environment. By doing this, psychologists were able to gain insights into the workings of the human mind and behavior.

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The book of Mark belongs to the section of the New Testament known as the Gospels.

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When radon-222 (Rn-222) undergoes radioactive decay to become polonium-218 (Po-218), it emits an alpha particle.

An alpha particle consists of two protons and two neutrons, which are essentially the nucleus of a helium atom. During the decay process, the Rn-222 nucleus releases an alpha particle, reducing its atomic number by 2 and its mass number by 4. This emission of an alpha particle is a characteristic of alpha decay, which is a type of radioactive decay commonly observed in certain isotopes.

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The agreement or disagreement with the belief that government by experts is the solution to most societal problems depends on individual perspectives and values.

The statement presents a belief held by some progressives that government by experts can address societal problems such as poverty, crime, and corruption. The response to this belief can vary among individuals, as it involves philosophical, political, and ideological considerations.

Those who agree with this perspective argue that experts possess specialized knowledge and expertise in their respective fields, making them better equipped to formulate effective policies and solutions. They believe that informed decision-making based on expert advice can lead to more efficient and targeted problem-solving.

On the other hand, those who disagree might assert that governance solely by experts can lead to a concentration of power and undermine democratic principles. They may emphasize the importance of diverse perspectives, citizen participation, and accountability in decision-making processes. They may argue that societal problems require multidimensional approaches that go beyond technical expertise alone.

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Ongoing research indicates that Type A behavior may be a risk factor for coronary disease, but other factors like lifestyle choices, genetics, and overall health also play significant roles. Further studies are needed for a comprehensive understanding.

Early research has indeed found that Type A behavior is associated with an increased likelihood of developing coronary disease.

However, more recent research has expanded on this topic and provided additional insights. Some newer studies suggest that while Type A behavior may still be a risk factor, other factors such as lifestyle choices, genetics, and overall health play significant roles as well.

It's important to note that research in this field is ongoing, and more studies are needed to fully understand the relationship between Type A behavior and coronary disease.

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The decision to hire an internal or external candidate depends on various factors and the specific requirements of the job opening.

(1) an internal candidate:

Familiarity with the association Internal  campaigners  formerly have knowledge of the company's culture, values, and processes. They may bear  lower time for onboarding and can  snappily  acclimatize to the new  part.  Reduced reclamation and training costs Hiring internally can save costs associated with external reclamation,  similar as  flashing the job, conducting interviews, and training on  introductory company  programs and procedures.

(2) external candidate:

Fresh perspectives and  gests  External  campaigners can bring new ideas, different  gests , and different skill sets that might not  live within the association.  Technical chops External  campaigners may  retain specific  moxie or assiduity knowledge that can bring  precious  perceptivity to the association.  Broader  gift pool Hiring externally increases the liability of chancing   campaigners with unique qualifications and a wider range of chops to meet the specific job conditions.

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Women are more likely to be diagnosed with depression and anxiety while men with alcoholism, schizophrenia and ADHD.

Depression and anxiety are known to be the most common mental health disorders that affect women. They tend to be triggered by certain life events like divorce, domestic violence, sexual assault, death of a loved one, among others. Women are also more likely to experience postpartum depression and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD).On the other hand, men are more likely to be diagnosed with alcoholism, schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This could be due to various factors including societal expectations and norms surrounding masculinity, the tendency for men to downplay or ignore their mental health concerns, and the different ways that mental health conditions may manifest in men and women.

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The Sacco and Vanzetti trial was significant in many ways. It is considered a landmark trial in the history of American jurisprudence because it highlighted the flaws in the judicial system and the unfairness of the trial process. Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were two Italian immigrants who were accused of robbery and murder in 1920.

The significance of the Sacco-Vanzetti trial is that it was a turning point in American history. It exposed the flaws and biases of the American judicial system and highlighted the racism and prejudice that was prevalent at the time. It was also significant because it brought attention to the plight of immigrants and the way they were treated in the United States.The trial was also significant because it had an impact on American culture and politics. The case became a symbol of social injustice and inspired many people to become politically active.

The trial also had an impact on the American labor movement, as many labor leaders and activists saw the trial as an attack on workers' rights and used it to mobilize their followers.Finally, the Sacco-Vanzetti trial was significant because it had an impact on the American legal system. The trial brought attention to the need for reform in the criminal justice system and inspired many people to work for change. The case was an important step in the fight for civil rights and helped to pave the way for future legal reforms.

In conclusion, the Sacco-Vanzetti trial was a significant event in American history. It exposed the flaws and biases of the American judicial system and highlighted the racism and prejudice that was prevalent at the time. It was also significant because it had an impact on American culture and politics, and it inspired many people to become politically active. The trial had an impact on the American labor movement and helped to pave the way for future legal reforms. Overall, the Sacco-Vanzetti trial was a landmark case that had a lasting impact on American society.

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The expression of an emotion that the person does not really feel is called "emotional dissonance".

Emotional dissonance is a type of emotional labor that occurs when workers must express emotions that are contrary to their own emotional states. When employees engage in emotional labor, they regulate their emotions and the emotions of their customers. Emotional labor has both emotional and behavioral components, and it requires individuals to adjust both their feelings and their outward appearance.What is emotional labor?The term emotional labor was coined by sociologist Arlie Hochschild in 1983. According to Hochschild, emotional labor is "the management of feeling to create a publicly observable facial and bodily display."

This management of emotions is typically performed by individuals who are paid to do so, such as waitstaff, flight attendants, nurses, and teachers.Examples of emotional dissonanceA salesperson who must smile and act friendly toward a customer who is being rude or obnoxious.A flight attendant who must remain calm and reassuring during an emergency situation.A nurse who must be compassionate and understanding with a difficult patient.

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The automobile industry is typically protected for national security reasons. This is because the automobile industry is one of the essential components of a country's economy.

The automobile industry is responsible for generating significant revenue and employment opportunities. It also plays a crucial role in strengthening the country's manufacturing and technology sectors.The automobile industry is protected for national security reasons as it helps in the production of military vehicles and equipment. The industry supports the country's defense forces by supplying them with tanks, trucks, and other combat vehicles. It also produces critical technology and equipment used in the defense sector.Moreover, the automobile industry's protection ensures that a country has a self-sufficient supply of vehicles, particularly in times of conflict. It allows countries to be less dependent on foreign manufacturers for their military and transportation needs. This is important because dependence on other countries for vital supplies can become a national security issue.In conclusion, the protection of the automobile industry is vital for national security reasons. The industry provides economic growth and employment opportunities and also plays a crucial role in strengthening the country's manufacturing and technology sectors. Furthermore, it supplies the military with critical vehicles, equipment, and technology and ensures that a country has a self-sufficient supply of vehicles.

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The Georgia HOPE Scholarship program is only valid in Georgia and does not apply to colleges outside the state of Georgia. Hence, out-of-state colleges do not accept Georgia HOPE Scholarship. It is not transferable to out-of-state colleges.

Georgia HOPE Scholarship is a merit-based scholarship program awarded to Georgia residents who have demonstrated academic achievement and who plan to attend an eligible college or university in Georgia. It covers a portion of tuition fees for eligible Georgia students who maintain satisfactory academic progress and have not reached their maximum HOPE Scholarship eligibility limit. The scholarship program is only applicable to eligible Georgia residents who attend public or private colleges or universities in Georgia.

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The companies started to attack one another to eliminate competition and gain control of trade routes.

The European trading companies that went to Asia during the early modern period were all competing with one another for control over resources and markets. The trading companies usually had exclusive rights over certain territories and trading privileges granted by the states that sponsored them. Despite this, they often had to compete with other European companies and with local traders for the control of local resources and markets.

Sometimes, this competition turned violent. The companies started to attack one another to eliminate competition and gain control of trade routes. Some trading companies were authorized by their home countries to make war against other European powers and against non-European societies that were deemed to be in violation of the commercial rights of their European sponsors. For example, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) was granted the power to wage war, conclude treaties, and establish colonies by the Dutch government. The company was authorized to build forts and maintain a standing army to defend its territories and trading interests. In addition to this, the VOC was also given the power to negotiate with other European powers, including Spain and Portugal, to resolve disputes over trading rights and territories. The British East India Company had similar powers, and it used them to establish a powerful presence in India and Southeast Asia.

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The argument that is supposed to give probable support to their conclusions is called inductive arguments.

Inductive argument is an argument that is intended to provide probable support to its conclusion. Unlike deductive arguments, inductive arguments do not offer conclusive proof that their conclusions are true. Instead, they offer evidence that increases the likelihood of the truth of their conclusions. Inductive arguments are essential in inductive reasoning, which is reasoning from individual instances or examples to general conclusions.Inductive arguments are not foolproof. The conclusions they reach are not definitive and can only be regarded as plausible, since they rely on generalizations. This means that while inductive arguments are useful in many contexts, they must be approached with caution, particularly when dealing with important decisions or scientific discoveries.

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The understanding, acceptance, and celebration of differences among people is called diversity.

Diversity refers to the recognition and appreciation of the unique characteristics, backgrounds, perspectives, and identities that individuals possess. It encompasses various dimensions, including race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age, abilities, socioeconomic status, and more.

Embracing diversity involves acknowledging and valuing these differences, fostering inclusivity, and promoting equal opportunities for all.

The concept of diversity recognizes that each person brings their own experiences and talents to the table. It encourages open-mindedness, respect, and empathy towards individuals from different backgrounds and cultures. By embracing diversity, societies and organizations can benefit from a broader range of perspectives, creativity, innovation, and collective problem-solving.

Creating an environment that embraces diversity requires active efforts to challenge biases, promote equality, and ensure that all individuals have a voice and representation. Embracing diversity not only enhances social cohesion but also contributes to personal growth, organizational success, and a more just and equitable society.

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The political institution that acts as the umpire of the federal system is The Supreme Court. The Supreme Court acts as the ultimate interpreter of the Constitution of the United States.

It has the authority to declare acts of Congress and presidential actions unconstitutional. The Supreme Court is responsible for settling disputes between the different branches of government. It is also responsible for resolving disputes between the federal government and the state governments. The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review, which allows it to review the constitutionality of laws and executive actions. The Supreme Court is made up of nine justices who are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. The justices serve for life or until they retire.

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Neo-Freudians, also known as psychodynamic theorists, were a group of psychologists who built upon Sigmund Freud's original psychoanalytic theory while introducing their own modifications and perspectives.

Neo-Freudians expanded upon Freud's psychoanalytic theory by incorporating new concepts, such as the role of social and cultural factors, the importance of interpersonal relationships, and the influence of the unconscious mind on human behavior.

Here are some key ways in which the neo-Freudians' thought differs from Freud's original theory:

1. Focus on Social and Cultural Factors: Neo-Freudians emphasized the influence of social and cultural factors on personality development, in addition to Freud's emphasis on biological and instinctual drives. They recognized the importance of environmental and interpersonal factors in shaping personality and behavior.

2. Less Emphasis on Sexual Instincts: While Freud placed significant emphasis on the role of sexual instincts and libido, some neo-Freudians, such as Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, de-emphasized or expanded the importance of sexuality. They focused on broader aspects of human motivation, including social relationships, self-esteem, and the search for meaning.

3. Individual Psychology and Self-Development: Neo-Freudians like Alfred Adler and Karen Horney introduced their own theories of personality development, which focused on the individual's striving for superiority and the influence of early childhood experiences on shaping personality. They explored concepts such as birth order, social interest, and the impact of parental relationships.

4. Emphasis on Ego and Conscious Mind: Neo-Freudians gave more prominence to the role of the ego and the conscious mind in personality development and functioning. They believed that the ego plays a more active and adaptive role in mediating between the unconscious forces and the demands of reality.

5. Therapeutic Approaches: Neo-Freudians developed their own therapeutic approaches, such as Carl Jung's analytical psychology and Alfred Adler's individual psychology. These approaches often incorporated elements of Freud's psychoanalysis but also incorporated new techniques and perspectives.

Overall, the neo-Freudians retained certain aspects of Freud's theories while expanding and modifying others to account for the social, cultural, and individual factors that influence human behavior and personality. They broadened the scope of psychoanalysis and contributed to the development of diverse psychodynamic theories.

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The government action that is intended to generate positive externalities is the subsidy for planting trees on hillsides.

Positive externalities refer to positive effects or benefits, which accrue to third-party individuals or society, in general, resulting from an economic activity. The government can influence economic activities to generate positive externalities that enhance social welfare. This is done through providing incentives, such as subsidies, to the agents involved in the activity. The agents, in turn, respond by producing more output that generates benefits that accrue to society. Therefore, the correct option is D) Subsidies for planting trees on hillsides.

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The idea that judges should use their power broadly to further justice is called judicial activism.

Judicial activism refers to the idea that judges should use their power broadly to further justice and correct social and political inequalities. In this way, judges use their authority to nullify government acts that do not meet constitutional requirements, to strike down laws that they believe violate fundamental rights or principles, and to order new policies that will achieve justice and equality for everyone.

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The stress and anxiety suffered by both adolescent and adult crime victims may persist long after the incident and the justice process have ended. Option (c) is correct.

It is known that the stress and anxiety suffered by both adolescent and adult victims may last long after the incident is over and the justice process has been forgotten. Therefore, the option (c) is correct about the stress and anxiety suffered by crime victims.

Anxiety refers to an emotion that produces symptoms such as stress, panic, fear, or nervousness. Anxiety is an individual's natural reaction to stress and fear. When someone experiences stress or trauma as a result of a criminal act, this is referred to as crime victimization. The anxiety suffered by crime victims may manifest itself in various ways, depending on the individual and the circumstances.

Stress is the body's reaction to harmful situations, whether they are real or perceived. It can make you feel on edge, anxious, or even irritable. In the case of crime victimization, stress is a common experience for both adult and adolescent victims. It can cause them to feel anxious, fearful, or helpless, and these feelings can last long after the incident is over. So, option (c) is correct.

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The components of the five-component model considered to be actors are individuals and groups.

The five-component model, also known as the Five Component Model of Information Systems (FCM-IS), is a framework that describes the various components involved in information systems. These components include hardware, software, data, procedures, and people. Among these components, individuals and groups are considered the actors or human participants within the information system.

Actors play a crucial role in information systems as they interact with the other components and contribute to the system's functioning. Individuals, such as users, managers, and employees, utilize the system to perform tasks, access information, and make decisions. Groups, on the other hand, refer to collections of individuals working together towards common goals within the system.

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For redistribution to be possible, a society must have an economic system, wealthy and poor classes, laws and regulations, and a government or an authority that is responsible for the collection and distribution of resources.

An economic system An economic system is a framework that outlines how a society uses and distributes its resources to produce goods and services. This framework must be present in a society for redistribution to be possible.

Wealthy and Poor Classes In any given society, there must be two classes, wealthy and poor. The wealthy are the people who have more resources while the poor are people who have less. Redistribution will involve taking from the wealthy and distributing the resources to the less wealthy members of the society.

Laws and regulations There must be laws and regulations that govern the collection and distribution of resources. Without these laws and regulations, redistribution will not be possible.

A government or an authority The government or an authority plays a critical role in the collection and distribution of resources. The government must have the legal mandate to collect and redistribute resources to the poor people in the society.

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With systematic desensitization, the therapist replaces a fearful response with a relaxation response.

Systematic desensitization is a therapeutic technique commonly used in the treatment of anxiety disorders, phobias, and other fear-related conditions. It aims to reduce or eliminate the fear response by gradually exposing the individual to the feared stimulus or situation while promoting a state of relaxation.

The process involves several steps:

Creating an Anxiety Hierarchy: The therapist works with the individual to develop a hierarchy of feared situations or stimuli, ranging from the least anxiety-provoking to the most anxiety-provoking.

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